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nutrition chapter 3 digestion/test 2

Terms in this set (43)

the microbiome (located in the human body) contains 10x more cells than the human body
true
microbes in the GI tract:

a) are harmful
b) cannot change or be modified
c) are influenced by prebiotics and probiotics, thus by ones diet
d) do not vary depending on ones diet
c) are influenced by prebiotics and probiotics, thus by one's diet
how does the stomach maintain pH between 1.5 and 1.7?
food entering stomach triggers stomach wall to release GASTRIN (stimulates stomach glands to secrete components of HCI)
why don't digestive enzymes damage the stomach?
-inactive form of pepsin is amade called PEPSINOGIN (activated by HCI)

-MUCUS protects the surface of stomach lining (produced in goblet cells)
how does pyloric valve know when to open and close?
(ALKALINE ALLOWS TO OPEN. ACID TELLS TO CLOSE)

-pyloric sphincter opens to allow acidic chyme to slip through

-cells on the INTESTINAL SIDE of muscle sense acid and the muscle closes tightly

-muscle relaxes again only after chyme is neutralized
what does "hydro" refer to
water
what does essential mean
body can't make it, so it just be consumed in the diet
-ase refers to what kind of compound?
enzyme (lipase, lactase,...)
what does denatured mean
protein that lost its function a change in shape brought on by heat, acid, radiation
What is a phospholipid?
-molecule similar to triglyceride, but has a phosphate group that replaces 1 the 3 fatty acids

-emilusifies fat and water. lecithin. lipoprotein. let of cell membrane
in the phrase omega 3 what does the number mean
the location of the first double bond (omega 3 would be 3 carbons from the end of the fat)
What is a triglyceride made of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids (E)
fatty acids are known as short, medium, and long chains. "chain" refers to ?
number of carbon atoms
how many carbons does a shirt chain fatty acid have?
fewer than 6 (SHORT=5 letters so 5 or less)
Where is HDL made?
liver (high density lipoprotein)
what is the name of the muscular action that moves food through the digestive tract?
peristalsis
what is the purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
activates pepsinogen into pepsin, sterilize the food, denatures protein
name 3 ways nutrients are absorbed into intestinal cells
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
what is the purpose of bile and bile salts?
emulsify fat into smaller globules so they stay apart
once a nutrient is absorbed into the intestinal villus, how is it sent to the rest of the body?
enters bloodstream (water soluble nutrients, smaller fat product) or the lymphatic system (fat soluble vitamins,chymomicrons)
where digestion start?
mouth
which 3 segments make up the small intestine in a heathy person?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what does the gall bladder do?
stores and concentrates bile
what role do the villus and microvilli play?
they recognize and select the nutrients the body needs, then regulates their absorption, and also they increase surface area of small intestine
the human microbiome is composed of what?
100 trillion microbes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and others
what are the products of protein digestion?
amino acids and peptides (groups of amino acids)
why can't you take insulin by the mouth?
it is a protein and be digested which would inactivate it
what happens if you eat too much protein?
it is rapidly degraded and used for energy or stored as fat
what is the name of the element found in amino acids that is not found in fats or carbohydrates?
nitrogen (amino group is made of nitrogen and 2 hydrogens)
what is the name of bond between amino acids?
peptide bond
Fat soluble vitamins are best absorbed when consumed at the same time as _______
fat
the cells the line the gastrointestinal tract are made of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. why dont they get digested along with the food?
lined with mucus
proteins that defend the body from disease are called?
antibodies
during hydrolysis what substance is consumed to break the bond?
water
the process of condensation produces what byproduct?
water
Where is 70% of the body's immune system is located?
GI tract/gut
Sphincter muscles control the flow of food through the GI tract. Name the Sphincters in order
1) Upper Esophageal
2) LES (Lower Esophageal) or Cardiac
3) Pylorus
4) ileocal valve
5) Anus
Which substance is secreted into the digestive tract, as an emulsifier, not an enzyme?
bile
Make Mucus to protect the GI tract
goblet cells
Glands that secrete intestinal juices
crypt cells
What are the microvilli?

a)
Cells that manufacture Hydrochloric Acid for the stomach
b)
Absorptive cells covering the villus with hair-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine.
c)
Microscopic crypts where beneficial bacteria live to assist in the symbiotic digestion of nutrients
d)
Glands that make mucus to keep the villi moist
b)
Absorptive cells covering the villus with hair-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine.
What is the portal circulation?

a)
Lymphatic blood supply that ultimately returns the lymph into the thoracic duct
b)
The circulation that involved the pulmonary artery and carries oxygenated blood from the lung to the heart for pumping
c)
Description of the different ports of entry in the body for various hormones and enzymes
d)
The venous circulation from the digestive tract to the liver.
d) The venous circulation from the digestive tract to the liver.
What are 3 issues with eating a high fat meal?

a)
It lowers cholesterol levels in the blood since so much cholesterol is used in the bile acids during digestion
b)
It causes bile to migrate up into the stomach to help with digestion of fat there
c)
It tightens the LES, making it difficult for swallowed food to enter the stomach
d)
Keeps food in the stomach longer
e)
It causes food to leave the stomach more quickly which overwhelms the intestine
f)
It relaxes the LES which may lead to increased heartburn
g)
Increases delivery of fat-laden blood to the heart
d)
Keeps food in the stomach longer

f)
It relaxes the LES which may lead to increased heartburn
g)
Increases delivery of fat-laden blood to the heart
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