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Developmental Psychology

Terms in this set (114)

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:
A. center of the body and then moves toward the extremities.
B. spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head.
C. top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.Correct!
D. bottom—the feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up till the head.
C. top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:
A. begins at childhood and continues until adulthood.
B. begins at conception and continues until adulthood.
C. begins at birth and continues through the human life span.
D. begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
D. begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.
A. prescriptive
B. constructivist
C. traditional
D. evolutionary
C. traditional
The life expectancy in the United States is currently:
A. 60 years.
B. 78 years.
C. 85 years.
D. 53 years.
B. 78 years.
The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:
A. plastic.
B. contextual.
C. multidimensional.
D. lifelong.
D. lifelong.
_____ means the capacity for change.
A. Elasticity
B. Plasticity
C. Contextuality
D. Tenacity
B. Plasticity
Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.
A. nonnormative multidirectional
B. normative age-graded
C. nonnormative age-graded
D. normative history-graded
D. normative history-graded
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.
A. normative age-graded
B. normative generational
C. nonnormative life
D. normative history-graded
C. nonnormative life
_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
A. Cognitive
B. Biological
C. Socioemotional
D. Polycentric
C. Socioemotional
The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to:
A. a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation.
B. a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.
C. a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change.
D. a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development.
B. a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.
Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gain in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?
A. Middle childhood
B. Late adulthood
C. Late childhood
D. Adolescence!
D. Adolescence
Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging describe life-span development in terms of four "ages". The "third age" in this conceptualization spans from:
A. adolescence to prime adulthood.
B. twenties through fifties.
C. approximately 60 to 79 years of age.
D. approximately 80 years to the time of death.
C. approximately 60 to 79 years of age.
Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.
A. social
B. mental
C. biological!
D. psychological
C. biological
_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
A. Social
B. Psychological
C. Physical
D. Biological
B. Psychological
The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that:
A. old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.
B. developmental age is becoming increasingly irrelevant.
C. chronological age is becoming a more accurate predictor of life events in our society.
D. biological age is becoming increasingly relevant.
A. old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.
In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.
A. personality traits; abilities
B. attributes; ecological heritage
C. biological inheritance; environmental experiences
D. acquired traits, heredity
C. biological inheritance; environmental experiences
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.
A. personality
B. life-long learning
C. discontinuity
D. stability
D. stability
In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies _____.
A. abrupt change; stability
B. gradual change; distinct stages
C. qualitative change; quantitative change
D. discrete stages; gradations
B. gradual change; distinct stages
_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
A. Behavioral
B. Social-cognitive
C. Evolutionary
D. Psychoanalytic
D. Psychoanalytic
Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:
A. proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions.
B. overemphasized sexual instincts.
C. overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development.
D. underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.
B. overemphasized sexual instincts.
The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.
A. psychobiological
B. psychogenic
C. psychosocial
D. psychoanatomical
C. psychosocial
Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.

A. preoperational
B. concrete operational
C. formal operational
D. conceptual operational
C. formal operational
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guides cognitive development.
A. culture and social interaction
B. biology
C. the unconscious mind
D. genetic makeup
A. culture and social interaction
B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are _____.
A. thoughts and feelings
B. unconscious motivations
C. rewards and punishments
D. culture and society
C. rewards and punishments
Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
A. operant conditioning
B. observational learning
C. salient stimuli
D. classical conditioning
B. observational learning
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
A. -.65
B. +.46
C. +.70
D. -.77
D. -.77
_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.
A. RNA
B. Chromosome
C. DNA
D. Ribosome
C. DNA
_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
A. Genes
B. Chromosomes
C. RNA
D. Ribosomes
A. Genes
The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
A. mitochondria
B. ribosomes
C. chromosomes
D. mesosomes
C. chromosomes
_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.
A. Genes
B. Proteins
C. Ribosomes
D. DNA
B. Proteins
Which of the following statements about the activity of genes is TRUE?
A. Genes are not collaborative.
B. A single gene codes for a single, specific protein.
C. Genetic expression is unaffected by environmental factors
D. Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.
D. Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.
A cell which contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
A. mitosis
B. osmosis
C. meiosis
D. fertilization
A. mitosis
Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes.
A. 10
B. 32
C. 23
D. 46
D. 46
_____ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas, each of which becomes a person.
A. Triplets
B. Identical twins
C. Fraternal twins
D. Quadruplets
B. Identical twins
_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. Phenotype
D. Stereotype
C. Phenotype
In some cases, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the _____ principle.
A. sex-linked genes
B. dominant-recessive genes
C. genetic imprinting
D. polygenic inheritance
B. dominant-recessive genes
Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as _____.
A. inhibitors
B. patients
C. carriers
D. promoters
C. carriers
Gwendolyn is having a prenatal test where her doctor uses high-frequency sound waves directed into her abdomen to check her fetus. She is most likely having a(n)
_____.
A. chorionic villus sampling
B. triple screen
C. amniocentesis
D. ultrasound sonography
D. ultrasound sonography
Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n):
A. evocative genotype-environment correlation.
B. active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
C. passive genotype-environment correlation.
D. gene-gene correlation.
C. passive genotype-environment correlation.
_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
A. Passive genotype-environment
B. Evocative genotype-environment
C. Influential genotype-environment
D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
B. Evocative genotype-environment
Petra is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. Her unborn child is now referred to as a _____.
A. gamete
B. zygote
Correct Answer C. fetus
D. embryo
B. zygote
By the time babies are born, they have approximately _____ neurons.
A. 10 million
B. 200 million
C. 1 billion
D. 100 billion
D. 100 billion
_____ and _____ are the two birth defects that occur when the neural tube fails to close 24 days after conception.
A. Down syndrome; Tay-Sachs disease
B. Trisomy 13; Trisomy 18
C. Spina bifida; anencephaly
D. ADHD; autism
C. Spina bifida; anencephaly
A teratogen is any agent that can cause:
A. organogenesis.
B. birth defects.
C. fetal movement.
D. maternal back pain.
B. birth defects.
Which of the following statements is true about the impact of teratogens?
A. Very few fetuses are exposed to teratogens, so it is easy to determine which teratogen causes which defect.
B. Fetuses are safe from the effects of teratogens during the first trimester.
C. Teratogens cause anatomical defects only after organogenesis is complete.
D. Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.
D. Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.
During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?
A. At conception
B. During the germinal period
C. During the embryonic period
D. During the fetal period
C. During the embryonic period
_____ act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
A. Antiemetics
B. Biofeedback therapies
C. Antihypertensives
D. Psychoactive drugs
D. Psychoactive drugs
Which of the following is recommended for pregnant women by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?
A. Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it only sparingly.
B. Pregnant women can consume as much caffeine as they want in chocolate but not in coffee
C. Pregnant women can safely drink three cups of coffee each day after the third month of pregnancy.
D. Pregnant women should avoid caffeine in soda or tea, but can consume caffeine safely through coffee.
A. Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it only sparingly.
Which of the following is the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy?
A. It is wise to consume alcohol in moderation at the time of conception.
B. One or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.
C. No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
D. One or two servings of hard liquor a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.
C. No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
Jasmine and her fetus are Rh incompatible. This means that:
A. the fetus will need a blood transfusion immediately after birth.
B. the fetus' immune system will attack the mother's blood during the fetal stage.
C. Jasmine has type A blood, whereas her fetus has type B blood.
D. Jasmine may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.
D. Jasmine may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.
Brenda's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, body color, reflex irritability, and muscle tone. Brenda's baby is being tested with the:
A. Apgar Scale.
B. preterm outcome test.
C. Rogers-Randall Assessment.
D. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
A. Apgar Scale.
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:
A. center of the body and then moves toward the extremities.
B. spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head.
C. top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
D. bottom—the feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up till the head.
C. top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
The _____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
A. proximodistal
B. proximocaudal
C. cephalocaudal
D. cephalodistal
A. proximodistal
Shaken baby syndrome causes several symptoms including:
A. brain swelling and hemorrhaging.
B. brain tumors.
C. cardiac arrest.
D. swelling of the arms and legs.
A. brain swelling and hemorrhaging.
By the second birthday, a toddler's brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.
A. 25
B. 50
C. 75
D. 95
C. 75
Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____.
A. linearity
B. mastery
C. lateralization
D. learning
C. lateralization
A(n) _____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons, and helps electrical signals travel
A. myelin sheath
B. astrocyte
C. dendrite
D. nociceptor
A. myelin sheath
Which of the following statements is TRUE of how neurons change in the first years of life?
A. Synaptic connections begin to develop only after birth.
B. Myelination begins prenatally and stops at birth.
C. The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
D. The human brain actually needs more than twice of the neural connections made in the first years of life.
C. The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Similar to the epigenetic view, the _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.
A. neuroconstructivist
B. dynamic systems
C. genetic
D. ecological
A. neuroconstructivist
Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about _____.
A. shaken baby syndrome
B. sudden infant death syndrome
C. Down syndrome
D. marasmus
B. sudden infant death syndrome
A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that:
A. many parents in the U.S. are feeding their babies too many fruits and not enough vegetables.
B. parents in the U.S. are feeding their babies fruits and vegetables, and very little junk food.
C. by 1 year, bananas were the most common fruit that babies ate.
D. by 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.
D. by 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.
Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through:
A. repeated experiences.
B. the unfolding of a genetic plan.
C. positive reinforcement.
D. a conducive environment.
B. the unfolding of a genetic plan.
_____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking.
A. Fine
B. Gross
C. Learned
D. Major
B. Gross
When four-year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon, she is demonstrating her:
A. rooting reflex.
B. fine motor skills
C. Moro reflex.
D. gross motor skills.
B. fine motor skills
The interpretation of sensory information is called _____.
A. sensation
B. reception
C. perception
D. transition
C. perception
Fantz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He most likely holds a(n) _____ perspective.
A. ethological
B. ecological
C. evolutionary
D. genetic
B. ecological
The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure:
A. size constancy.
B. shape constancy.
C. visual acuity.
D. depth perception.
D. depth perception.
Schemes refer to
A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C. groups of behaviors.
D. knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.
A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____.
A. amalgamation
B. accommodation
C. assimilation
D. application
C. assimilation
_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
A. Adaptation
B. Accommodation
C. Assimilation
D. Application
B. Accommodation
When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____.
A. equilibration
B. assimilation
C. organization
D. amalgamation
A. equilibration
Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is _____ that in another stage.
A. qualitatively different from
B. quantitatively different from
C. qualitatively similar to
D. quantitatively similar to
A. qualitatively different from
The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:
A. object containment.
B. object permanence.
C. object availability.
D. object continuance.
B. object permanence.
Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying _____.
A. distraction
B. imitation
C. habituation
D. dishabituation
C. habituation
Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.
A. explicit
B. implicit
C. semantic
D. episodic
B. implicit
_____ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production.
A. Broca's area
B. Wernicke's area
C. Morton's area
D. SMA area
A. Broca's area
Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being are known as:
A. temperament.
B. emotions.
C. personality trait.
D. feeling states.
B. emotions.
Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true?
A. Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.
B. Emotions are influenced by biological foundations and experiences.
C. The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
D. Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
C. The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as:
A. primitive emotions.
B. innate emotions.
C. primary emotions.
D. evolved emotions.
C. primary emotions.
Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?
A. Joy
B. Anger
C. Fear
D. Pride
D. Pride
Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:
A. experiencing pain.
B. experiencing embarrassment.
C. very angry.
D. very hungry.
A. experiencing pain.
Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A. Anger cry
B. Hunger cry
C. Pain cry
D. Basic cry
B. Hunger cry
The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:
A. fear of heights.
B. separation protest.
C. stranger anxiety.
D. ostracism fear.
C. stranger anxiety.
Separation protest is characterized by:
A. rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B. crying when the caregiver shouts.
C. crying when the caregiver leaves.
D. indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.
C. crying when the caregiver leaves.
_____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
A. Attachment
B. Temperament
C. Perception
D. Social referencing
B. Temperament
"Easy child", "difficult child", and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.
A. trust
B. emotion
C. attachment
D. temperament
D. temperament
In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.
A. active; inhibited
B. inhibited; active
C. inner focused; outward focused
D. outward focused; inner focused
A. active; inhibited
_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
A. Social referencing
B. Secure attachment
C. Goodness of fit
D. Reciprocal socialization
C. Goodness of fit
Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?
A. Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
B. Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self- sufficient child.
D. Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.
B. Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?
A. Overprotectiveness and criticism
B. Neglectfulness and indifference
C. Enmeshment and fear
D. Patience and tolerance
A. Overprotectiveness and criticism
Quimby, 15 months old, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in:
A. social checking.
B. social scoping.
C. social referencing.
D. social validation.
C. social referencing.
What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?
A. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
B. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
C. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D. Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.
C. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.
A. physical comfort and sensitive care
B. feeding and physical comfort
C. contact comfort and feeding
D. oral satisfaction and physical comfort
A. physical comfort and sensitive care
John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment.
A. external working
B. internal working
C. external passive
D. internal passive
B. internal working
When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:
A. securely attached.
B. insecure avoidant.
C. insecure resistant.
D. insecure disorganized.
C. insecure resistant.
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being:
A. securely attached.
B. trusting attached.
C. agape-love attached.
D. solidly attached.
A. securely attached
The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
A. internal working
B. external working
C. Strange Situation
D. developmental cascade
D. developmental cascade
_____, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth.
A. Adrenaline
B. Oxytocin
C. Vasopressin
D. Estrogen
B. Oxytocin
Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?
A. It is bidirectional.
B. It is asynchronous.
C. It is nontransactional.
D. It is harmful to infants.
A. It is bidirectional.
When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates:
A. sociability.
B. scaffolding.
C. emotionality.
D. disorganized attachment.
B. scaffolding.
The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:
A. are less able to be nurturing caregivers than mothers.
B. are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than are mothers.
C. interact with their babies in different ways depending on whether they are the primary caregiver.
D. interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
D. interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
According to the Shorter Westminster Catechism, "What is the chief end of man?" How does that answer fit into the study of Developmental Psychology? How does John Piper understand or change his response to this question?
The chief end of man is to glorify God and enjoy him forever. (westminster)
In the beginning of class, I pointed out that there have always been different ways of thinking about aging and man's purpose on earth. What are the three different views of life and give a brief definition of each.
Biological: changes in an individual's physical nature.
Cognitive: changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Socioemotional: changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
What is the phenomenon known as "feral children?" Describe their behaviors. Explain how they come about and what is their contribution to our understanding of healthy development? What were some common problems with feral children? Why?
Children who have spent their formative years in the wild without any contact of humans.
Feral children have a hard time acquiring speech, unable to walk, lack of social skills, and animal-like behavior.
Usually are abandoned or abused, so they have grown up in the wild without any contact of humans and are adopted by animals, or survive on their own.
Fowler states: "Because of greater life expectancy, coupled with astonishing breakthroughs in dietary science and medicine . . . a long and healthy life is now expected as an entitlement." How has this shift affected a person's goals for a "well-lived life?"
A "wordly criteria" that has shifted the horizons of values and possibilities that frame our reflections.
What are some common teratogens and how and when do they affect development? What factors affect how strongly a teratogen will affect the developing fetus?
Teratogens are agents that cause birth defects.
Some teratogens include stress, medications such as acutane, drugs, and alcohol.
If a teratogen is introduced during the critical period, a heavier dose, and the genetic susceptibility of the child decided how much it will affect the fetus.
How was Carol Gilligan's findings about moral development from Kohlberg's? What was the essential difference?
Gilligan viewed that Kohlberg's theory was sex-biased, and Gilligan believed that women went through the same 3 stages developed by Kohlberg.
Claims on Differences:
Women base their moral reasoning on issues concerning social relationships.
Men base their moral reasoning on societal law and order.
What did Harlow's experiments with the monkeys teach us about attachment and bonding? Describe the experiment and the results.
It taught us that comfort is important than physiological needs. It shows how comfort is important to babies.
In the experiment there were two mothers, a wire and a terry cloth mother. The wire mother held the food while the terry cloth had none. The monkey stayed in the cage and stayed with the terry cloth mother for as long as possible, until the monkey needed nourishment from the wire mother
How does Reactive Attachment Disorder Develop? What are some of the signs of a child who has RAD? Think about the Romanian orphanages.
Reactive Attachment Disorder is the result of developmental interruptions that occur in the first 3 years of a child's life (abuse and neglect).
Signs of this disorder includes avoiding eye contact, doesn't smile, doesn't reach to be picked up, doesn't make cooing sounds, doesn't track the eyes, spends a lot of time rocking/comforting themselves.
What is "shaken baby syndrome? Who is most likely to shake a baby? Describe what happens to a baby when it is shaken. What are some key signs that a baby has been shaken? What are some things you can do that will prevent shaken baby syndrome?
Shaken baby syndrome is a brain injury that results from one forcibly shaking a baby.
Parents or caregivers are most likely to shake a baby when the baby is crying.
What happens: Babies have weak neck muscles, if a baby is shaken the brain moves back and forth within the baby's head which causes bruising, swelling, and bleeding.
Symptoms: extreme tiredness, irritability, no smiling, no vocalization, seizures, inability to lift head.
This is completely preventable. If the baby is crying, and there is nothing wrong with the baby, try adding noise, a pacifier, or if any of these solutions help set the baby inside the crib and leave the room.
What happens to babies and children who do not receive enough "touch" and "physical contact" when they are at critical stages of development. Think about the Romanian orphanages.
They will have a harder time developing because physical touch and contact is necessary. They may develop RAD. They will try to comfort themselves and mistrust their "caregiver
Explain Piaget's "sensorimotor stage" of cognitive development. At what ages does this take place? How is a child learning from his/her environment? A developmental sign that a child is ready to leave this stage is when the child has achieved "object permanence." What is object permanence?
The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of a child's life. In this stage the child learns about the world through their senses and interacting with the things around them.
Begins at at birth and lasts through age 2.
What are "primary emotions" and "self-conscious emotions?" At what approximate ages to children develop these emotions? Give some examples of primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.
Primary emotions: appear within the first 6 months of the infant's development. Includes surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
Self conscious emotions: appear in the second half of 1st-2nd year. These emotions require a child to conscious of a sense of "me." Examples are jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt.
What is Erikson's first stage of development? What actions by the parents help the child to successfully complete this stage? What actions cause the child to have difficulties at this stage?
Trust vs mistrust is Erikson's first stage of development.
If parents are reliable and consistent with responding to their child's needs then it helps the child trust his/her parents.
If the parents are inconsistent or just don't respond to their child's needs then the child develops mistrust.
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