Week_2 Krause - Chapter 3 Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease

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____________________, or "self-eating" results in the lysosomal degradation of organelles, unfolded protein, or foreign extracellular material.
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Terms in this set (28)
____________________, or "self-eating" results in the lysosomal degradation of organelles, unfolded protein, or foreign extracellular material.
Autophagy, or "self-eating" results in the lysosomal degradation of organelles, unfolded protein, or foreign extracellular material.
According to the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 86% of the health care dollars in the United States are spent on ____________ disease management.
According to the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 86% of the health care dollars in the United States are spent on chronic disease management.
Systems Biology encompasses viewing the whole __________, the whole _________________, and all the systems working together interdependently. It provides a working model for assessing and monitoring the whole person.
Systems Biology encompasses viewing the whole person, the whole organism, and all the systems working together interdependently. It provides a working model for assessing and monitoring the whole person.
_______________ is a condition of metabolic stability with adjustments for environmental influences and stresses through physiologic changes.
Allostasis is a condition of metabolic stability with adjustments for environmental influences and stresses through physiologic changes.
Allostasis will be established even under inflammatory conditions but not always for optimal function.
True
False
True
Allostasis will be established even under inflammatory conditions but not always for optimal function.
C-Reactive Protein-high sensitivity (CRP-hs) has been shown to be the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of ____________________ events. It is a systemic marker of ___________________ related most often to bacterial infection, trauma, and neoplastic activity with acute and chronic expression.
C-Reactive Protein-high sensitivity (CRP-hs) has been shown to be the strongest univariate predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events. It is a systemic marker of inflammation related most often to bacterial infection, trauma, and neoplastic activity with acute and chronic expression.
Autophagy is a survival mechanism required for maintaining cellular homeostasis after infection, mitochondrial damage, or endothelial reticulum stress.
True
False
True
Autophagy is a survival mechanism required for maintaining cellular homeostasis after infection, mitochondrial damage, or endothelial reticulum stress.
_________________ are the distinct entities or events that provoke disease or its symptoms. They are usually insufficient for disease formation; host response is an essential component.
Triggers are the distinct entities or events that provoke disease or its symptoms. They are usually insufficient for disease formation; host response is an essential component.
______________________ are congenital or developmental aspects of the individual that can include gender, family history, and genomics. These act to set the stage for the body's response to the trigger.
Antecedents are congenital or developmental aspects of the individual that can include gender, family history, and genomics. These act to set the stage for the body's response to the trigger.
____________________ are intermediates that are primary drivers of disease; these are biochemical but can be influenced by psychosocial factors such as smoking or stress.
Mediators are intermediates that are primary drivers of disease; these are biochemical but can be influenced by psychosocial factors such as smoking or stress.
Long-Latency Nutrient Insufficiencies (ie subclinical {below optimum] or ________________ __________________ pools resulting from chronic poor intake and genotype) contribute over time to development of chronic disease.Long-Latency Nutrient Insufficiencies (ie subclinical {below optimum] or deficient nutrient pools resulting from chronic poor intake and genotype) contribute over time to development of chronic disease.Vitamin C deficiency called _____________ produces obvious clinical symptoms and death within months of the absence of vitamin C intake.Vitamin C deficiency called scurvy produces obvious clinical symptoms and death within months of the absence of vitamin C intake.A subclinical vitamin C deficiency (without classic scurvy symptoms) can cause a less recognizable form of scorbutic progression in the form of periodontal __________ disease.A subclinical vitamin C deficiency (without classic scurvy symptoms) can cause a less recognizable form of scorbutic progression in the form of periodontal gum disease.An example of application of the nutrient partner principle is the common recommendation for adults to take calcium supplements along with vitamin _____.An example of application of the nutrient partner principle is the common recommendation for adults to take calcium supplements along with vitamin D.NHANES studies showed 70% to 80% US population had _____________________ intakes below RDA.NHANES studies showed 70% to 80% US population had magnesium intakes below RDA.Supplements now contain magnesium in a 3:1 or 2:1 Ca:Mg ratio. True FalseFalse Supplements now contain magnesium in a 2:1 or 1:1 Ca:Mg ratio.The concept of nutrient ___________ theory states that "during poor dietary supply, nutrients are preferentially utilized for functions that are important for survival." This infers that some tissues may be lacking during times of insufficiency.The concept of nutrient triage theory states that "during poor dietary supply, nutrients are preferentially utilized for functions that are important for survival." This infers that some tissues may be lacking during times of insufficiency.______________ and ________________ - proinflammatory and cell signaling molecules that aid in cell-to-cell communication and stimulate movement of cells toward sites of inflammation in conditions of infection and injury.Cytokines and adipokines - proinflammatory and cell signaling molecules that aid in cell-to-cell communication and stimulate movement of cells toward sites of inflammation in conditions of infection and injury.____________________ is the complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants that consist of both vascular and cellular responses.Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants that consist of both vascular and cellular responses.A state of wellness and metabolic stability is described as _________________.A state of wellness and metabolic stability is described as allostasis.The longer the psychologic injury continues, the greater the loss of the ability to recognize "self" and "non-self". True FalseTrue The longer the psychologic injury continues, the greater the loss of the ability to recognize "self" and "non-self".Prolonged inflammation known as acute inflammation, sustained inflammation, or non-resolving inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. True FalseFalse Prolonged inflammation known as chronic inflammation, sustained inflammation, or non-resolving inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.The immune system response is to lower the ratio of proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines. True FalseFalse The immune system response is to increase the ratio of proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines.Clinical elevations of inflammatory biomarkers, such as:o High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP-hs) (plasma) o Sedimentation rate o Interleukin-6 (IL-6) o TNF-alphaDiseases well characterized by these markers include:o Heart disease o Diabetes o Autoimmune diseases o Possibly cancer and Alzheimer's diseaseSystemic markers of inflammation are exacerbated by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. True FalseTrue Systemic markers of inflammation are exacerbated by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.Total inflammatory load is a compilation of every factor in the patient's history or story that contributes to the inflammation that a person carries. o Various factors are identified within: such as:§ Diet § Lifestyle § Environment § GeneticsThis multifactorial syndrome (metabolic syndrome) is related to obesity, and more importantly, insulin resistance and central adiposity evidenced by the presence of ________________ ________________ ___________________.This multifactorial syndrome (metabolic syndrome) is related to obesity, and more importantly, insulin resistance and central adiposity evidenced by the presence of visceral adipose tissue.