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Professor Marean - Spring 2022 Online
Terms in this set (60)
Excavation reveals:
A and B only
(The three dimensional patterning of the site; The temporal and spatial relationship among artifacts in three dimensional space)
Archaeologists that live in other cultures to learn about how artifacts are are made and used are called:
Ethnoarchaeologists
Archaeological theories
All of the above
(Are based on existing evidence and research; Explain and describe the past; Provide a broad explanatory framework for material evidence)
The behavioral definition of an archaeological site is:
A place where human activity once took place
When an archaeologist attempts to find sites with a conservation goal in mind, s/he is trying to identify the potential damage of a proposed project by finding any archaeological sites in its path.
True
Cultural items, features, ecofacts, and human remains are types of:
Artifacts
Cultural evolution is the process by which people progress to better ways of life.
False
Which of the following places the four types of human societies in order from smallest in size and least complex, to the largest in size and most complex?
Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States
Archaeology is a historical science.
True
Archaeology applies scientific methods and theories to the material remains of past cultures to understand human behavior.
True
The first migration of Homo species out of Africa occurred approximately:
1.0 to 1.8 million years ago
The development of complex language helps separate modern humans from our earlier ancestors.
True
____________ is the location of an artifact in an archaeological site.
Provenience
How did humans disrupt ecological balance through globalization?
All of the above
(Competition; Fire; Hunting)
Early human populations lived in harmony with their surroundings, and never affected their environment
False
The second human diaspora, when humans colonized much of the planet, including Australia, and the Americas, occurred when?
~10-50 kya
The last glaciation (during the Late Pleistocene) was marked by large continental ice sheets, and a cool, dry climate, and a drop in sea level.
True
Cultural evolution is a form of progress and improvement in the lives of humans.
False
You are an archaeologist excavating a site and you find an artifact of a type you've never seen before. Which method would NOT help you figure out what the artifact was used for in the past?
Survey
Which of the following technologies were widespread among Homo Sapiens during the last glaciation?
All of the above
(Built shelters; Specialized weapons; Control of fire)
The beginning of the Neolithic coincides with the end of the Younger Dryas, which was a short period of
Cooling
The advent of agriculture is associated with an increase in dental caries (cavities) in skeletal remains.
True
If a sediment core showed that pollen from drought tolerant plants was more prevalent in comparison to plants that thrive in wetter climates, this would indicate that this area was:
Dry
Differences in oxidation between the core of a pot sherd, and the exterior of that sherd allow archaeologists to infer:
Duration of firing
Typically, domesticated plants differ from their wild relatives in that domesticated plants:
All of the above
(Have impaired seed-dispersal mechanisms that allow humans to harvest their fruits; Have larger and/or more fruits; Require humans to help them reproduce)
Agriculture has changed the environment by causing
All of the above
(Loss of species diversity; Erosion; Deforestation)
Sedentism of formerly mobile groups is associated with
Epidemics and problems with waste disposal
People chose to practice agriculture because it afforded them more free time and a more regular supply of food.
False
The Hopewell were the first to build mounds or earthworks in North America.
False
Hopewell earthworks include:
All of the above
(Forts; Causeways; Geometric shapes)
The geographic area of the Hopewell culture is limited to modern day Mississippi
False
Chaco canyon was a prime area for agricultural production, and would have allowed for large populations to thrive there.
False
The most prevalent theory on the 'Chaco phenomenon' is that
Chaco was a ceremonial center for ritual and pilgrimage
Periodic markets in the Hohokam area are thought to follow:
Ballgames at ballcourt structures
Because the Hohokam only had access to stone hoes and baskets, the Hohokam canal system was small and not well maintained.
False
Anthropologists argue that construction of Hopewell mounds:
Created a stronger sense of community
The canals constructed by the Hohokam helped to ensure up to a thousand years of relatively secure occupation.
True
Ohio Hopewell people
All of the above
(Were fairly mobile year to year; Lived in small, dispersed hamlets; Were agriculturalists)
The Hohokam built and maintained the most extensive irrigation system in prehistoric North America.
True
Hohokam can be considered a major civilization because it had
None of the above--the Hohokam were not such a civilization
According to your lectures, Uruk, located in Mesopotamia, was the very first city in the world.
True
Evidence presented suggests that the Tiwanaku Empire expanded as far San Pedro Atacama in modern Chile.
True
If you were investigating a previously unknown culture, which of these features of the urban revolution would be the BEST evidence that you had found a state level society?
Social classes, with clear elites and commoners
Which of the following is an example of a low-density tropical city?
Great Zimbabwe
Teotihuacan founded by the Aztecs.
False
You are an archaeologist on a team excavating an ancient site. You find evidence of elite and commoner classes, large public buildings, and a group of people who earned their living making pottery. This evidence suggests the site was_________.
An early state-level society
A preexisting civil war among the Inka made things much easier for the Spanish conquerors.
True
The Andean practice of sending out satellite communities to collect resources from other ecological zones in order to maintain self-sufficiency is called:
Verticality
After the Urban Revolution, most societies have communal ownership of land, animals and other resources.
False
Mohenjo-Daro, an Indus Valley culture, is unique among the state societies we covered in this module because:
The existence of social stratification is not clear given the evidence currently available.
Native American cultures in the New World almost never had negative effects on their environments.
False
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the Maya collapse?
Epidemic disease
The centers of Maya cities usually included:
All of the above
(Temple pyramids; Plazas; Palaces; Ballcourts)
Human sacrifice was the greatest concern and dictated all the activities of the average Aztec person.
False
A practice that is sustainable when the local scale is taken into consideration, may not necessarily be sustainable at the global scale.
True
A social archaeologist, such as Dr. Smith, would be most interested in:
A commoner's house
The idea that pre-contact groups in the New World did not change their environment is termed:
The pristine myth
When societies collapse all the inhabitants die and that culture no longer exists.
False
Who was left after the Maya collapse?
All of the above
(Highland Maya communities; Puuc Maya culture in the Yucatan; Villages on the edge of the Southern Maya Lowlands)
Environments and ecosystems that have been heavily impacted or even created by human activity are generally called
Anthropogenic
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