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Quiz 3 RM

Terms in this set (92)

Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
epidemic
unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior or event, in a particular population
epidemiological methods
•Quantify the magnitude of health problems
•Identify risk factors
•Provide quantitative guidance for the allocation of public health resources
•Monitor the effectiveness of prevention strategies using population-wide surveillance programs
cases
# of people sick
rates
•number of events in a given population over a given period of time or given point in time
•Natality (birth), morbidity (sickness), mortality or fatality (death) rates
Incidence rate
•number of new cases of a disease per population at risk during a particular time period of time
•Important in study of acute diseases - diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within days or weeks (common cold, flu, chickenpox)
prevalence rate
•number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total number in that population
•Useful in study of chronic disease - diseases that usually last three months or longer (heart disease, cancer, arthritis)
•Prevalence rates are more useful (for chronic disease) for the planning of public health programs, personnel needs, and facilities
three categories of epidemiology
descripitve, analytic, experimental
descriptive
who, when, where NOT why
epidemic curves
•Can be used to calculate incubation period - period of time between exposure to an infectious agent and onset of symptoms
common source epidemic curve
each case can be traced to the same source
(food poisoning)
propagated epidemic curve
primary, secondary, and tertiary cases appear (example: covid)
cross-sectional studies
•Choose people randomly and give questionnaire/test/survey
•Assign subjects to groups based on survey/test answers
•Example: highly active vs. sedentary and measure cardiovascular risk factors
cross-sectional pros
Cross-section of whole population
Simple, easy to conduct, inexpensive
Most frequently conducted study looking at physical activity and health outcomes
Can control for factors that could potentially confound relationship of interest while comparing physiological differences of individuals
cross-sectional con
Cannot make definitive conclusions about cause and effect because test is conducted at one point in time
Study may not show whole story since it is not longitudinal
analytical studies
done to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors
two types analytical studies
1.Case/control studies
2.Cohort studies

Both case/control and cohort studies are observational:
primary prevention
Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
secondary prevention
Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.
case/control studies
Identifies factors causally related to disease outcome
Select participants from a group with a disorder (cases) and compare with participants without the disorder (controls)
May be age-matched, ethnicity-matched, etc.
Surveys/questionnaires/interview about exposure to potential causal factors
case control pro
Short and cheap to conduct
Good for rare diseases because large populations or follow-up periods are unnecessary
Can test for multiple exposures/risk factors for a single disease
Can acquire detailed information because there are more resources to do so
case control cons
Exposure has been identified after the disease has been diagnosed (recall bias)
Recruiting controls can be difficult or cause selection bias in order to match to cases
cohort studies
Large disease-free population (cohort) is defined and assessed of relevant exposures. After baseline assessment, follow-up period begins (2-20 years).

•Example: Jackson Heart Study
cohort studies pros
1. Before and after clearly evident for risk factor causing disease
2. Good for rare exposures; can specifically recruit runners, cyclists, etc.
3. Good for understanding the multiple effects of a single exposure
cohort studies cons
1. Expensive: takes many resources to follow many people over years
2. Can take many years to complete
3. Not very practical for studying rare diseases because the disease may not develop in the cohort or may take a very long time to develop
experimental studies
•Carried out to identify cause of disease or determine effectiveness of vaccine, drug, surgical procedure, or behavioral or educational intervention
researchers controls variables through
•Control groups (receive placebos or blank treatment)
•Effective treatment must make significant difference in treatment group
•Randomization (subjects are assigned to control and treatment groups randomly)
•Blinding (investigators and/or subjects remain uninformed and unaware of the groups to which the subjects are assigned)
Criteria of Causation
•Strength: How strong is the association between the exposure and the disease?
•Consistency: Has the association been reported in a variety of people exposed in a variety of settings? Results repeatable?
•Specificity: Is the disease or health problem associated with the exposure the only one?
•Temporality: Does the exposure always precede the disease?
•Biological plausibility: Does the suspected causation make sense with what we know about biology, physiology, and other medical knowledge?
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males.

Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood."
subjects were not informed or treated after penicillin begain in use in 1947
nuremburg code
•Rules for Permissible Medical Experiments involving human subjects
•Created in response to WWII Nuremburg trials of Nazi doctors (1947)
•States research must:
4 tenets of nuremburg code
1.have scientific merit
2. have benefits that outweigh risk
3. allow subjects to terminate participation at anytime
4. have voluntary consent
Belmont Report (1979)
•US response to Tuskegee Experiment
•Created along with the Office for Human Research Protection, which oversees institutional research regulations (IRB)
•Established three principles of research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
respect for persons
•Individuals are treated as autonomous agents
•Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.
respect for beneficence
Do not harm
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
respect for justice
Concerned with who should receive benefits and burden of research.
•To each person an equal share.
•To each person according to individual need.
•To each person according to individual effort.
•To each person according to societal contribution.
To each person according to merit.
scientists have obligations to:
their colleagues, themselves, and the public
rules are defined by
the white house office of science and technology policy
scientific misconduct
fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. (Federal Register, October 14, 1999)
FFP: US Office of Science and Technology Policy
•Actions must represent a "significant departure from accepted practices, must have been committed intentionally, or knowingly, or recklessly, and must be proven by a preponderance of evidence."
•
7 types of scientific misconduct
1. plagarism
2. fabrication/falsification
3. nonpublication of data
4. faulty data-gathering procedures
5. poor data storage and retention
6. misleading authorship
7. unacceptable publication practices
university sanctions
•Restriction of academic duties
•Termination of work on project
•Reduction in professional rank
•Supervision and monitoring of research
•Fined
Fired
journal, agency, professional group sanctions
•Revocation of prior publications
•Prohibition of obtaining outside grants or future publications
•Referral to legal system
•Fines
Discontinuance of service to outside agencies
5 tenets of protecting human participants
1. Ensure risks to participants are minimized

2. Ensure risks are reasonable given the expected benefits

3. That participants or authorized representatives provide informed consent

4. That the investigator has informed participants of key elements of the study protocol

5. That privacy or participants and confidentiality of data are maintained.
participants rights
to privacy/nonparticipation
to remain anonymous
to confidentiality
to accept experimenter responsibility
right to privacy act
prohibits institutions from releasing names of patients with disabilities.

Researcher must contact institution about possible participants.

Institution requests permission from subject to release their name and disability to the researcher.
informed consent
•Explanation of procedures to be followed
•Description of discomforts and risks
•Description of benefits
•Disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures
•Offer to answer any questions
•Instruction that subject is free to withdraw consent and discontinue participation at any time
IRB
Institutional Review Board

Independent committee that reviews and approves all protocols and changes to protocols.
•Gather information on adverse events
•Examine conflicts of interest
•Monitor informed consent procedures
•Makes sure researchers have had appropriate (online) training regarding human subjects
Animal Welfare Act (1966)
Created regulations and guidelines for the protections of animals. One of the first steps taken to protect animals used for experimentation and gave them rights.

published by US department of health and human services
guide for the care and use of laboratory animals
-Protocols must be reviewed and approved by IACUC committee (include experts/vets and members of public)
-Citigroup training modules
-Most institutions also support rules and procedures for recommended care of lab animals by American Association for Accreditations of Laboratory Animal Care
the 3 r's
1.Reduction in # of animals used
2.Refinement of techniques and procedures to reduce pain and distress
3.Replacement of conscious living higher animals with insentient materials
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IACUC responsibilities
•Review and approve research proposals using animals
•Oversee animal care programs and facilities
•Respond to concerns about the use of animals in research
lab inspections for safety are to be done
every 6 months
Dr. Bente Pedersen
•2011: accused of scientific dishonesty by two former colleagues.

•Found guilty by Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of faking documents on lab rat experiments.

photos published were tampered and reused biopsy material without cross-referencing
descriptive stats
mean, median, mode
correlational stats
degree of association
mean
average
median
middle
mode
most common
standard deviation
x^--=mean
n=number of data points
x= each individual point
s= std dev
•is the spread of scores around the mean
variance
std dev squared
The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is

a. inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
b. small numbers of people as participants
c. insufficient information on diseases
d. insufficient time to collect data
a
A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

a. experimental-control study
b. repeated-measures study
c. split-plot study
d. case-control study
D
A type of study that takes people randomly, assigns them to groups, and gives them a survey.

a. cross-sectional study
b. repeated-measures study
c. cohort study
d. case-control study
A
A type of study that takes a large disease-free population and, after baseline assessment, follows and collects data from them for 2-20 years.

a. cross-sectional study
b. repeated-measures study
c. cohort study
d. case-control study
C
Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?

a. RPE
b. BMI
c. MET
d. EKG
C
Participation in resistance exercise was self-reported and body weight and height was measured. A single cardiovascular disease risk score was established via factor analysis including percent body fat, mean arterial pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Physical activity level was determined based on questionnaire data and aerobic capacity was assessed via a maximal treadmill exercise test. Women reporting resistance exercise had lower total cardiovascular disease risk at any age. Specifically, resistance exercise was associated with lower body fat, fasting glucose and total cholesterol. The association between resistance exercise and cardiovascular disease risk, however, remained only in normal weight women after adjusting for physical activity and aerobic capacity.

What type of study is this?
cross sectional
This study investigated the prevalence and profile of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) users amongst a convenience sample of 510 bodybuilders from 52 gyms, in João Pessoa, Brazil, with a structured questionnaire containing selected questions about socioeconomic and training variables on the use of AAS.
What type of study is this?
cross sectional
The study comprised 811,579 Swedish men (mean age, 18 years) that participated in the mandatory military conscription service in Sweden between 1969 and 1986. Some risk factors for stroke, such as body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cognitive function, were assessed at conscription. Aerobic fitness was also assessed at conscription, using a braked ergometer cycle test. Other risk factors for stroke, including stroke in subjects' parents, and socioeconomic factors including highest achieved level of education and annual income 15 years after conscription, were collected through national register linkage using the personal identification number. Stroke diagnosis among the study participants was tracked in the National Hospital Discharge Patient Register.

What type of study is this?
cohort
The aim of this study was to compare daytime physical activity (PA) levels in children with and without asthma and examine the relationships among asthma, PA, body mass index (BMI), and child reports of symptoms.
Physical activity as measured by actigraphy and self-report symptoms of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, perceived tiredness, sleepiness, and alertness were obtained in 54 children aged 9-11 years with and without asthma for 7 consecutive days. Activity variables derived from actigraphy included (a) mean daytime activity level; (b) peak daytime activity level; and (c) time duration spent in sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous, and total moderate plus vigorous PA (MVPA).

What type of study is this?
case-control
Which of the following is not used when deciding whether an association might be one of causation?

a.Strength: How strong is the association between the exposure and the disease?
b.Consistency: Has the association been reported in a variety of people exposed in a variety of settings? Results repeatable?
c.Specificity: Is the disease or health problem associated with the exposure the only one?
d.Sample size at the beginning and end of the study: How many people completed the study?
D
The United States government sets and enforces all guidelines for scientists.

a.True
b.False
B
The government sets guidelines for the safety and protection of

a.Human subjects
b.Animal subjects
c.Scientists
d.A and b
All of the above
D
Universities have committees that oversee human research and approve protocols. These committees are called

a. IRB
b. IACUC
c. IRS
d. FFP
A
Two studies that illustrated the need for scientific ethics were

a.Framingham study
b.Tuskegee study
c.German WWII studies
d.A and c
e.B and c
E
What is not included in an Informed consent form?

a. Explanation of procedures to be followed
b. Description of discomforts and risks
c. Lab inspection results for the previous year
d. Offer to answer any questions
e. Instruction that subject is free to withdraw consent and discontinue participation at any time
C
The principal investigator of the study is usually listed as the __________ author.

A. first
B. middle
C. last
D. none of the above
C
The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is

a. proselytizing
b. misrepresentation
c. confutation
d. plagiarism
d
The term that denotes making up data is

a. fabricating
b. misrepresentation
c. falsifying
d. plagiarism
A
The term that denotes altering data is

a. fabricating
b. misrepresentation
c. falsifying
d. plagiarism
C
Safe transportation of materials between labs is something looked at during a lab inspection.
a.True
False
A
Another term for the mean is the

a. variance
b. average
c. 50th percentile
d. median
B
The single score which best represents all the scores in a distribution is the definition of

a. central tendency
b. standard deviation
c. variability
d. parametrics
A
_____________ describes the degree of difference of each individual score from central tendency.

a. central tendency
b. normal distribution
c. variability
d. parametrics
c
1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 8, 10
What is the mode?


a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 10
5
For a group of normally distributed scores with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 6, the middle 95% of the scores will be between

a. 30 and 36
b. 18 and 42
c. 24 and 36
d. 12 and 48
B
Name two special populations that need modified informed consent provisions.
Children, prisoners, mentally ill, undereducated
what is the name of the diet for carson's article?
grand fusion
how many hours of sleep is ideals?
7-9 hrs
where did the highest SES feel the most pressure on standardized testing?
media and school board
Parametric
The population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed on the variable of interest

The samples drawn from a population have equal variances on the variable of interest
Independent observations
normal curve
go back and look at stats powerpoint
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