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exam 2 exercise phys

Terms in this set (42)

important second messengers
cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cGMP cyclic guanine monophosphate
IP3 inositol triphosphate
DAG diacylglycerol
they mediate multiple hormone receptor responses
Endocrine system described
communication system
slower to respond but longer lasting than the nervous system
maintains homeostasis via hormones
affects virtually every cell, tissue and organ in the body
How the endocrine system maintains homeostasis via hormones
control and regulate cell and organ activity
act on target cells
what happens when the body moves from a resting to an active state
rate of metabolism increases to provide necessary energy
neuroendocrine system
nervous and endocrine system combined
control all physiological processes that support exercise
endocrine system
all tissues or glands that secrete hormones
target cells
cells that possess specific hormone receptors
where the endocrine system secretes hormones
directly into the blood as chemical signals throughout the body
how hormones are categorized
steroid and nonsteroid
steroid hormones
soluble in lipids that diffuse easily through cell membranes
includes reproductive hormones secreted by 4 major glands placenta ovaries testes and adrenal cortex
derived from cholesterol
reproductive hormones
testes testosterone
ovaries estrogen
placenta progesterone
adrenal cortex cortisol and aldosterone
nervous system communicates
electrical communication
endocrine system communicates
chemical communication
nonsteroid hormones
non lipid soluble, cannot easily cross cell membranes
two groups of protien/peptide hormones (from pancreas hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

and amino-acid derived hormones
thyroid hormones
adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine norepinephrine
amino acid derived hormone examples
thyroid gland is thyroxine and triiodothyronine
adrenal medulla is epinephrine and norepinephrine
control of hormone secretion must be
rapid in order to meet the demands of changing bodily functions
hormones are NOT secreted
constantly or uniformly, but rather in a pulsating manner
irregularly timed brief bursts
negative feedback causes bursts
plasma concentrations of specific hormones
fluctuate over short periods of an hour or less
plasma concentrations of many hormones
fluctuate over longer periods of times like daily or monthly cycles
ex menstrual
primary mechanism for endocrine homeostasis
negative feedback
secretion from negative feedbak
hormone release causes change in the body
large downstream change reduces secretion
small downstream change increases secretion
thermostat
when plasma glucose concentration is high
pancreas releases insulin which increases cellular uptake of glucose which lowers plasma glucose concentration
poor indicator of hormone activity
desensitization
plasma concentration is a poor indicator of hormonal activity because
cells change sensitivity to hormone
number of receptors can change
when plasma glucose concentration returns to normal
inslin released is inhibited until the plasma glucose level increases again
endocrine glands
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
kidneys
adipse tissue
ovaries
testes

-Capable of synthesizing and secreting hormones
down regulation
fewer hormone molecules equal fewer hormone molecules can bind, and cell becomes less sensitive to the given hormone
desensitization
upregulation
an increased cellular sensitivity to a hormone, often caused by increased hormone receptors
more can be bound at one time
sensitization
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
direct gene activation
mRNA
messenger ribonucleic acid
promotes protein synthesis
proteins mRNA can prodcuce
enzymes with numerous effects
structural proteins for tissue growth
regulatory proteins that can alter enzyme function
cyclic cAMP controls these physiological responses
activation of cellular enzymes
change in membrane permeability
promotion of protein synthesis
change in cellular metabolism
stimulation of cellular secretions
hormone receptor complex
official term when the hormone binds to the receptor
enters nucleus
binds to DNA
direct gene activation
regulates mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis
hormone affects
only tissue with specific receptor
hormone exert affects
after binding with receptor
cardiovascular system major functions
Delivers O2, nutrients
Removes CO2, other waste
Transports hormones, other molecules
Temperature balance and fluid regulation
maintains Acid-base balance
regulates Immune function
Cardiovascular system includes 3 major circulatory elements
pump the heart
channels or tubes the blood vessels
fluid medium the blood

heart generates pressure to drive blood through the vessels
blood flow must meet metabolic demands
heart consists of
4 chambers left and right atriums LA,RA top receiving chambers. left and right ventricles
LV, RV bottom pumping chambers
pericardium
pericardial activity
pericardial fluid
blood flow through the right heart
pulmonary circulation
pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
Superior, inferior vena cavae - RA - tricuspid valve - RV - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs
blood flow through the left heart
systemic circulation
Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body
Lungs - pulmonary veins - LA - mitral valve - LV - aortic valve - aorta
Fick principle
Rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area and partial pressure gas gradient
PO2 gradient: 65 mmHg
PCO2 gradient: 6 mmHg
pumps
one way venous valves
muscle pump
respiratory pump
standard atmospheric p
760 mmHg
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