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Psych Exam 2

Terms in this set (22)

Emotion
Defined as a feeling that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her, especially for their well-being
What are the three types of crying and how can you tell them apart
1.Basic Cry - a rhythmic pattern followed by silence, whistle, another rest, and then back to crying.
2.Anger cry - a variation of the basic cry in which more express air is forced through the vocal cords.
3.Pain cry - a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
Name three ways to conceptualize temperament.
1.Easy Child
2.Difficult child
3.Slow-to-warm-up-child
What is social referencing?
The term used to describe "reading: emotional cue in others to help determine how to act in particular situation.
Describe the following attachments.

Securely Attached babies

Insecure avoidant babies

Insecure resistant babies

Insecure disorganized babies
1. Securely attached babies have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs

2.Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting; don't respond to babies' signals and have little physical contact

3.Caregiver of resistant babes tend to be inconsistent; often not very affectionate or interactive.

4.Disorganized babies often have neglectful or abusive caregivers
What are some strategies parents can follow in regard to child care?
D. All of the above
Name the two most important contributors to height.
1. Ethnic origin
2. Nutrition
Experts recommend that young children get _____________ hours of sleep each day.
11-13
Describe the pre operational stage
- 2-7 years old
-Begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
- Form stable concepts and begin to reason
- Dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
What is the zone of proximal development?
Tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with the assistance of adults or more skilled children.
Name the 6 key principles in vocabulary development.
1.Children learn the words they hear most often
2.Children learn words for things and events that interest them
3.Children learn words better in responsive and interactive contexts than in passive contexts.
4.Children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful
5. Children learn words best when they access clear information about word meaning
6. Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered
Describe the 3 variations in early childhood education.
1. Child-Centered Kindergarten
- Education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child's needs , interest, and learning styles
2. The Montessori approach
- An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire
3. Developmentally appropriate practice
- Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness)
What are the two main controversies in early childhood education currently?
1.What the curriculum for early childhood education should be.
2.Whether preschool education should be universal in the United States
What is the difference between heteronomous and autonomous morality?
Heteronomous morality - children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

Autonomous morality - children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as consequences.
What are gender roles?
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
Describe the four parenting styles.
Authoritarian parenting - Restrictive,punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

Authoritative parenting - Encouraging children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

Neglectful parenting - you the parent is uninvolved in the child's life

Indulgent parenting - Parents are highly involved with their children but plan few demands or controls on them
Name the 4 main types of child maltreatment.
1. Physical abuse - Infliction of injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burnin, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
2.Child neglect - failure to provide for the child's basic needs
3. Sexual abuse - Includes fondling a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials
4. Emotional abuse - Includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral/cognitive/emotional problems
Which of these describes play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol?
Pretense Play
What is a learning disability?
A learning disability is difficulty in understanding or using a spoken or written language or in doing mathematics

Example: Dyslexia
Describe the concrete operational stage.
Children can preform concrete operations, and then can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
- Understand the conservation tasks
- Able to classify or divide things into different set/'subsets and consider their interrelationships
- Seriation
- Transitivity
-Neo-Piagentians argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision
- More emphasis on information processing
What is the definition of intelligence.
Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences.
What does metalinguistic awareness allow children to do?
Allows children to think about their language, understand what words are here as well as define them.
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