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6th Grade Social Studies Unabridged Terms

Terms in this set (354)

native to a region; describes people inhabiting a land before the arrival of colonists

indigenous people of Australia

rain polluted with chemicals

a term describing a society that is based on agriculture

Britain, France, Russia; those nations involved in World War I that were led by Great Britain , Russia, and France; the United States later joined the Allied Powers

countries / nations who are friends and support one another

A massive river in South America; more water drains out of the Amazon than out of any other river on Earth

Andes Mountains

The mountain range along the western side of South America more than 5,000 miles long, and home to the highest mountains in the Western Hemisphere

to add territory; to take over a piece of another nation's land

land that is able to be farmed

prejudice against Jewish people

a chain of islands

the region around the North Pole

Aristocracy, aristocratic

having to do with royalty/monarchy

a temporary halt in fighting; a truce

the study of stars and their positions

a desert region on the coast of northern Chile, sparsely inhabited, but rich in minerals

leader of the Incas (known as "Sapa Inca"). During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured him and used him to control the Inca empire before executing him.

a word that describes a political system in which people of a country must obey the ruling power

Autocratic or Autocracy

government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little, if any, role in the government (example: Cuba). Most dictators maintain their position through inheritance of military power (fear, violence). People who try to speak out against the government are often silenced through the use of power.

a giant stone monolith in Australia's Northern Territory; one of the country's most famous natural features

an alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought against the Allies during World War II

native people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century

to exchange, or trade, one good for another

Battle of Stalingrad

World War II battle considered to be the bloodiest in human history; it last from 1942 to 1943

Bering Land Bridge

a narrow area of land that once joined Siberia to Alaska

a wall in Germany that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989

a legislature with two branches

British Commonwealth

a voluntary association of independent nations and dependent territories linked by historical ties as part of the former British empire, and cooperation on matters of mutual concern like economics and trade.

British North America Trade Act

a law passed in 1867 under which Canadian colonies united to form a new country, governed by a new constitution

a group of people appointed by a president or prime minister to give advice and help run the government

Canadian Shield

a plateau region of eastern Canada extending from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River northward to the Arctic Ocean

equipment used by a company to produce other goods

an economic system in which private owners control the production of goods and profit

a large body of water in the western Atlantic Ocean, to the south bordered by South America, to the west bordered by Central America, and to the north by Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic

the making of maps and charts

this word actually means "universal", but when capitalized, refers to the Roman Catholic church. Roman Catholics were some of the first Christians.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, when they fought against the Allied Powers during World War I.

chief executive in Germany

a city in north central Ukraine where in 1986 a large Nuclear Power Plant exploded during stress testing causing the leakage of massive amounts of radiation

Chief executive

the #1 person in charge of the country; we call ours PRESIDENT

Christopher Columbus

believed that the Bahamas were part of Asia; was an Italian sailor who thought that if the world was round instead of flat, then you should be able to sail to India to buy spices by going west instead of east. Convinced the king and queen of Spain to give him 3 ships, let him try to prove that he was right. He did not get to India, he did find the islands of the Caribbean including present day Haiti

to meet in secret

began in 1945, period of distrust between Soviet Union and its former allies in the West, particularly the United States; Germany was divided into two parts, East Germany and West Germany

to form a colony, to settle a colony

a foreign area controlled by a country and contributing to its wealth; any people or territory separated from, but subject to, a ruling power

Columbian Exchange

the widespread exchange of agricultural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred after 1492.

Command economy

an economy that is planned and controlled by the central government

an economic and political system in which the government owns all the businesses, and citizens have limited personal freedoms

Concentration camps

prisons where civilians, political prisoners, and sometimes prisoners of war were held under harsh conditions

voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation (example: European Union); voluntary association of states in which individual states hold more power than the central government

a conqueror, especially one of the 16th century Spanish soldiers who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

document written to describe the way a government of a country will be organized

Commonwealth of Nations

weak association of member countries once part of the British Empire; also called the British Commonwealth

describes a government that owns or controls most farms and businesses

voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation (Example: European Union)

a conqueror from Spain, an explorer who went to new countries; a conqueror, especially one of the 16th century Spanish soldiers who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America and Peru

document written to describe the way the government of a country will be organized; a document of basic laws that govern a country

Constitutional monarchy

a form of government in which the power of the king or queen is limited by a constitution

to buy, to use up, to purchase something that is for sale.

poisoned, food not safe to eat, a place not safe to live in; could make a person sick, even kill them

Cook, Captain James

claimed Australia for Great Britain; in 1770's had a ship named Endeavor

a body of water off the east coast of Australia, home o the Great Barrier Reef

conquistador that Montezuma welcomed because he mistakenly thought Cortez was a god from a legend in their religion. Cortez was looking for gold and riches and was successful in overtaking the Aztec people.

a French word that means to take over a government, to militarily overthrow the present government (pronounced KOO with no "p" sound)

a military takeover of a government (pronounced KOO-DAY-TAH)

wars fought in the Middle East over land that was holy to Christians and Muslims; military expeditions sent by different Popes (leaders of the Catholic Church) to capture the Holy Land

Cultural diffusion

the spread of language and traditions from one group to another

the way of life of a group of people; includes language, customs, traditions, beliefs, and religious practices

the type of money a country uses; a system of money

Currency exchange

without a system of exchanging currencies it would be very difficult to conduct international trade; exchange rates provide a procedure for determining the value of one country's currency in the terms of another country's currency.

rules of behavior that people follow within a culture

Cyrillic alphabet

an alphabet that is used by Slavic languages (includes Russian). These Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are in central and eastern Europe.

another spelling of TSARS: what the king/emperor was called in Russia

a country in Europe that doesn't exist any more

the name given to the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Western Europe; it occurred on June 6, 1944

trees that shed their leaves in the fall

when a governing body spends more money than it brings in

the act or process of removing trees from or clearing a forest

how many people want the goods available and what they are willing to pay for them

Democracy / democratic

political system in which a country's people elect their leaders and rule by majority; a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. (Examples: United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Australia)

a sect or group within a religion

Densely populated

a place where a lot of people live; for example, a city is densely populated, farmland in the country is not densely populated

buying and selling almost stops; wages fall; banks close; business slows; inflation rises; farmers lose land

someone who rules by fear or force, they have all the power, they don't share power with anybody, has complete rule

a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one leader

means to disagree with

a person who disagrees with (for example) the government or it's leader

a variety of different races, ethnic backgrounds, religious beliefs

describes industries or businesses that are in OUR country; foreign describes industries or businesses in countries other than our own

the most powerful, the strongest, the most type of people

the time of creation in the Australian Aboriginal religion

Economic depression

buying and selling almost stops; wages fall; banks close; business slows; inflation rises; farmers lose land

Economic system

the way a country decides what goods will be produced, how they will be produced, and who will consume them

the way in which people m a erpson eet their needs through the production, distribution, and the use of goods and services

how how a place is above sea level

prohibit trade with other nations; they bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both; a ban on trade with another country for a political reason

the smoke that comes out smokestacks of factories, tailpipes of cars

a group of nations or people ruled over by a sovereign/monarch (emperor/ empress, king/queen, etc.)

used to be it's own country by itself; now part of Great Britain which is part of United Kingdom

English Channel

a body of water separating France and the United Kingdom

one who risks his or her own money, time, ideas, and energy to start and run a business; a person who is willing to take a risk to organize and operate a new business

means having to do with race or culture

people in a region who share ancestry, language, and culture

the currency of the European Union. One result of the EU is the creation of the EURO. Just as the United States has dollars ($), the European countries have their own currencies. The euro is the currency of most of the EU. Member countries can choose to give up their own currencies and exchange them for euros.

European Union (EU)

established in 1990s; main goal is to strengthen the economic, political, and defense ties of member nations; it's goal is to create a singles European currency; also it is a system to remove tariff barriers and open trade between countries. An organization, evolved from the European Economic Community, that created one economic market out of the member nations' economies

the area around Chernobyl, Ukraine where no one was allowed to live, travel, or "be' after the nuclear accident

branch of government that includes the head of state (president, premier, prime minister, etc)

trip that's purpose is to explore

a product that one country sells to another

a totalitarian government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities

1. national level, government having to do with the entire country, not just the state; 2. characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. (Examples: Australia, Germany, Russia, Canada, Brazil, and Mexico)

Federal parliamentary democracy

a system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament, such as in Australia

a system of government in which the national and state governments share power

Fifteenth century

the years from 1400 to 1499

describes industries or businesses in countries other than our own; describes industries or businesses that are in OUR country

gasoline or other fuel made from oil deposits (from dead dinosaurs!)

Free enterprise system

another name is "market economy" or laissez-faire

trade between nations without tariffs or other trade barriers

Free-trade zone

An arrangement between countries that creates a region where trade is conducted without tariffs or taxes on trade.

French and Indian War

the North American phase of a war between France and Britain to control colonial territory

Hitler's title in German, meaning "leader"

the planned killing of a race of people; Hitler tried to do this with Jews in WWII

Germanic languages

the come from German languages; English is a Germanic language.

Russian term meaning "political openness"

the gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate change

Goods and services

things (products) people will buy or what people will pay others to do for them (haircut, doctor visit, lawn cutting)

Gorbachev, Mikhail

head of the Soviet Union

the system a country uses to make laws and run the country

leader of the government of a territory or state

Great Barrier Reef

the world's largest coral reef, located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Coral Sea

includes England, Scotland, Wales; each of these used to be individual countries

Great Depression

a global economic downturn that started in 1929 in the United States and soon spread into Europe. connected to US banks; wages fell; banks closed; business slowed; inflation rose, farmers lost land

five lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario

Great Victoria Desert

a desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen Victoria

what World War I (World War One) used to be called

Gross domestic product (GDP)

the combined value of the goods and services produced in a country in each year; a total amount of goods and services produced in a country

Spanish for "little war"; a person who engages in irregular warfare. GUER is base word for WAR in Spanish; member of a band of soldiers that harrass the enemy

Guerrilla warfare

small, mobile groups of nongovernment soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and deception to fight a larger government force such as an army or police force

moves warm water along the coast of North America, crosses the Atlantic and warms Ireland and western coasts of England

a ranch where farming and cattle ranching take place

a pilgrimage by Muslims to Mecca

Hitler's systematic killing of every Jew (man, woman, and child) under Nazi rule; mass murder of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and dissenters by the Nazi's during World War II

House of Commons

part of Parliament in the United Kingdom; one of two governing bodies in the British Parliament; members are elected by the people

part of Parliament in the United Kingdom; one of two governing bodies in the British Parliament; members are appointed

an inlet in northeast Canada that is 850 miles long

education and training; workers of a business or country including their education, training, skills, and health; labor; the value that most people bring to the marketplace

Hydroelectric power

electricity that is made from a force of moving water

Iberian Peninsula

southern European peninsula; home to Spain and Portugal

the inability to read and write

people coming to one country from another country, and moving there to live

a strategy by which a state tries to put other states under its political or economic control

a product that one country buys from another

a limit to the amount of a specific good that is imported

a group of people of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest

money that comes from getting paid for doing work

the people who lived there before any explorers came from anywhere else

Industrial Revolution

the change from an economy based on farming and handmade goods to an economy based on factories and machines

Industrialized countries

countries that depend more on manufacturing than farming; generally have a higher standard of living

when the prices of goods rise

roads, bridges, airports, and other basic physical structures needed by a country

a charge that a bank pays to use deposited money; the return to the owner of real capital

between two or more countries

a tribe of native people of Canada

to spend money in the hope of earning more than is spent

a monotheistic religion practiced by Muslims; fastest growing religion in Europe, holy book is the Koran (also spelled Quran); believers are called Muslims; made up of two groups, Sunnis and Shiites, believe Muhammed was last of prophets, believe in one God called ALLAH, trip to Mecca once in a lifetime, prayer five times a day, giving to charity, fasting during month of Ramadan

a monotheistic religion practiced by Jewish people; oldest of three main religions in Europe, believers are called Jews/Jewish, holy book is Torah, Talmud written version of Oral Law, Abraham was founder/prophet, Jews in Europe were nearly wiped out by Hitler and Nazi Germany

Judicial, judiciary

refers to branch of government that has JUDGES and courts

holy book of the religion of Islam; also sometimes spelled Qu'ran

a decentralized market economy

a geographic or physical feature or a region

a country that is surrounded by land on all sides, no seas, oceans, bays, gulf, or coastline around any of it's borders

members of a liberal or radical party; favoring extensive reform

Legislature, legislative

refers to branch of government that makes the LAWS

Lenin, Vladimir

took control of Russia, became leader, renamed it Soviet Union

Literacy , literate

the ability to read and write

what percentage of people in a country can read and write

colonists who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution; many later settled in Canada

things that people want but do not need

the principal landmass of a continent; part of a country that is on a continent, not an island

the process of making goods and items with machines, usually in factories; making things so they can be sold; for example, factories are where manufacturing takes place (they make/assemble cars or other products... it's a "manufacturing plant")

a climate dominated by the ocean. Because of the moderating effect of water, sites having this climate are considered relatively mild.

a person can start any legal business and charge any price; the production and distribution of goods owned by private individuals and or corporations; the people*not the government- own land, factories, and businesses; companies produce goods of their choice and consumers decide whether to buy the goods; competition is found in a market economy; an economy in which changes in price guide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed; a capitalistic economy

a member of the Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize

Mediterranean climate

climate having sunny, hot, dry, summers and rainy winters

Mediterranean Sea

sea found south of Europe, but north of Africa; large body of water that separates Europe from Africa

middle America, central America

a person of mixed Native American and Spanish (or Portuguese) ancestry; from the Spanish word for "mixed"

a major city in Italy; famous for fashion

using strong armies and threats of war

Mixed economies

an economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises; mixture of pure market and pure command; a combination of privately-owned industry and government control

a king or queen, emperor or empress, czar or czarina; usually get their "job" by inheriting it because of their birth

a government led by a king or queen; territory ruled by a king or queen who has total power to govern

a belief in one God

a religion that believes in one god

Montezuma / Moctezuma

leader of the Aztec people, their "king"; allowed Cortes to come into their city, welcomed him at first because he thought he was a god... until he figured out that Cortes was really a greedy conquistador, but by then it was too late.

a person of mixed African and European ancestry

(sometimes spelled Moslem) one of the 3 main religions in Europe, Muslims believe in the religion called Islam

modern version of the Aztec language

a major city in Italy

the love of one's country; extreme loyalty and devotion to a nation

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

an alliance of the United States, Canada, and its western European allies; formed after World War II

found in the ground, along with oil

Natural resources

"gifts" of nature, including forests, fertile soil, water; a material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value

military sea power, battleships on the oceans, etc.

a shortened name for National Socialist German Workers' Party; the political party of Adolf Hitler

another name for National Socialist party, Adolf Hitler's beliefs

beliefs of the Nazi Party; Germans felt betrayed by Treaty of Versailles; Nazis came to power; Hitler promised to break Treaty of Versailles, rebuild the military, and reclaim lost territory

Nonrenewable resource

a resource that cannot be replaced by nature; for example, oil is a nonrenewable resource

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

an arrangement signed in 1993 that allows free trade among the United States, Canada, and Mexico

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

an organization formed in 1949 in Washington, D.C., made up of the countries of the Atlantic Pact and others, for the purpose of collective defense against aggression

Northern hemisphere

all of the earth that is north of the equator

same type of energy that comes from the sun, only it's man made

a place or building equipped for making observations of astronomical or meteorological objects or events; especially one equipped with a powerful telescope for observing stars and planets

Oligarchic government

a form of government in which a small, unelected group controls the country and denies power to citizens

government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role. A small group exercises control. Communist countries are mostly oligarchies. The citizen has a very limited role in government.

Opportunity cost

refers to the difference in the amount of time and effort to make one thing instead of another

Organization of American States (OAS)

an international organization formed in 1948; promotes economic, military, and cultural cooperation among its members; which include almost all the independent states of the Western Hemisphere

Austria-Hungary, Turkey and it's colonies

a large desert of the Australian mainland

Pacific Theater

a term used during World war II to refer to areas of the Pacific Ocean where the fighting occurred

a human-made waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea

Paramilitary forces

not a regular, usual, official military force

the legislature in which elected representatives choose a country's leader from members of the political party with the most votes

Parliamentary system

form of democratic government in which prime minister is head of legislature; used in the United Kingdom and many other countries; type of democratic government where citizens elect MPs who choose a prime minister as chief executive; a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. (Example: United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany)

describes a prison

colony where prisoners are sent

system of prisons and jails

a piece of land nearly surrounded by water but connected to a larger land body; part of the land that sticks out into the water, being surrounded by water on three sides

Per capital income

the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation

a Russian word that means "social restructuring", used by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union

ground that never thaws; obviously wouldn't be able to be farmland

Personal freedoms

the right to vote, the right to have free speech, choice of religion, etc.

the Mexican or Cuban currency

an oily liquid used as gasoline or for other products

a chemical used in fertilizer, pesticides, toothpaste, detergents, and explosives that can pollute water

Physical capital

factories, machines, technologies, buildings and property needed by businesses to operate

Physical capital investment

purchasing physical capital

Pizarro, Francisco

was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru. He was responsible for capturing Atahualpa, leading to the downfall of the Incan empire in Latin America.

Political party

an organized group of people who hold a particular set of political beliefs

leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Population distribution

how the people of a country are spread out across the land. For example, cities (urban areas) have a high population; country/farmland (rural areas) have a lower population, desert areas and frozen lands have a lower population

Population density

describes how many people live in a certain unit (square mile, for example); tells information about population distribution (see above definition)

a city that is by an ocean, river, bay, or other body of water, that allows ships to come to/from the city for trade and transporation

Pound (British)

the currency used in the United Kingdom

any form of rain, snow, or water falling from the sky

head of the executive branch of government in the United States

Presidential system

a form of government in which the executive branch of the national government is headed by the president, while the legislative branch is headed by Congress; used in the United States; type of democratic government where citizens elect members of the legislature and also the chief executive, known as the president; a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature (Example: Mexico and Brazil)

the chief or leading member of a parliamentary government; the head of state in a parliamentary system of democracy, responsible for running the day to day operations of government; the head of the government in Canada and United Kingdom

Prince Henry the Navigator

Son of the king of Portugal, he wanted to send ships south to Africa because he wanted a route around Africa to the Asian markets. He also wanted to spread Christianity.

money left after business expenses are subtracted from business income

an individual state in Canada with a local government; similar to states in America

a person who lives in Quebec and does not consider himself Canadian

the Inca language

holy book of the religion of Islam; also sometimes spelled Koran

(1) in a centralized command economy, being told by government what and how much to produce in a certain time; (2) a limit placed on the number of imports that may enter a country. Put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise. A quota benefits domestic producers in the same way a tariff does, but the additional money expended on foreign goods goes to the foreign producers, not the domestic government. PLACES LIMITS ON NUMBER OF IMPORTS that may enter a country.

energy (can come from the sun or nuclear material) can be used to power things, but too much can be dangerous to human health

Radioactive materials

things that have been exposed to radiation, like when the nuclear plant explosion at Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986

unprocessed, natural products used in manufacturing

Brazilian currency

Real investment

the purchase of a new home by a person or the purchase of physical capital by a business

Renewable resource

those that can be replaced by nature; for example, trees are a renewable resource; when used, it can be regrown, or more of it can be made. For example, lumber (wood) is a renewable resources because we can grow more trees. Oil is NOT a renewable resource because once it is used up, more cannot be made or grown.

payments for war damages; often made by a defeated power to the winning side

Representative democracy

a form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf; a democratic form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make government decisions

to bring two parts back together that had gotten separated in the past; when East Germany and West Germany were brought back together and once again made into one country

overthrow a government, replace a government, usually violent

river in Germany; most important commercial waterway in Europe

persons, sports teams, countries that compete against each other

Roaring Twenties

years 1920-1929 when people felt good about the economy

Role of citizen

whether or not the citizen can vote, or has the right of free speech to express their opinions to their government

city in present day Italy; used to be the center of a huge empire

some of the first Christians, their leader is the pope, their church is headquartered in The Vatican, which is located inside Rome, Italy.

Romance languages

derived from Latin (the language of the Roman Empire), includes Latin , Italian, French

the Russian currency

Russian Revolution

(1917) two part revolt that resulted in the overthrow of the czar and the Communist take-over of Russia; transformed Russia from autocracy into the Soviet Union; Czar Nicholas removed from power, his family and other members of ruling class were killed; Bolshevik party and peasants led by Lenin formed Communist government and took control of farming and industry; farms were taken over by the government

to on purpose ruin something or make it break

the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

a Cuban religion based on African traditional beliefs

income not spent

Scandinavian Peninsula

a peninsula lying north of the mainland of Europe; includes Norway, Sweden, and Finland

an individual or group that is unfairly blamed by others for previously existing problems

limited supply of something

northern part of the island of Great Britain

Scramble for Africa

the division of much of Africa among European countries between 1885 and 1910

to withdraw formally from membership in an organization, association, or alliance

a person who wants Quebec to be an independent country from Canada

jobs that involve providing services to people rather than products

northern area of Russia; very cold (low temps 40 below zero), snowy (3 to 4 feet), icy; much of it has ground that is frozen all year

island off the southern coast of mainland Italy; part of the country of Italy

Sierra Madre Mountains

a Mexican mountain range running along either side of the Mexican Plateau

workers who have training, education, or experience to do a certain job. Examples: engineers, computer technicians, mechanics.

leftover rock from the smelting process

Slavic languages

Russian is the most widely spoken Slavic language, uses a Cyrillic alphabet

word that came from mixture of fog and smoke

Smokeless zones

areas of London where, in order to improve air quality, only smokeless fuels can be used

a labor union in Poland in the 1980's

Southern hemisphere

all of the earth that is south of the equator

a powerful communist country that supported the Castro movement in Cuba

when a country uses its resources and skills to produce goods efficiently; encourages trade between countries; the division of labor; work is divided into parts for workers, factories, or countries to become expert at producing certain goods

St. Lawrence Seaway

a canal system that provides a passageway for ships to travel between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean

Standard of living

Regarding people in a country or part of the world: includes the homes they live in, what type of nutrition and medical care they receive, the availability and level of education

the elected body of Russia's Federal Assembly; controls the budget and makes laws; approves prime minister selected by the president

Stock market crash

occurs when the value of stocks falls quickly and deeply; the values of stocks (shares of ownership) people held in companies began a steep and quick drop.

a grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government in support of an undertaking or the upkeep of a thing

a country that is far more powerful than other countries

the amount of goods available

something used to represent something else, often something immaterial, often and emblem, token, or sign

pattern of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific medical disorder

another word for tax; the purpose of a tariff, such as a protective tariff, is to increase the prices of imported goods and protect a country's own industries from foreign competition; taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from tariffs are collected by the domestic government.

another word for tariff

a main city of the Aztec Empire

an area similar to a Canadian province but with less local government; controlled by the Canadian government

the river that flows through England (London)

the name for the German Empire that Adolf Hitler was building during World War II

Third world countries

developing nations that do not have much industry and that depend on farming; have lower standard of living than industrialized countries

gland located in human, having to do with the body's metabolism

the first five books of the Old Testament

to encourage in the exchange, purchase, or sale of goods; voluntary exchange of goods and services among people and countries benefitting both parties

an economic or physical limit to what can be traded with a country; ways of limiting trade by tariffs, quotas, or embargoes; limit world trade, diminish economic efficiency, reduce total production and employment, raise prices, and encourage retaliation. They benefit some domestic companies and their workers at the expense of foreign companies and workers, and domestic consumers.

Traditional economy

an economy dominated by methods and techniques that have strong social support even though they may be out of date; economy in which customs and habits of the past decide what and how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed

to move by using trucks, ships, planes, etc.

a written agreement that is written and signed to signify the end of a war

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) an agreement that officially ended World War I; it required that Germany accept full responsibility for the war; explained what the winners of the war would gain and what the losers would lose; punished Germany for the war, stripped Germany of power, land, and military; Germany had to pay Allies for war; the U.S. refused to sign the treaty

another spelling of the word CZARS; what the king/emperor was called in Russia

a plain found in arctic and subarctic regions that has permanently frozen subsoil and is treeless

fan blades that are turned by some type of energy which in turn produces a useful power . For example water from the river, as it flows through the dam, turns the turbine and makes electricity.

a major city in Italy

Twentieth century

years from 1900-1999

used to be a part of the USSR (Soviet Union), now a country

one house; refers to type of legislative branch of government

Unitary government

a form of government in which the central government decides which powers to grand to local governments; a form of government in which a central government operates all levels of government in a country; characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority (Examples: Cuba and United Kingdom)

Unskilled labor

workers who don't have training or education

referring to city

city area (as compared to the country and farmland)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; often just shortened to "Soviet Union". This country does not exist anymore. It has now been broken up into several different countries.

a Portuguese explorer

huge, large, tremendous

city in Italy, water canals instead of streets/roads

a royal castle (a grand palace) in France, a place in France near Paris

Spanish governor of conquered American lands

river in Asia/Eastern Europe

to do something because you want to, not because someone is making you

used to be country by itself, now part of Great Britain which is part of United Kingdom

government that guarantees certain benefits to the unemployed, poor, disabled, old, and sick, such as is done in the Basic Law of Germany

European conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War and "the war to end all wars"

worldwide conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945

Worldwide Depression

connected to US banks; wages fell; banks closed; business slowed; inflation rose, farmers lost land

the people in a country or society who hold jobs or are able to hold jobs

a rebel group in southern Mexico which fought in the 1900's on behalf of poor farmers; a guerilla group who supported improved living conditions for indigenous Mexicans; they have resorted to harassment, sabotage, and forcible takeovers of local governments

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