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English

Terms in this set (180)

perspective
protracted
excursions
sensible
perturbation
expedite
From a bioenergetic ...1... , avoiding frequent or ...2... ...3... beyond CP, would seem ...4... to prevent premature or excessive utilization of W′ and the associated muscle metabolic and systemic ...5...s which would ...6... fatigue
--> 1. دیدگاه
2. مدید, طولانی
3. گردش, گشت و گذار
4. معقول
5. آشفتگی, تشویش
6. تسریع کردن
perspective on - دید, دیدگاه
- a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences
2. from somebody's perspective
3. from a feminist/Christian/global etc perspective --> دیدگاه
4. wider/broader perspective
His father's death gave him a whole new ...... on life. --> viewpoint, دید
2. The novel is written from a child's ...... .
3. We have to look at everything from an international ..... --> دیدگاه
4. Our work in Uganda and Romania adds a wider .... .
articulate
- to express your ideas or feelings in words
Many people are unable to ..... the unhappiness they feel. --> express in words
concise : brief
- short, with no unnecessary words
Your summary should be as clear and ..... as possible. --> brief
1. imply منجر شدن, دلیل شدن بر - نشان دادن (نه جسم)
- to suggest that something is true, without saying this directly
- if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be true
- if one thing implies another, it proves that the second thing exists
1. Cleo blushed. She had not meant to .... that he was lying. --> حقیقتی رو نشان دادن
2. an ..... threat
3. The high level of radiation in the rocks .... that they are volcanic in origin. --> suggest
4. Democracy ..... a respect for individual liberties. --> منجر شدن
5. High profits do not necessarily ...... efficiency. --> دلیل شدن بر
scope: range, محدوده
- the range of things that a subject, activity, book etc deals with
3. beyond/outside/within the scope of something
4. widen/broaden/extend etc the scope of something
5. narrow/limit etc the scope of something
6. limited/wider etc in scope
1. the need to define the ...... of the investigation --> محدوده
2. measures to limit the ...... of criminals' activities --> range
3. A full discussion of that issue is beyond the ...... of this book.
4. Let us extend the ...... of the study to examine more factors.
5. The court's ruling narrowed the ...... of the affirmative action program.
6. His efforts were too limited IN ..... to have much effect.
scope for
- the opportunity to do or develop something
2. there is considerable/great/little etc scope for something
1. The ...... for successful gardening increases dramatically with a greenhouse. --> opportunity
2. There is considerable ...... for further growth in the economy. --> opportunity
tentative: provisional,فعلی آزمایشی، امتحانی
- not definite or certain, because you may want to change things
- SYN provisional OPP definite
- done without confidence
1. I passed on my ...... conclusions to the police.--> provisional,فعلی
2. The government is taking ...... steps towards tackling the country's economic problems.--> provisionalآزمایشی، امتحانی
3. a ...... smile --> hesitant
preliminary
happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it
1. the ....... stages of the competition --> preparatory, مقدماتی
2. a ....... draft
3. The discussions were ....... to preparing a policy paper.
bold: brave, determined, confident (sometimes in an annoying way)
- not afraid of taking risks and making difficult decisions
- so confident or determined that you sometimes offend people
4. (=very confident and not showing enough respect).
1. In a surprisingly ....... move, he is threatening court action against the company.--> brave
2. My aunt Flo was a ....... determined woman. -->determined
3. You should be feeling confident and ....... when you meet your bank manager.--> consident
4. She marched into his office as ....... as brass
bold
- very strong or bright so that you notice them
- written or drawn in a very clear way
1. Stripes are ....... , bright, and fun to wear. --> strong, distinguished
2. ....... colours
3. The graphics are ...... and colourful. --> clear
4. The print should be ..... and easy to read. --> clear
essence
- the most basic and important quality of something
The ....... of Arsenal's style of football was speed. --> ویژگی بارز
2. extraxt the ...... and leave the details
identify: recognize
- to recognize and correctly name someone or something
- to recognize something or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is etc
1. Ensure that the abstract contains no information that ...... you. --> معلوم کردن کی بودن
2. He was too far away to be able to ...... faces. --> شناسایی کردن, recognize
3. Scientists have ....... the gene that causes abnormal growth. --> شناسایی کردن, recognize
4. They ...... a number of problem areas --> شناسایی کردن, recognize
portray: depict, picture
- to describe or represent something or someone
3. portray somebody/something as something
1. Religion was ...... in a negative way. --> pictured
2. His most famous painting ...... the death of Nelson --> depict
3. Romantic artists ....... nature as wild and powerful
4. The president likes to ...... himself as a friend of working people.
proofread: read in order to correct
- to read through something that is written or printed in order to correct any mistakes in it
....... the text, edit and revise --> read in order to correct
insight
- a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea
1. The article gives us a real ...... into the causes of the present economic crisis --> understanding
2. The research provides new ....... into the way we process language --> understanding
insight
- the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are really like
a woman of great ..... --> understanding, فهم و شعور
caveat
- a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc
She will be offered treatment, with the ...... that it may not work. --> warning note
elaborate
- to give more details or new information about something
1. He said he had new evidence, but refused to ...... any further. --> clarify
2. McDonald refused to ....... on his reasons for resigning.
vague
- unclear because someone does not give enough detailed information or does not say exactly what they mean
3. have a vague idea/feeling/recollection etc (that)
- to think that something might be true or that you remember something, although you cannot be sure
1. The governor gave only a ..... outline of his tax plan. --> unclear
2. Julia was ...... about where she had been and what she had been doing.
3. Larry had the ..... feeling he'd done something embarrassing the night before
outline - طرح کلی - شکل اجمالی
- the main ideas or facts about something, without the details
4. in outline
(=people agreed on its main points)
1. a research proposal ...... . --> طرح کلی - شکل اجمالی
2. a broad ...... of the committee's plans
3. The governor gave only a vague....... of his tax plan
4. A debt reduction scheme was agreed in ...... --> main point, main ideas
anecdotal evidence
- consisting of short stories based on someone's personal experience
His findings are based on ....... ....... rather than serious research --> personal experience
heinous
- very shocking and immoral
a ...... crime --> immoral
plagiarism
- when someone uses another person's words, ideas, or work and pretends they are their own
- an idea, phrase, or story that has been copied from another person's work, without stating where it came from
1. The journal accused the professor of ....... .--> عدم ذکرنام منبع
2. claims that there are ....... in the new software --> کپی برداری
havoc
- a situation in which there is a lot of damage or a lack of order, especially so that it is difficult for something to continue in the normal way
A strike will cause ... for commuters --> chaos
policies that would wreak .... on the country's economy --> chaos متزلزل کردن
Rain has continued to play .... with sporting events --> مختل کردن
spectrum: range, دامنه, تنوع
- a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite
3,4. broad/wide/full etc spectrum
1. the ethnic .... of America --> تنوع
2. The bill drew support from across the political ...... .--> دامنه
3. a broad .... of environmental groups.--> دامنه
4. The two articles here represent opposite ends of the ...... --> دامنه
implement - پیاده کردن - اجرایی کردن
- to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen
1. implement a policy/plan/decision etc
2. implementation
We have decided to ...... the committee's recommendations in full --> اجرایی کردن
the ....... of the peace plan --> اجرای
embody
- include, hold
1. The latest model ..... many new improvements --> include
2. She ..... everything I admire in a teacher
acknowledge
- to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists
1. The family ..... the need for change. --> accept and admit
2. He ..... that when he's tired he gets bad-tempered
3. Claire ...... that she was guilty.
4. The government must ...... what is happening and do something about it.
5. Maybe you are right, ' she .....
6. This is a fact that most smokers readily .....
equivocal : ambiguous, difficult to understand or explain
- if you are equivocal, you are deliberately unclear in the way that you give information or your opinion
- information that is equivocal is difficult to understand or explain because it contains different parts which suggest that different things are true
the effect of including a baseline value of MR in the linear regression model is ..... and might differ for exercise modalities --> ambiguous, difficult to understand or explain
identical: exactly the same, or very similar
1. In this study, both the GE and GEC methods resulted in ..... values of AnC --> exactly the same or very similar
2. The ingredients are ..... with those of competing products.
3. The sisters were ..... in appearance and character.
sparse: existing only in small amount
However, there is ..... information explaining this disagreement or the typical errors associated with the different AnC estimates generated by the MAOD and GEC/GE concepts --> existing only in small amount
breakaway
- a change from the usual or accepted way of doing something
- a situation in which some people leave a group or organization after a disagreement and start a new group or organization
spurt
- a short sudden increase of activity, effort, speed, or emotion
- when an amount of liquid or flame suddenly comes quickly out of something
1. Anaerobic capacity/anaerobically attributable power is an important parameter for athletic performance, not only for short high-intensity activities but also for ..... efforts and end ..... during endurance events. --> change from the usual - quick sudden move/increase
2. His work marks a ..... from traditional building styles.
3. In a sudden ..... of anger, Ellen slammed the door shut.
4. a sudden ..... of flame
5. The water came out of the tap in short ..... --> a small amount at a time
surge: a quick and sudden increase
1. ..... during the race and end-spurt activities rely predominantly on the anaerobic system. --> a quick and sudden increase/move
2. a ..... in food costs
3. a ..... of reporters' interest in his finances
fluctuating: varying
- if a price or amount fluctuates, it keeps changing and becoming higher and lower
1. All these competitions are being organized on varying terrain, resulting in a ..... work rate, with supramaximal intensities during uphill sections and submaximal intensities, allowing for recovery, during flat and downhill sections --> varying
2. Prices were volatile, ..... between $20 and $40
volatile: unstable
1. Prices were ..... , fluctuating between $20 and $40 --> unstable
2. the highly ..... stock and bond markets
attain: reach
- to reach a particular level, age, size etc
4. to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time
1. Because of the high power output .....ed during uphill skiing, these sections are most discriminating between skiers --> reached
2. After a year she had .....ed her ideal weight
3. Share prices .....ed a high of $3.27.
4. More women are .....ing positions of power
draft
the influence of .....ing on the anaerobic energy contribution cannot be taken into account
elucidate: clarify
- to explain something that is difficult to understand by providing more information
1. Assessing XCO races using the CP framework could ..... how anaerobic capacity is used throughout a race --> clarify
2. The full picture has not yet been .....ed.
excerpt: extract
- a short piece taken from a book, poem, piece of music etc
1. The following is an exclusive ..... from the book Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning-4th Edition With Web Resource --> extraxt
2. An ..... of the speech appeared in the Sunday paper.
extrapolate: guess to be true/guess to happen in a same way as ...
- to use facts about the present or about one thing or group to make a guess about the future or about other things or groups
Using a measured GE, which is .....ed to estimate the metabolic rate required for a supramaximal exercise intensity. --> guess to be true
2. It is possible to ..... future developments from current trends.
3. These results cannot, however, be .....ed to other patient groups.
keep up: continue, tolerate the situation
when participants were unable to ..... , a 30-s rest bout was included --> continue, tolerate the situation
established by : در چهارچوبی بودن/قرار گرفتن
Performance was .....ed by the "time to exhaustion (TTE) during a sprint at the end of the 21-min" protocol --> در چهارچوبی بودن/قرار گرفتن
format: کلاس
- the way in which something such as a television show or meeting is organized or arranged
1. Olympic cross-country (XC) skiing competitions range from ∼3 min to ∼2 h and are completed in different race .....s in either the classical or skating technique --> the way the race is organized
2. The courses were run to a consistent .....
discriminating: discerning
- able to judge what is of good quality and what is not
1. Because of the high power output attained during uphill skiing, these sections are most ..... between skiers --> decisive
conclude: suggest
Also as Losnegard (2019) .....ed, the energy system contributions during XC skiing races are not solely dependent on the duration of the events
solely: only, به تنهایی
- not involving anything or anyone else
1. Also as Losnegard (2019) concluded, the energy system contributions during XC skiing races are not ..... dependent on the duration of the events --> only
2. I shall hold you ..... responsible for anything that goes wrong
adopt: choose and use
- to use a particular style of speaking, writing, or behaving, especially one that you do not usually use
the energy system contributions during XC skiing races are also dependent on the varying intensity, as a result of the fluctuating terrain and the pacing pattern .....ed.
--> choose and use
realize
to determine the anaerobic energy contribution during skiing races, an exercise protocol with a varying intensity, .....ed by combining uphill, flat and downhill sections, should be used.-->...قابل فهم/اجرا از طریقِِ
expend: use or spend
- to use or spend a lot of energy etc in order to do something
expend energy/effort/time/resources etc
1. but only a small fraction of their MAOD was .....ed in these periods --> use or spend
2. Manufacturers have expended a lot of time and effort trying to improve computer security.
summated .... : .... مجموعِ
the total anaerobic energy use during the ..... sections of active propulsion --> .... مجموعِ
concomitant ....: که با خود میاره ....
- existing or happening together, especially as a result of something
1. the recovery and ..... the ability to repeatedly perform exercise at supramaximal intensities is more important for distance skiing performance, than the anaerobic capacity per se --> که با خود میاره ....
2. war with all its ..... sufferings
reserves: ذخیره
- a supply of something kept to be used if it is needed
the relationship between the recovery of the anaerobic energy .... and performance. --> ذخیره
mimic: به تقلید از
- to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, especially in order to make people laugh
a 30-s rest bout, .....ing them falling back to a chasing group -->به جایِِ .... - به تقلید از
Quantify: calculate
to calculate the value of something and express it as a number or an amount
2. difficult/impossible to quantify
1. .....ing the anaerobic energy systems contribution is generally done using indirect methods --> calculate
2. The damage caused to the tourist industry is difficult to ..... .
computational method: روش محاسباتی
The three most commonly used ..... .....s to determine the anaerobic capacity --> روش محاسباتی
apply x to sth : use x for - به کارگرفتن
- to use something such as a method, idea, or law in a particular situation, activity, or process
while these computational methods have not been .....ed to skate skiing races. --> used for
2. New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.
temporal: temporaty - time related زمانی، موقتی
- relating to or limited by time
1. whether ..... changes in cardiorespiratory fitness influence the risk of dementia incidence and mortality is still unknown --> temporaty - time related
2. the ..... character of human existence
apart
Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated on two occasions 10 years .... . --> با فاصله 10 سال
classify
Participants were .....ed into two sex-specific estimated cardiorespiratory fitness groups according to their age (10-year categories): unfit and fit. --> divided and put into different groups
sustain: maintain
- to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time
participants who .....ed high estimated cardiorespiratory fitness had a reduced risk of incident dementia --> maintain
highlight: empasize,
- to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it
Our data ..... the importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in health risk assessment for people at risk of dementia --> برجسته کردن
1. spectrum
2. characterised by
3. progressive decline کاهش افزونی
4. interfere with
Dementia is a clinical syndrome that includes a broad ..1... of complex brain diseases, ..2... a ..3... in cognitive functions that is severe enough to ..4.. the ability to function independently -->
1. range
2. defined by, known as, ... با مشخصۀ هایِِ
3. gradual decrease
4. disrupt
1. available
2. ultimately: finally, after everything else has been done or considered, در نهایت با همه این تفاسیر
There is no ..1... cure, and dementia is ..2.. fatal. -->
1. ready to be used at the moment
2. finally, در نهایت با همه این تفاسیر
major
Despite ..... efforts worldwide, the failure rate in dementia drug trials is 99·6%, which is higher than in any other disease area --> significant, great
1.1 In recognition that
1.2 yield
1.3 shift
2. recognition
...1... that the emphasis on a single hypothesis has not ...2...ed positive outcomes, the field has gradually ...3...ed the focus of research towards modifiable risk factors.-->
1. با علم براینکه
2. give
3. تمرکز رو از روی چیزی به چیز دیگر گذاشتن

2. There is general ..... that the study techniques of many students are weak. --> consensus, اجماع عمومی, general agreement
1. growing
2. attenuates
3. impairment: a condition in which a part of a person's mind or body is damaged or does not work well
The rapidly ...1... literature suggests that regular physical activity ...2... cognitive ...3... and reduce risk of dementia.
-->
1. increasing in number, size, amount, etc.
2. to make something weaker or less, کم کردنی که فایده داره
3. از کار افتادگی یا بد کار کردن عضوی ازبدن یا ذهن انسان
growing
progressive
increasing in measurable variables, ex. number, size, amount, etc.
increasing in nonmeasurable variables, ex. quality, etc.
1. regular
2. associated with
3. with
4. counterparts: someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place
...1... physical activity is ...2... a risk reduction of about 30-40% in developing Alzheimer's disease, when compared ...3... inactive ...4... . -->
1. منظم
2. linked with
3. preposition
4. همتایان
Conversely : used when one situation is the opposite of another
evidence
delaying
largely
...1... , a systematic review has suggested that the ...2... of slowing cognitive decline and ...3... onset of cognitive impairment and dementia relating to physical activity interventions is ...4... insufficient. -->
1. کاملا برعکس
2. شواهد
3. به تاخیر انداختن
4. تا حد زیادی
1. conversely
2. on the contrary
3. inversely
4. in contrast to ...
1. کاملا برعکس
2. اتفاقا
3. زیاد شدن یکی یا کم شدن دیگری
4. ... بر خلافِ
reverse: تغییر چیزی به چیز دیگری که کاملا نقطه مقابلشه, معکوس کردن
- to change something, such as a decision, judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what it was before
reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc
reverse a trend/process/decline etc
reverse yourself:
- to change your opinion or position in an argument
1. Reverse causality can be a problem in observational studies when the exposure-disease process is .....ed. --> معکوس کردن
2. In preclinical years, dementia can affect risk factors and the association of these risk factors can be .....ed when the follow-up is short. --> معکوس کردن
3. The decision was .....ed on appeal --> change sth. to opposite of it
4. More changes are required to ..... the trend towards centralised power.
5. Suddenly, he .....ed himself completely.
1. Notably
- used to say that a person or thing is a typical example or the most important example of something به ویژه ، علی الخصوص
- in a way that is clearly different, important, or unusual به وضوح
2. evolving
3. metric
...1... , ...2...ing evidence suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a more sensitive ...3... to predict health risk
1. به ویژه ، علی الخصوص
2. در حال تکامل و اهمیت گرفتن
3. معیار
1. support
2. so-called
In ...1... of cardiorespiratory fitness as a ...2... health predictor, several studies show 36-88% reduction in risk of developing dementia. -->
1. در حمایت از
2. به اصطلاح
1. rely on
2. account for: explain
most of these studies ...1... a single baseline assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, making it difficult to ...2... potential confounding factors during follow-up. -->
1. are based on, take into account, تکیه کردن بر
2. explain
1. scarce
2. modify: to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective
evidence is ...1... on whether ...2...ing estimated cardiorespiratory fitness affects dementia-related mortality. -->
1. very little
2. (small) correction
longevity: طول عمر
..... after diagnosis in healthy men and women at baseline --> طول عمر
benchmark: standard value, quality
something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured
1. The valuation becomes a ..... against which to judge other prices
2. figures that are a useful ..... for measuring the company's performance
3. results that are used as a ..... of success
1. constitute: is considered as a
- to be considered to be something
2. comprehensive
1. The HUNT study ...1... large total population-based cohorts from four health surveys in which participants are followed up longitudinally and through several ...2... national health registries--> is considered as a - جامع
2. Failing to complete the work ..... a breach of the employment contract.
3. The rise in crime ..... a threat to society
4. To date, it is one of the most ..... databases for medical research
pertain to sth.: to relate directly to something
which involved clinical examinations and questionnaires .....ing to health status and lifestyle --> ... حولِِ، مربوط به
account: description
- a written or spoken description that says what happens in an event or process
1. detailed ..... of the HUNT surveys have been previously described in detail --> description
2. He was too shocked to give an ..... of what had happened
refer: send sb./sth. to sb./swh.
- to send someone or something to a person or organization to be helped or dealt with
1. patients .....ed to memory clinics in Nord-Trøndelag --> send sb. to sb./swh., ارجاع دادن
2. My complaint was .....ed to the manufacturers
provide
consent
All participants have ...1...ed written informed ...2... . -->
1. give because sb. needs it
2. agreement
elsewhere: other places
Detailed information of the HMS cohort is described ..... . --> other places
1. guidelines: guiding instructions,
( بهتره که اینجوری انجام شه ) دستورالعمل و مقررات راهنما
- rules or instructions about the best way to do something
2. state
3. uncomplicated
4. primary
The 2017 Norwegian national ...1... on dementia ...2... that ...3... dementia in those aged 65 years should be diagnosed in ...4... health care. -->
1. دستورالعمل و مقررات راهنما
2. say
3. بدون عارضه
4. main, most important - early, preliminary
1. protocol: expected instructions,
( باید اینجوری انجام شه ) دستورالعمل و مقررات تکلیفی
- a system of rules about the correct way to behave on an official occasion
2. apply: اجرا شدن ،بکار گرفته شدن
3. across
The assessment of all these patients was done according to a comprehensive, common ...1..., ...2...ed in memory clinics ...3... Norway. -->
1. دستورالعمل و مقررات تکلیفی
2. اجرا شدن ،بکار گرفته شدن
3. سرتاسر
introduce: معرفی کردن، به کار گرفتن
- to bring a plan, system, or product into use for the first time
However, these guidelines had not been .....ed when the participants with dementia in this study were assessed and diagnosed. --> bring into use, معرفی/تدوین کردن، برای بار اول ارایه دادن
2. They want to ..... a system of identity cards
1. outline: کلیت چیزی رو توصیف کردن
- to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details
2. restricted
The distribution of aetiological diagnoses, as ...1...ed by Bergh and colleagues, shows that participation in HMS is not ...2... to people with early onset dementia.
1. describe (in general)
2. limited to
elaborate:
- to give more details or new information about something
1. McDonald outlined but refused to ..... on his reasons for resigning
2. He said he had new evidence, but refused to ..... any further --> give more details
obtain: گرفتنی که باید کاری براش انجام بشه نه اینکه خودش برات بیاد
- to get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
1. Data on the cause and date of death were .....ed from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry --> get, collect
2. You will need to obtain permission from the principal.
identify: recognize, discover sth. and its nature & origin
پیدا کردن مشکلی یا چیز مخربی
- to recognize and correctly name someone or something
- to recognize something or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is etc
1. Dementia-related mortality was .....ed when it was either the underlying, immediate, or accompanying cause of death --> recognize,
2. The aircraft were .....ed as American.
3. Scientists have .....ed the gene that causes abnormal growth
4. They .....ed a number of problem areas
recognize: تشخیص دادن، به رسمیت شناختن
- to know who someone is or what something is, because you have seen, heard, experienced, or learned about them in the past
- to officially accept that an organization, government, document etc has legal or official authority
1. It was malaria, but Dr Lee hadn't .....ed the symptoms
2. I didn't ..... you in your uniform
3. British medical qualifications are .....ed in Canada.
4. The World Health Organization has .....ed alcoholism as a disease since 1951
characteristic: مشخصه, feature/quality
- a quality or feature of something or someone that is typical of them and easy to recognize
3. defining/distinguishing characteristic
1. baseline .....s --> مشخصه
2. a baby discovering the physical .....s of objects
3. Violent images are a defining ..... of his work. --> مشخصه, feature
whichever timepoint came first
..... for the participants --> هر کدوم که زودتر اتفاق افتاده بود
combination
Hypertension was defined as SBP greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, or DBP greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, or taking blood pressure medications, or any ..... of these. --> ترکیبی از اینا
withdraw: stop doing sth. that you have been doing
- to stop taking part in an activity, belonging to an organization etc, or to make someone do this
- to stop giving support or money to someone or something, especially as the result of an official decision
- if you withdraw a threat, offer, request etc, you say that you no longer will do what you said
- if you withdraw a remark, criticism, statement etc, you say that what you said earlier was completely untrue: retract
1. calls for Britain to ..... from the European Union -->کنار کشیدن
2. A knee injury forced her to ..... from the competition.
3. One of the minority parties had ..... its support for Chancellor Kohl. --> قطع همکاری،حمایت کردن
4. Union members will vote on whether to ..... their labour (=stop working).
5. a government decision to withdraw funding
6. After much persuasion he agreed to withdraw his resignation --> پس گرفتن
7. He refused to withdraw his remarks and was expelled from the Party. --> پس گرفتن حرف
8. The newspaper has agreed to withdraw its allegations --> پس گرفتن
retract: پس گرفتن حرف
- if you retract something that you said or agreed, you say that you did not mean it
He confessed to the murder but later .....ed his statement --> withdraw
retrieve: recover
- to find something and bring it back: recover
1. She bent down to ..... her earring
2. It took four days to ..... all the bodies from the crash
regain: باز پس گرفتن، دوباره بدست آوردن, recover
- to get something back, especially an ability or quality, that you have lost
1. The family never quite .....ed its former influence.
2. He somehow managed to ..... his balance
3. Government forces have .....ed control of the city.
4. When she .....ed consciousness (=woke up after being unconscious), she was lying on the floor.
5. He looked stunned, but he soon .....ed his composure (=became calm again).
6. The doctors don't know if he will ever ..... the use of his legs
7. Hamilton .....ed the lead in the drivers' championship
8. In the months that followed, the government gradually .....ed the initiative. --> get back into a position in which you are controlling a situation
9. The players need help in .....ing their confidence
10. First he must rest and ..... his strength/health
11. The central issue facing the Labour Party is how to ..... power
recover
...
unspecified
..... dementia --> نا مشخص
missing
..... data --> نا کامل
attainment: achievement
- success in achieving something or reaching a particular level
- something that you have succeeded in achieving or learning, such as a skill
1. They had lower educational ..... than did those who were included in the study --> گیرایی
2. a society remarkable for its cultural .....s
3. a low level of educational ..... .
maintain: keep at the same level
- to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
- to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
1. Those who .....ed high estimated cardiorespiratory fitness --> keep at the same level
2. Careers Officers ..... contact with young people when they have left school.
3. Britain wants to ..... its position as a world power.
4. A lot depends on building and .....ing a good relationship with your customers.
5. The hotel prides itself on .....ing high standards.
6. How can we ..... control of spending?
7. It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse.
8. This is the most efficient way to build up and ..... a reasonable level of physical fitness.
remain: stay
- to continue to be in the same state or condition
remain unclear/unchanged/unanswered etc
2. prevalence
Participants who ...1...ed unfit at both assessments were less educated, weighed more, and had high ..2.. of hypertension and diabetes --> stay, be in the same condition - موارد ابتلا
3. Please ..... seated until all the lights are on.
4. We .....ed friends
5. The boy .....ed silent.
6. Despite the job losses, Parker .....ed as manager.
7. Many scientists ..... unconvinced by the current evidence
develop
an increased risk of .....ing dementia --> ابتلا به
persistent مداوم، دراز مدت - متداوم ، سمج
- continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual or desirable
- continuing to do something, although this is difficult, or other people warn you not to do it
1. unfit participants with .....ly low estimated cardiorespiratory fitness --> مداوم، دراز مدت
2. .....ly low rainfall
3. ..... headaches
4. a ..... problem
5. ..... rain
6. If she hadn't been so ..... she might not have gotten the job --> سمج
7. ..... efforts
deem: consider
- to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality
deem something necessary/appropriate etc
1. participants .....ed fit at both HUNT1 and HUNT2 had gained 2 years of life --> consider
2. They were told to take whatever action they .....ed necessary
correspond: relate
- if two things or ideas correspond, the parts or information in one relate to the parts or information in the other
1. each ml/kg/min increase in estimated cardiorespiratory fitness .....ed with a risk reduction in dementia-related mortality --> relate, رابطه بین دو چیز رو نشان دادن
2. The two halves of the document did not ......--> مطابقت داشتن
3. The numbers ..... to points on the map. --> مربوط بودن
comparable: similar
- similar to something else in size, number, quality, importance etc, so that you can make a comparison
comparable figures/data/results
algorithm: دستورالعمل حل مساله یا برنامه ریزی
- a set of instructions that are followed in a fixed order and used for solving a mathematical problem, making a computer program etc
1. The estimated cardiorespiratory fitness models were highly ..... with previously published non-exercise prediction ..2..s. --> similar
3. A car of ..... size would cost far more abroad
4. ..... figures for the same period of time last year
5. Pluto is ..... in size to the Moon
finding: یافته
- the information that someone has discovered as a result of their study, work etc
report
1. The .....s of the present study showed that men and women with persistently high estimated cardiorespiratory fitness had 40−50% reduced risk of incident dementia --> یافته
2. Surveys conducted in other countries ...3...ed similar .....s. --> Show, state
investigate: تحقیق کردن, بررسی کردنی که کارباید براش بکنی, ته توی چیزی رو درآوردن look into, find out,
- to try to find out the truth about something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem
- to try to find out more about someone's character, actions etc, because you think they may have been involved in a crime
perceive
- to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
1. They ...1...ed the association between ...2...ed physical fitness at midlife (mean 50 years old) and changes in perceived physical fitness over three decades.
3. I heard a noise and went downstairs to..... .
4. The state police are .....ing the incident.
5. Police are .....ing an explosion in the city centre.
6. Penney was already being .....ed by the police on suspicion of murder.
look into
...
examine
...
assess
...
implication: future effect or benefit
- a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc
consider/discuss/examine the implications
practical/financial/political etc implications
1. These findings could have broad clinical and financial .....s.
2. This election has profound .....s for the future of U.S. democracy
3. His talk will examine the wider .....s of the Internet revolution.
enter
our study participants were about 10 years older than participants in Kulmala and colleagues when they .....ed the study --> started
poor
current physical fitness level ranging from very good to very ..... . --> bad
discrepancy: اختلاف
attribute: نسبت دادن
accuracy: دقت
This ...1... could be ...2...ed to differences at baseline or ...3... of cardiorespiratory fitness estimates between the two studies, or both
allow
speculative: نظری، حدسی
- based on guessing, not on information or facts
As the latter does not ...1... for estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness levels in mL/kg/min or METs, this theory remains ...2... . --> it is not possible - نظری، حدسی
3. a purely ..... theory about life on other planets
supported by
Our findings that low estimated cardiorespiratory fitness might be a target for prevention even after midlife is ..... ..... another longitudinal study --> also said in
convert: تبدیل کردن
stable
those patients whose mild cognitive impairment ...1...ed into dementia within 7 years were less active than those whose mild cognitive impairment remained ...2... over time --> changed - same
predisposed: مستعد
biomarker: نشانگر های بیولوژیکی
in individuals genetically ...1... to Alzheimer´s disease, a high estimated cardiorespiratory fitness can attenuate the increased risk of the disease, measured by examining ...2...s in cerebrospinal fluid. --> مستعد
- نشانگر های بیولوژیکی
inverse: معکوس
a strong ..... association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and future risk of dementia-related mortality
substantial: remarkable, قابل توجه
this is a .....finding . --> remarkable
warrant: need or deserve - to promise that something is true
Whether or not patients have a less burdened disease course during this time is an important issue that .....s further investigation --> need or deserve
debate
The beneficial effect of attaining a high estimated cardiorespiratory fitness on dementia disease course after diagnosis is .....ed. --> discussed
ability to do activities of daily living
improve their ..... .. .. ..... .. ..... ..... . --> ability for daily life activities
changed status
men who .....ed ..... from unfit to fit between HUNT1 and HUNT2 --> went from one category to another
Counting in
..... the observed age-related decline of 2 mL/kg/min from HUNT1 to HUNT2, a net increase in estimated cardiorespiratory fitness required to change from unfit to fit status in HUNT2 was about 3·5 mL/kg/min -->
... با احتسابِ
imply
changing from unfit to fit between HUNT1 and HUNT2 .....es a change that is achievable for most individuals. --> prove, show
focus on
enhance
physical activity recommendations should ...1... activities with intensities that are proven to be effective in ...2...ing cardiorespiratory fitness. --> put more emphasis on - increase, improve
adapt to: سازگاری پیدا کردن
- to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
advocate
- to publicly support a particular way of doing something
1. health and social care services must ...1... to these complex care needs, and strongly ...2... the need to focus on prevention of complex multi-morbidity--> آماده سازگاری شدن - support, emphasize
2. flowers which are well .....ed to harsh winters
3. The ability to ..... is a definite asset in this job.
4. Extremists were openly .....ing violence
aiming to
exercise training ..... improve cardiorespiratory fitness could potentially be a key preventive strategy to avoid complex multi-morbidity --> with the aim of
scope
elucidate
mechanism: the way that something works
It is beyond the ...1... of this study to ...2... the ...3...s behind beneficial effects of having a high age-specific and sex-specific estimated cardiorespiratory fitness.
--> حوزه - clarify - نحوه عملکرد/تاثیر گذاری
induce: persuade, تحریک کزدن
- to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise
1. the literature suggests that systemic neurotrophic factors are .....ed by exercise --> تحریک شدن
2. Nutritional ketosis can also be .....ed by the acute ingestion of ketone esters
3. Nothing would ..... me to vote for him again.
level off/out:
- to stop going up or down and continue at the same height
1. it can be observed that the sustainable power output falls as a function of the exercise duration and that it will eventually ..... or reach an asymptote --> stop going down
2. After climbing steeply, the path ..... .
3. The plane ..... out at 30,000 feet.
4. Inflation has begun to ..... .
discrete: clearly separate
1. CP defines the boundary between ..... domains of exercise intensity. --> separate
2. The change happens in a series of ..... steps
milieu: surrounding
- the things and people that surround you and influence the way you live and think
1. limit of tolerance during such exercise may coincide with the attainment of a certain intramuscular and systemic ..... which the subject cannot exceed.-->محیط
2. Proust's work reflected his own social and cultural .... .
3. She never felt happy in a student ..... .
draw on: use
- to use information, experience, knowledge etc for a particular purpose
- to use part of a supply of something such as money
The CP may be functionally defined as the highest power output that can be sustained without progressively .....ing ..... W′. --> using
2. His work .....s heavily .... learning theories of the 1980s.
3. I ..... ..... my savings to pay for the repairs.
comprise: consist
- to consist of particular parts, groups etc
- to form part of a larger group of people or things: constitute, make up
1. it is tempting to consider W′ as an "anaerobic" capacity, .....ing energy that may be derived from substrate-level phosphorylation as well as stored O2. -->consist
2. The house .....s two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room.
3. The committee is .....ed of well-known mountaineers.
4. Women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers. --> constitute, make up
oversimplify: ساده انگاری
- to describe something in a way that is too simple and ignores many facts
1. observations of inter-relationships between CP and W′ suggest that this may be an ..... . --> ساده انگاری
2. To describe all these people as refugees is to ...... the situation.
encompass: در بر گرفتن
- to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc
- to completely cover or surround something
swathe
which ...1...es a rather large ...2... of athletic events -->
در بر گرفتن - range, دامنه
3. The study .....es the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
4. The houses .....ed about 100 square metres.
optimize: improve
- to improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible
to consider tactical and pacing strategies that might ..... performance relative to the athlete's competitors. --> improve in the best possible way
application: کاربرد
- the practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc can be used, or a situation when this is used
the parameters that may be extracted from the power-time relationship have many valuable .....s in sport- --> کاربرد
2. The research has many practical .....s.
3. the .....s of genetic engineering in agriculture
limitation
conventionally: بطور مرسوم/متعارف
- a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type
a key ...1... is that they are ...2... derived entirely on the basis of performance during constant power output exercise --> problem - بطور مرسوم/متعارف
extend: توسعه پیدا کردن، در مقیاس های کلان تر استفاده شدن
- to make something affect more people, situations, areas etc than before
- to affect or include people, things, or places
if the CP concept is to be .....ed to the prescription and evaluation of training. --> توسعه پیدا کردن، در مقیاس های کلان تر استفاده شدن
2. The vote was .....ed to all women aged 21 and over in 1928.
3. We can ..... our insurance cover to travel abroad.
advantageous: beneficial
then it would be ..... if this could encompass intermittent as well as continuous exercise. --> beneficial
emerging
- in an early state of development
emphasis
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of ..... applications of the CP concept in sport with particular ..... on variable-power and intermittent exercise.
تاکید - در حال ظهور
coincide: happen at the same time
- to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance
irrespective
This indicates that the limit of tolerance during severe-intensity exercise ...1...s with the achievement of the same o2 max and completion of the same amount of work above CP, ...2... of the exercise protocol or pacing strategy employed. --> happen at the same time - regardless
toward
This is important as a first step ..... applying the CP concept. --> preposition
swing by: visit quickly
- to visit a place or person for a short time
We can have a teams call if anything is unclear or you can ..... by Granåsen if you would prefer that. --> visit quickly
be inherent in sth:. درذات چیزی بودن
- a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
determine
1. To test some of the assumptions ...1... in the model of Morton and Billat (2004), Chidnok et al. (2012) ...2...ed CP and W′ with the 3AOT.
--> existing as a natural part of sth. - تعریف کردن
2. I'm afraid the problems you mention are ..... in the system
3. Every business has its own ..... risks
hold: نگه داشتن
constant: ثابت
manipulate: دستکاری کردن
In this set of experiments, power output was ....1.. ...2... . only PR was ...3...ed -->
kept at the same level,دستکاری کردن - ثابت نگه داشتن
utilize: to use something for a particular purpose بکار بردن
1. assuming that W′ was fully .....ed at the limit of tolerance. --> use, بکار بردن
2. We must consider how best to ..... what resources we have.
reconstitute: restore, regenerate, recover
W′ is .....ed more rapidly when there is a greater difference between CP and PR. --> restore, regenerate, recover
restoration: باز سازی
- when you repair something such as an old building or a piece of furniture (here: muscle), so that it looks the same as when it was first built or made
The ..... of muscle [PCr] during recovery was greatest, intermediate, and least for 48 s, 30 s, and 18 s of recovery, respectively. --> باز سازی
Consistent with: مطابق با - In agreement with
- if a fact, idea etc is consistent with another one, it seems to match it
1. ..... with Chidnok et al. (2012), the total work done above CP was significantly greater for all intermittent protocols compared with the subjects' W′--> مطابق با
2. Her injuries are ..... with having fallen from the building
3. The results are ..... with earlier research
preserve
- to save something or someone from being harmed or destroyed
- to make something continue without changing
1. the hyperbolicity of the power-time relationship was .....ed and CP was not significantly different from that measured in the control (unfatigue) condition.--> حفظ کردن
2. We must encourage the planting of new trees and ..... our existing woodlands.
3. the responsibility of the police to ..... the peace
4. Norma tried to ..... a normal family life in difficult circumstances
Building
..... on this, Skiba et al. (2012) applied a continuous equation to model W′ reconstitution kinetics during intermittent exercise (the W'BAL model). --> based
exponential: تصاعدی
- exponential growth, increase etc becomes faster as the amount of the thing that is growing increases
exponential growth/increase etc
1. The relationship was best fit with an ..... with the time constant for W′ reconstitution being negatively related to the difference between CP and the recovery power output, i.e., W′ was reconstituted more rapidly when PR was smaller --> تصاعد
2. an ..... increase in travel
merely: صرفا
- used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is
no net recharge of W′ but ..... a slower rate of W′ utilization in the recovery intervals compared to the work intervals. --> صرفا
2. He's ..... a boy - you can't expect him to understand
amount to: equal to
- if figures, sums etc amount to a particular total, they equal that total when they are added together
1. Differences between actual W′ and W′BAL were generally small, .....ing to only ~1.6 kJ when averaged across conditions --> برابر با
2. Time lost through illness ..... ed to 1,357 working days
variation: difference
adverse: not good or favourable
1. ...1...s in work and recovery durations during intermittent exercise did not ...2...ly influence model outcomes.
--> difference -
2. They fear it could have an ..... effect on global financial markets
3. Miller's campaign has received a good deal of ..... publicity
4. The expedition was abandoned because of ..... weather conditions.
premature: قبل از موقع ,زودرس
- happening before the natural or proper time
assign: در نظر گرفتن برای کسی/چیزی - اختصاص دادن
- to give someone a particular job or make them responsible for a particular person or thing
- to give a particular time, value, place etc to something
1. athletes reported becoming ...1...ly exhausted during training or competition and situations where the athletes successfully completed a difficult ...2...ed task or race.
--> اختصاص داده شده, برای کسی/چیزی در نظر گرفته شده - زودرس
2. Jan's been .....ed to the Asian Affairs Bureau.
3. Madison was .....ed to investigate a balloon accident
4. ..... each student a partner
5. How much time have you .....ed for the meeting?
6. A code was .....ed to each batch of work
refinement: اصلاح - پالایش
- an improvement, usually a small one, to something
represent: نشان دادن
- to form or be something
1. Although further ...1... may be required, the W′BAL model appears to ...2... an important new development in assessing athlete fatigue state and current performance capacity during training and racing
--> improvement, correction - be
2. The new model has a number of .....s
3. This treatment .....s a significant advance in the field of cancer research
track: record
- to record or study the behaviour or development of someone or something over time
solution to 1 & 7
monitor: watch and check آمار کسی/چیزی رو داشتن
- to carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how it changes over a period of time
The apparent ability of the model to ...1... the dynamic state of W′ during intermittent exercise may have important implications for the planning and real-time ...2...ing of athletic performance.
--> record - watch and check, آمار کسی/چیزی رو داشتن
3. The government is .....ing the situation closely
4. The temperature is carefully .....ed.
5. Patients who are given the new drug will be asked to ..... their progress.
6. We need a better system for ..... what is going on
7. The progress of each student is .....ed by computer.
remotely
In the future, it might also be possible for coaches to ..... monitor W′ remaining in players engaged in team sports and to use the data to inform decisions on rotations or substitutions --> from far
prescribe
precision
a coach may be able to ...1... work and recovery interval intensities and durations with greater ...2... to achieve specific physiological goals --> دقت، درستی - تجویز کردن
strictly: completely
- exactly and completely
- only for a particular person, thing, or purpose and no one else
1. Although we may be unable to consider the W′ to be a .....ly anaerobic parameter --> completely
2. That isn't ..... true.
3. This is .....ly between us. Nobody else must know.
delegate: give out power/responsibility/work
- to give part of your power or work to someone in a lower position than you
delegate something to somebody
1. It takes experience to judge correctly how much power should be .....ed. --> give out
2. A good manager knows when to ..... .
3. Minor tasks should be .....ed to your assistant.
give out: پخش کردن - کم آوردن فیزیکی یا جایی از بدن - تمام شدن منبعی یا پتانسیلی
- to give something to each person in a group --> hand out
- if part of your body gives out, it stops working properly or becomes much weaker
- if a supply of something gives out, there is none left
1. Can you ..... the drinks ....., please? --> distribute, hand out
2. Students were .....ing ..... leaflets to everyone on the street.
3. Just as I approached the town, my legs finally ..... ..... .
4. My money was beginning to ..... ..... and there were no jobs to be found.
5. After two hours her patience ..... ..... .
replenish: refill
- to make something full again by adding new supplies to replace those that have been used
1. More vaccines are needed to ..... our stocks. --> refill
hallmark: خصوصیت - typical
- an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing
1. One ..... adaptation to endurance exercise training is increased oxygen-transport capacity, as measured by VO2 max. --> typical
2. The explosion had all the .....s of a terrorist attack.
3. Their performance did not bear the ..... of European champions.
4. These hotels still offer the sort of service which was the ..... of the grand days of travel.
substitute: replace
- to use something new or different instead of something else
1. The rate of ketone provision and metabolism in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise appears likely to be insufficient to ..... for the rate at which carbohydrate can provide energy --> replace
2. The recipe says you can ..... yoghurt for the sour cream.
extrapolate: guess
- to use facts about the present or about one thing or group to make a guess about the future or about other things or groups
extrapolate (something) from something
extrapolate (something) to something
1. It is possible to ..... future developments from current trends. --> guess
2. You're .....ing from your own feelings to mine.
3. These results cannot, however, be .....ed to other patient groups
appraisal: evaluation, judgement
- a statement or opinion judging the worth, value, or condition of something
1. It needed a calmer ..... of her situation.--> judgement, evaluation
2. a critical ..... of the existing facilities
3. re..... of the success factors for performance in this context is
required
alternate: چیزهایی رو با پترن پشت سر هم و دوباره از اول انجام دادن
- if two things alternate, or if you alternate them, they happen one after the other in a repeated pattern
adapt: وفق پیدا کردن - تغییر کاربری چیزی رو دادن
- to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
- to change something to make it suitable for a different purpose
The wide range of speeds and slopes involved in cross-country skiing require skiers to continuously ...1... between and ...2... different sub-techniques during a race.
3. She .....ed between outrage and sympathy.
4. Periods of depression ..... with excited behavior.
put/place a premium on something
- to consider one quality or type of thing as being much more important than others
1. This technical complexity places a ..... on efficiency. --> اهمیت ویژه دادن بخشیدن
2. Modern economies place a ..... on educated workers.
cadence: rise and fall
- the way someone's voice rises and falls, especially when reading out loud
colloquially: بطور غیر رسمی، عقیده رایج بین ورزشکارا
- language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech
purport: claim
- to claim to be or do something, even if this is not true
Slower ...1..., lower-load resistance training (RT), ...2...ly referred to as high-intensity training (HIT), is ...3...ed to be a better metabolic stressor than faster cadence higher-load RT.
1. rise and fall
2. not academically proved but common opinion among some people
3. claim
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