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exam #2 part 2

Terms in this set (73)

The National Gang Center criteria for classifying groups as gangs identifies which general age group for those who are members?

A. 16-24
B. 10-20
C. 12-24
D. 13-23
C. 12-24
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on a variety of educational, training, and employment programs targeting gang-involved youth?

A.social intervention
B.community mobilization
C.opportunities provision
D.suppression
C. opportunities provision
Which of the following is a common reason given by gang members for joining a gang?

A. respect
B. protection
C. feeling safe
D. all of these
D. all of these
According to the NCVS, those between the ages of ______ have the highest rates of robbery.

A. 18 and 24
B. 32 and 40
C. 24 and 32
D. 12 and 18
A. 18 and 24
According to the ______, robbery is defined as follows: "Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury."

A. UCR
B. FBI
C. DHS
D. NCVS
D. NCVS
What theory contends that there are three elements that are generally necessary for the commission of a crime to occur: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship?

A.routine activities
B.social disorganization
C.opportunity structure
D.situational crime prevention
A. routine activities
According to the NCVS, about how many robbery victims are engaged in some type of self-protective action?

A. two in three
B. three in seven
C. one in four
D. two in five
A. two in three
What seeks to understand technical and structural solutions to crime and in response design environments or products in ways that minimize the risk of victimization?

A. opportunity structure
B. social disorganization
C. routine activities
D. situational crime prevention
D. situational crime prevention
Roger Matthews found that robbers who primarily targeted ______ perceived themselves as more elite than the typical street mugger.

A.commercial establishments
B.private establishments
C.homes
D.the elderly
A. commercial establishments
What program views violence from a public health perspective?

A.Cure Violence
B.Gang Saturation
C.Comprehensive Gang Model
D.GREAT
A. Cure violence
Primary homicides involve ______.

A.strangers
B.intimate friends
C.class
D.study group
B. intimate friends
Robbery is _______

A.an act of violence
B.most often committed by a stranger
C.a felony crime
D.all of these
D. all of these
What program seeks to reduce homicides by identifying youth who are at most risk of being shot or shooting someone else?

A.Cure Violence
B.Gang Saturation
C.Comprehensive Gang Model
D.GREAT
A. Cure Violence
A ______, in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner's belongings, is a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person.

A. burglary
B. robbery
C. theft
D. arson
A. burglary
In their study, Brookman and colleagues found that when the victim was male, female robbers often used a weapon, which was typically a(n) ______.

A. assault rifle
B. handgun
C. knife
D. baseball bat
C. knife
In a recent study interviewing 104 people who had "experience committing robberies" in Amsterdam, Netherlands, results indicated that robbing a(n) " ______" victim was more predictive of physical violence being used at the onset of a robbery.

A. elderly
B. young
C. minority
D. street credible
D. street credible
What was developed by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to reduce gang crime in targeted neighborhoods using interventions that had been shown to work in addressing individual, family, and community factors that contributed to juvenile delinquency and gang activity?

A.Comprehensive Gang Model
B.GREAT program
C.Cure Violence
D.Gang Saturation Model
A. Comprehensive Gang Model
When breaking down bank robberies by region, which region was found by the FBI to have the most bank robberies?

A.South
B.East
C.North
D.West
D west
Which of the following is a finding of a recent study in Australia by Emmeline Taylor regarding the motivation of interviewed individuals who had been convicted of robbery and were serving a prison sentence for their crimes?

A.All were "innocent" of the crimes for which they were convicted.
B.Several noted the adrenaline rush that came from the act.
C.None of them felt a rush of adrenaline coming from the act.
D.Both all were "innocent" of the crimes for which they were convicted and none of them felt a rush of adrenaline coming from the act.
D.Both all were "innocent" of the crimes for which they were convicted and none of them felt a rush of adrenaline coming from the act.
It is important to note that the majority of gang violence is directed at ______.

A.other gang members
B.the police
C.other youth
D.the elderly
A other gang members
In her study of 14 interviews with female robbers, Jody Miller found that the most common form of female robbery was ______.

A.to rob other females in a nonconfrontational manner
B.to rob males in a physically confrontational manner
C.to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner
D.to rob males in a nonconfrontational manner
C. to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on the development of policies and procedures that result in the most effective use of available resources across agencies to address the gang problem?

A. social intervention
B. suppression
C. opportunities provision
D. organizational change
D. organizational change
Nationally, the percentage of agencies reporting the presence of active gangs in their jurisdictions has been around ______.

A.40%
B.50%
C.20%
D.30%
D. 30%
In September 1994, Congress passed the ______, which amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to include both physical and mental disabilities.

A.Crime Prevention Act
B.Deterrent Prevention Act
C.Sexual Assault Act
D.Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
D. violent crime control and law enforcement act
The most recent law enacted at the federal level against hate crimes is called the Matthew Shepard & James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act that was signed into law by ______.

A.
President Obama in 2010
B.
U.S. Senate 2005
C.
President Bush in 2005
D.
U.S. Congress in 2010
A.
President Obama in 2010
An ordinary crime becomes a ______ when an offender selects a victim because of some characteristic, such as his or her race or religion.

A.demographic
B.hate crime
C.white collar
D.violent
B. hate crime
One of the primary purposes of lynching was to strike fear into the hearts of Blacks in the ______ period as they were attempting to integrate into White society and assert their economic and political independence.

A.post-civil wat
B.post freedom movement
C.post-Reconstruction
D.post-civil rights era
C. post reconstruction
Congress attempted to hamper "Black Codes" by passing the Civil Rights Act of ______ that gave Blacks citizenship and full rights, even overcoming a presidential veto to do so.

A.1850
B.
1996
C.
1776
D.
none of these
D. none of these
Even though many sites remain open for anyone to post information or participate in a chat room, many are now requiring a screening and approval process for participants, thereby allowing greater ______ from public scrutiny.

A.planning
B.persuasion
C.privacy
D.anonymity
C.privacy
During slavery, lynching was not used against the slaves because ______.
A.police punished lynchers
B.lynching hadn't been invented yet
C.the slaves would rebel
D.slavery was legal and had the protection of the law
D. slavery was legal and had the protection of the law
`Enacted in 1996, which Act mandated the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program to begin collecting statistics on offenses motivated by bias against physical and mental disabilities in January 1997?

A.Hate Crime Statistics Act
B.Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
C.Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
D.Church Arson Prevention Act
D. church arson prevention act
The tendency to have contempt for foreigners or other strangers, which is particularly likely in times of economic hardship, when resources are scarce is known as ______.

A.xenophobia
B.bias
C.hatred
D.prejudice
A. xenophobia
In the U.S. society, the ______ Amendment protects citizen' s right to free speech, including hate speech. This is a fundamental right that we believe should never be jeopardized.

A.First
B.Third
C.Fourth
D.Eighth
A. first
The KKK was founded in ______, with its main purpose being to fight Reconstruction efforts.

A.1776
B.1986
C.1866
D.1850
C. 1866
Some may be tempted to argue that lynching was simply a form of ______ justice—that lynch mobs were simply making sure that justice was served in cases where a crime had been committed.

A.legal
B.act of civil obedience
C.popular
D.warranted
C. popular
The ______ allows groups the ability to organize and plan activities, such as rallies, concerts, and lectures more effectively than traditional methods of communication.

A.Internet
B.anonymity
C.support
D.privacy
A. internet
According to 2017 FBI data, those perceived to be ______ were the most common victims of religiously based attacks.

A.Catholic
B.Jewish
C.Muslim
D.Buddhist
B. Jewish
What can used by political, social, and religious leaders in order to capitalize on old prejudices and further their own goals, whatever those might be?

A.civil obedience
B.legal measures
C.scapegoating
D.supremacy
C. scapegoating
What can roughly be defined as an extralegal execution by a mob?

A.a firing squad
B.racial violence
C.economic violence
D.lynching
D. lynching
What kind of impact do times of depression in the United States have on stereotypes of and crimes against immigrant populations?

A.positive
B.unknown
C.unaware
D.negative
D. negative
The first major hate crime legislation passed at the federal level was called the Hate Crime Statistics Act of ______.

A.1975
B.1950
C.1990
D.none of these
C. 1990
It is a mistake to see lynching as a spontaneous eruption of ______, although it was often portrayed as such—especially by many Southern newspapers.

A.hand selected individuals
B.communal violence
C.controlled violence
D.none of these
B. communal violence
A hate crime, also known as a ______ crime, is a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender' s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin.

A.intimate
B.emotional
C.violent
D.bias
D. bias
Mob violence has been a relatively ______ occurrence within most societies throughout history.

A.conforming
B.common
C.subjective
D.objective
B. common
The 1980 Liberty City riot in ______ was started by the police killing of an unarmed African American who ran a red light.

A.Florida
B.Alabama
C.Texas
D.Mississippi
A. florida
Many riots throughout history have mostly been responses to ______.

A.conformity
B.current social conditions
C.prison release
D.injustice and oppression
D. injustice and oppresion
What type of crowd or mob is characterized as gathering for a common purpose, rarely engaging in violence, and while members still define themselves as individuals, more of a collective spirit prevails?

A.expressive mob
B.cohesive crowd
C.escape mob
D.casual crowd
B. cohesive crowd
According to Herbert Blumer, which element of the transformation of a crowd into a mob occurs when something happens that is exciting or interesting and able to draw people together?

A.convergence
B.purpose
C.trigger
D.rationalization
C. trigger
The word mob comes from which Latin term?

A.mobile vulgus
B.mobilus herdus
C.herdus vulgus
D.rabilus mobilus
A.mobile vulgus
What type of crowd or mob is characterized by panicked behavior, very dangerous, and is the only type of group that can be instantly aroused into mindless violence?

A.aggressive crowd
B.expressive crowd
C.casual crowd
D.escape mob
D. escape mob
What type of events are usually the most visible and inflammatory examples of racism and brutality perceived to be employed by the police in many minority neighborhoods?

A.convergent
B.triggering
C.conscious
D.stimulating
B. triggering
During the L.A. riots, which of the following businesses were usually spared from arson?

A.White owned
B.Korean owned
C.liquor stores
D.African American owned
D. African American owned
What type of crowd or mob is characterized is motivated by greed and desire to acquire goods and looters use the anarchy of a riot to plunder and steal and is more easily controlled by authorities?

A.cohesive crowd
B.acquisitive mob
C.expressive crowd
D.aggressive mob
B. acquisitive mob
According to Gustave Le Bon, crowd behavior is essentially ______, so if one person gets excited, angry, or violent, others will quickly pick up on these emotions and actions.

A.impulsive
B.automatic
C.conscious
D.contagious
D. contagious
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that many individuals in a mob may not be fully aware of what is going on or why and so may be open to the answers provided by others who appear to better know or understand the situation?

A.deindividuation
B.power
C.suggestibility
D.conformity
C. suggestibility
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that not only do individuals have a tendency to conform to the demands of a group, rioting mobs also have a tendency to attack and victimize those who resist or do not conform?

A.release
B.conformity
C.justification
D.novelty
B. conformity
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that when participants have feelings of anonymity, they may feel released from normal constraints on their behavior?

A.suggestibility
B.deindividuation
C.novelty
D.stimulation
B. deindividuation
Secondary homicides involve ______.

A.libraries
B.acquaintances
C.strangers
D.intimate friends
C. strangers
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on involvement of local citizens, former gang-involved youth, local agencies, and community groups?

A.
community mobilization
B.
opportunities provision
C.
organizational change
D.
social intervention
A. community mobilization
The quality of impersonal victimization is something that hate crimes share with ______.

A.victim-precipitated homicide
B.genocide
C.assault
D.murder
B. genocide
What refers to the practice of protecting the interests and prerogatives of native citizens over immigrants?

A.social Darwinism
B.nativism
C.scapegoating
D.eugenics
B nativism
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the ______, an organization founded to fight anti-Semitism and other forms of prejudice, began a successful lobbying campaign to pass hate crime legislations based on a model statute that they developed.

A.Anti-Defamation League
B.Anti-Semitism League
C.Anti-Hate League
D.Anti-Discrimination League
A. Anti-Defamation League
On April 9, 1865, General ______ surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox courthouse and ended the American Civil War.

A.Frederick Douglas
B.Robert E. Lee
C.Thomas Jefferson
D.George Washington
B. Robert E Lee
The ______ has published methods that have been successfully used by communities to combat hate groups.

A.U.S. federal government
B.U.S. State Department
C.U.S. Congress
D.The Southern Poverty Law Center
D. The southern poverty law center
The ______ of 1967 began with the arrest of an African American taxicab driver.

A.Newark riot
B.Tampa riot
C.Miami riot
D.Detroit riot
A. newark riot
Which Greek playwright described his fellow Athenians as reasonable old men at home and as fools in the assemblies?

A.Solon
B.Aristophanes
C.Sophocles
D.Euripides
B.Aristophanes
The work of Gustave Le Bon was later expanded by Herbert Blumer, who sketched out the transformation of a crowd into a mob and contended that the first element in the transformation must be a ______.

A.rationalization
B.purpose
C.trigger
D.convergence
C. trigger
In June of 1780, which riots took place in and around London for several days during which mobs burned, pillaged, and looted, leaving around 500 people dead, after which the army was finally called in to quell the disorder?

A.London Draft Riots
B.Anti-Catholic Gordon Riots
C.Anti-Race Riots
D.Anti-Semitism Riots
B. Anti-Catholic Gordon Riots
What type of crowd or mob sees violence as a means to express anger, resentment, and frustration and violence and rioting is seen as legitimate expressions of collective emotions as well as being ways for members to give voice to their sentiments?

A.expressive mob
B.aggressive crowd
C.acquisitive mob
D.casual crowd
A. expressive mob
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that some people may come to participate in riots and other group behavior simply because they are bored and riots provide a break from the routine?

A.release
B.novelty
C.stimulation
D.conformity
B. novelty
The 2015 rioting in Baltimore, Maryland was the result of the death of an African American who died while in ______.

A.the battle of Gettysburg
B.police custody
C.a nightclub
D.the draft
B. police custody
The civil unrest provoked by the Ferguson shooting forced our nation to confront head on the issue of race and ______.

A.education
B.policing
C.employment
D.living conditions
B. policing
What is nothing more than a collection of individuals who may or may not share a common purpose?

A.gang
B.mob
C.crowd
D.team
C. crowd
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