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History study guide 1

Terms in this set (26)

Adam Smith
o A Scottish philosopher and political economist
o He is known for his book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of wealth of nations
o The book was written in 1776
o He was born and died in Scotland
o It is important because it had his description of a system with market determined wages and free enterprise. It was his system of perfect liberty- this was later known as Laissez-faire capitalism
Russification
o This is a form of cultural assimilation
o It is when non-Russian communities in the Russian Empire gave up their culture and language in favor of Russian culture
o It was introduced in 1881
o Russian empire
o This is important because it was made to force non Russians to become Russian and it greatly affected the Poles, Lithuanians and the Ukrainians and was the source of a lot of resentment
Creole
o A word used to describe any person of European (mostly French or Spanish) or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French or Spanish America
o First used in the 16th century
o Used in French and Spanish America to describe people born to settlers in that area
Manifest Destiny
o It is a philosophy that was used to drive the U.S territorial expansion and to remove the Native Americans from their homes
o It is a cultural belief that says The United states is destined by God to spread capitalism and democracy by expanding across the entire North American continent
o 1845
o The united states of America
o This is significant because it did bring about the expansion of the US, the belief in it had put America into a war with Mexico, expanded the debate over slavery and the horrible treatment of Native Americans
Socialism
o A political, social, and economic philosophy used to organize a society
o It is an economic system in which most property or resources are controlled or by the public or the state
o 19th century
o Started with the French revolution
o Socialism is significant because it tried to improve the lives of the working class and create a more equal society
Abraham Lincoln
o Layer and president of the United states of America
o Preserved the union and ended slavery in the United states
o 1809-1865
o United states of America
o He gave the emancipation proclamation that declared all slaves are free forever in the confederate states
US civil war
o War in the United states between the Union and the Confederacy
o The war was fought over the status of slavery in the United states and if it should be allowed into new U.S territories.
o April 12, 1861-May 9, 1865
o United states of America
o The civil was is important because it brought about the end of slavery in the United states and kept the United States together as one nation.
Capitalism
o An economic system
o It is a free market economy where goods are privately owned by companies or individuals
o Developed in the 16th century in Europe
o Capitalism is significant because it started improving the lives of the people by producing more goods, wealth and innovation in the world.
Industrial Revolution
o The change to new manufacturing processes in the US, Europe and Great Britain
o The processes changed from producing things by hand to machines and started the mechanized factory system
o 1760-1840s
o This is important because it increased efficiency and production, improved wages and lowered the prices of goods
Boer War
o War fought between the British empire and the Boer republics
o They were fighting over how much influence the British empire had in south Africa
o 1899-1902, south Africa
o This is significant because of the war we have modern south Africa and the peace treaty signed at the end of the war united South Africa.
Nationalism
o A movement that describes loyalty to a nation
o As ideology that states that each national should govern itself and emphasizes devotion to one nation
o Started in the 18th century with the French revolution and American declaration of independence
o Nationalism is important because it gives people a sense of belonging in their country and promotes the interests of a certain nation, it also is sometimes expressed as ones own nation is better than other nations
Communism
o A political and economic ideology
o This system wants to create a classless society and have the main means of production controlled by the public and the wealth is distributed evenly across the whole population
o Created in 1848 by Karl Marx while he was living in England, the first communist country was the Soviet Union
Otto von Bismarck
o German diplomat
o He was the first German chancellor that united Germany from 39 individual states
o 1871 , Germany
o He is important because he created the German empire and turned Germany into a world power.
Urbanization
o the definition of a population shift
o it refers to the movement of people from rural to urban areas.
o 1880-1929, United states
o Urbanization is significant because it grew cities by attracting people who were looking for jobs. Urbanization also has negative effects such as overcrowding and pollution
Imperialism
o Is a political policy of expanding a countries power by colonization or military force
o 15th-18th centuries with European countries
o Imperialism is important because it altered the alliances in Europe but also destroyed native culture and industries in the colonies.
Queen Liliuokalani
o The last Monarch of Hawaii and the only queen regent of the Hawaiian Kingdom
o She is important because she acted to create a new constitution to restore powers to the monarch.
o Queen from Jan. 29 1891- Jan 17 1893, Hawaii
o She is important because she was queen when America took over a sovereign nation for the first time. She was overthrown by American business men, was forced to give up her titles and lived the rest of her life under house arrest.
How were events in Europe related to the revolutions in Latin America? Provide two examples and explain. How was the Haitian revolution different from the revolutions of Latin America?
a. Events in Europe
i. Two events in Europe that are related to the Latin American revolutions are the ideas of enlightenment and the French revolution. Enlightenment ideas started in Europe and is related to the revolutions because enlightenment taught equality and self-rule which showed the Latin-American countries that they could be Independent. The French revolution inspired these revolutions because seeing the French over throw their ruler showed the Latin American people that they can overthrow rulers that they think are unjust.
b. Latin American revolutionaries
i. Two important Latin American revolutionaries were Simon bolivar and Jose de san martin. Simon Bolivar led many colonies to freedom such as Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador and Peru, they also named the country Bolivia after him. Jose de san Martin help lead the revolutions against the Spanish in Chile, Peru, and Argentina.
c. The Haitian revolution was different from the revolutions in Latin America because it is the only successful slave revolt in history which resulted in Haiti becoming the first independent black state in the new world.
How did nationalism develop? In what ways did it impact Europe and Russia? Does nationalism have a more positive or negative impact on the world? Support your answer with examples and evidence
How did it develop and what is it
i. Nationalism is a way of thinking that focuses on the bonds, loyalty and devotion to a nation, the belief also states that they should be free to rule themselves, it also expressed as the belief that ones own nation is better than other nations. Nationalism developed in the 18th and 19th centuries with the American and French revolutions. These events inspired the ideas of unified nations which led to the development of nationalism.
b. In what ways did it impact Europe and Russia
i. Nationalism impacted Europe by uniting smaller European states into unified countries with democracy.
ii. It impacted Russia by keeping Russian culture and traditions and keeping Russia unified
c. Positive and negative impact
i. Positive impacts of nationalism: unites people and gives them an identity with a nation
ii. Negative impacts of nationalism: can infringe on the rights of other people and can lead to conflicts with other nations
What four factors contributed to industrial revolution in Britain? How did population and invention help the industrial revolution? Was the revolution in agriculture necessary to the industrial revolution?
Four factors that contributed to the industrial revolution in Britain were resources, new technology, economic conditions, political and social conditions. The rising population helped the industrial revolution because it created more demand for goods such as food and materials. Since the population was growing it also helped fill the new jobs that were created in the factories. Invention helped the industry by changing the way things were made, goods that had to be made by hand could now be made by machines. These inventions changed how goods were manufactured, how machines were powered and goods were transported. The revolution in agriculture was absolutely necessary to the industrial revolution because it improved farming methods that in return increased the food supplies which increased the population. The new farming process was less labor-intensive and required fewer workers so more people were able to take up jobs in factories.
How did the factory system change the way people lived and worked? What problems did it introduce? Be sure to discuss the rise of cities, living and working conditions, class tensions, and the effects of the industrial revolution
The factory system changed the way people lived and worked in many different ways. It changed the way people lived from living on farms in the countryside to living in cities where the large factories were located, sometimes these cities become overcrowded, which led to pollution, poor sanitation in these cities, and the spread of disease. It changed the way people worked by adding technology to the workplace. These technologies made working and manufacturing more efficient than they have ever been, but this also introduced poor working conditions such as dangers from the machinery, poor ventilation, and cramped working areas. The industrial revolution did introduce some problems in society. One of the issues was class tensions, specifically between the working class and the middle class. They led drastically different lives and the exploitation of the workers led to class conflict and strikes. The industrial revolution also had many effects on society such environmental harm such as burning coal and putting pollution into the air, child labor, poor nutrition
How did the industrial revolution shift the world balance of power? Be sure to discuss the industrial revolution in the United states and Europe
a. The industrial revolution shifted the balance of power in world by increasing the competition between industrialized nations and poverty is under developed nations. It also strengthened the economic ties between the industrialized nations in the world. The industrial revolution in the United States caused the rapid urbanization of the country, it also strengthened Americas economy, grew the population and reduced Americas dependence on imported goods. It also had some negative effects such as pollution, child labor, poor working and living conditions and low wages. The industrial revolution in Europe had many positive and negative effects as well. Some positive impacts on Europe were better nutrition leading to longer lives and a rising population, it also increased the wealth and the production of goods in Europe which also strengthened their economy. The industrial revolution in Europe also had negative effects on the environment such as pollution.
How did the industrial revolution lead to economic, social, and political reforms? How did these impact society? Compare and contrast capitalism, socialism, and communism.
The industrial revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms such as limits on child labor, women's suffrage, mandatory public education, eight hour work days, compensation for workplace injuries and improved the sanitation infrastructure. These impacted society in a positive way because they were able to regulate the workplace and make it safer for their workers, and provide their citizens with more opportunities. Capitalism, communism, and socialism have more differences than they do similarities, but they are all the same in a sense of being an economic system that has a goal of a perfect future for their country. Capitalism is different from communism and socialism because it is based on free enterprise and privately owned resources. Socialism is different from capitalism because it is more based on state ownership of production and citizens share the economic resources equally, but is different from communism because it allows for a level of private ownership throughout society. Communism is different than capitalism because its industry is controlled entirely by the government.
Describe the roads to democracy in both France and England. Why was one more difficult than the other? How did women participate in the push for democracy?
The road to democracy in England was a long one, But the road that started changing England into a democracy was The Glorious revolution in 1688 which gave parliament more power over the monarchy. The Reform Act of 1832 really developed democracy in England by giving more adults the right to vote. Achieving democracy in France took a long time, starting with the French Revolution in 1789, in 1792 they were able to form a republic. In 1799 Napoleon came took over the government and declared himself the emperor, he was removed as ruler in 1813 and from then to 1848 there was three different kings that ruled France. Finally in 1848 France was able to establish a democracy. The road to democracy in France was much harder due to all of the fighting and constant changing of leaders. Women participated in the push for democracy by creating, signing and presenting petitions to their governments.
How did breakthroughs in science and technology transform daily life and entertainment? Be sure to identify key inventions/inventors, changes in medicine, new ideas in science psychology, and the rise of mass culture.
Breakthroughs in science and technology transformed our daily life by making our lives easier. Some famous inventors are Thomas Edison who invented the light bulb, Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone, Guglielmo Marconi who invented radios, Henry Ford made cars affordable by using the assembly line. Some notable break throughs in science and psychology are the development of the periodic table, the process of pasteurization and the theory of evolution. A major breakthrough in medicine was the invention of penicillin. These also led to the rise of mass culture which is the appeal of art, music, writing and other forms of entertainment that were able to reach a much larger audience.
How did the Europeans engaging in the new phase of empire building affect both Africa and the rest of the world? What forms of imperialist control did Britain use? How is the policy of paternalism like social Darwinism?
a. Europeans engaging in the new phase of empire building had many effects on Africa and the rest of the world. Some of these problems that effected Africa were that they lost their land and independence, many died of smallpox, their traditional cultures were broken down, and many of these colonies still feel the effects to this day. This effected the rest of the world because many European countries were fighting each other over the lands in Africa and they also started to colonize other lands and fighting to colonize those lands as well. Britain used the indirect control method which relied on existing political rulers with occasionally using British authority. They assumed that they could train local leaders in the British method of government and they would eventually govern themselves. Paternalism is similar to social Darwinism because the British thought the Africans were unfit to rule a country, that only Europeans could; which is like Social Darwinism because according to Darwin, only the fittest will come out on top and survive.
How did demand for Asian products drive western imperialists to seek possession of lands in southeast Asia? What changes took place in Southeast Asia as a result of colonial control? How did the reforms of the Siamese kings help Siam remain independent? In what ways did Hawaii and the Philippines try to resist imperialism?
Demand for Asian products drove imperialism in southeast Asia because of their location on the route to China, and they were sources of oil, minerals and agriculture. The changes that took place were good for the economy but southeast Asia became a melting pot of religions and cultures. These cultural changes led to religious and racial fights The reforms helped keep Siam independent because they promoted themselves as a neutral zone between British controlled Burma and French Indochina, they also modernized the country by reforming the legal system, changed their government and started schools. These changes came from their own government they were able to avoid being controlled by another country.
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