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Anatomy Respiratory + Integumentary System

Terms in this set (112)

Pulmonary ventilation
Air is moved in and out of the lungs so that
gases in the alveoli are continuously replaced
External respiration
Gas exchange occurs between the blood and air
at the alveoli
Transport of respiratory gases
Oxygen and CO2 must be transported between the lungs and cells of the body
Internal respiration
Gases are exchanged between the blood and the tissue cells
Cellular respiration
Oxygen is used by the cells and CO2 is produced as a
waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy
Nose
Produces mucus, filters air, warms and moistens incoming air, resonance chamber for speech, smell cells
Paranasal sinuses
Mucosa lined hollow cavities within the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal bones, lighten the skull and filters, warms, and moistens air
Pharynx
Connects nose to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus, passageway for air and food, has tonsils
Larynx
Connects pharynx to trachea, opening closed by epiglottis, air passageway, prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
Trachea
Flexible tube runs from larynx to 2 main bronchi, air passage
Bronchial tree
Consists of right and left main bronchi, subdivides into smaller segments, air passageways connect trachea with alveoli, warm and moisten air
Alveoli
Microscopic chambers at end of bronchial tree, walls of simple squamous epithelium, main sites of gas exchange
Lungs
Paired, in pleural cavities of thorax, composed of alveoli and respiratory passageways, house passageways smaller than main bronchi
Pleaurae
Serous membranes, parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity, visceral pleura covers external lung surfaces, produce lubricating fluid
Nares
Nostrils that intake air
Nasal septum
Divides it into R and L halves
Hard palate
Bony and anterior
Soft palate
Squishy and posterior
Vestibule
Behind nostrils where air enters
Lysozyme
An enzyme that digests bacteria, it traps dust, bacteria, pollen, viruses and debris before it can get to lungs
Nasal conchae
Superior, middle, inferior conchae, mucus covered
surfaces to trap debris, filter/heat/moisten air, they minimize moisture and heat lost from body
Nasopharynx
Soft palate and uvula prevent food from entering nasal cavity unless laughing while drinking,
Adenoid tonsils
Destroy pathogens entering nasopharynx
Tubal tonsils
Protect middle ear from infections spreading from pharynx
Pharyngotympanic tube
Opens into nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Behind mouth, archlike entry is "fauces", food and air pass through it, palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Behind larynx and runs into esophagus, passage for food and air
Carina of trachea
On the last tracheal cartilage marks point where trachea
branches into 2 bronchi
Mucosa
Mucous membrane, has inner pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria, cilia in pseudostratified tissue move mucus toward pharynx to be coughed up
Submucosa
Connective tissue, glands with serous and mucus cells, make mucus for trachea
Hyaline cartilage
In fibro/musculo/cartilaginous layer
Adventitia
External layer of connective tissue
Rhinitis
Inflammation of nasal mucosa, sore nose, runny nose, viruses and bacteria and allergies
Epistaxis
Nose bleeds, trauma, excessive blowing, dry
Sinusitis
Inflammation of sinuses, sinus infection, viral, bacterial, fungal, fill with fluid and mucus
Laryngitis
Vocal cords swell, bad cold, swelling means that vocal cords can't move so hoarseness
Tracheotomy
Opens airway, incision between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings, tube inserted to keep airway open
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura due to a lung infection like pneumonia, sacs rub together so it feels like stabbing pain, excess fluid puts pressure on lungs
Collapsed lung
A lung will collapse if air enters the pleural cavity, this condition is called pneumothorax, the lung collapses like a deflated balloon as the air breaks the seal of pleural fluid that held the lung to the thoracic wall
Respiratory distress syndrome
In premature infants, alveoli collapse during exhalation and must be completely reinflated, this requires much energy and leads to exhaustion and breathing failure,
Bronchial asthma
Allergic inflammatory response to irritants in the air, triggered by allergy to dust mites, pollen, molds, dust, smoke, being emotionally upset, infections, breathing cold air
Cystic fibrosis
Inherited disease, glands disrupted, accumulation of mucus which clogs tubes and acts as breeding ground for bacteria, many die from this disease
Lung cancer
Aggressive cancer that comes in different types
COPD
Air flow in/out of lungs is obstructed, history of smoking, dyspnea or bad breathing, coughing, pulmonary infections common
Chronic bronchitis
Irritants lead to secretion of excess mucus, inflammation, fibrosis (scar tissue), airways obstructed, gas exchange doesn't work well, bacteria and virus thrive in the mucus so patient gets infections
Emphysema
Enlargement of alveoli, smoking related chronic inflammation, fibrosis of lungs, lungs become less elastic and breathing is difficult
Croup
Childhood disease, viral, inflammation causes tubes to narrow, coughing sounds like bark of a dog, wheezing, grunting
Pneumonia
Infectious lung inflammation, fluid accumulates in alveoli, most caused by viruses or bacteria, some caused by fungus, 6th most common cause of death in US
SIDS
Unexpected death of an infant, crib death, brain breathing centers not ready to go, babies
should sleep on their back vs on their belly
Tuberculosis
Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread by coughing, fibrous or calcified nodules in lungs, bacteria survive and break out, many strains resistant to antibiotics, numbers on the rise
Parietal pleura
Outer layer of the sac
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of the sac
Pleura
Around each lung is a flattened sac whose walls consist of a serous membrane
Pleural fluid
A lubricating fluid that allows the lungs to move without friction.
Epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis
Fibrous connective tissue, Strong flexible connective tissue, nerve fibers and blood vessels, Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells, Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
Hypodermis
Adipose and areolar connective tissue. Below the skin, below dermis, AKA subcutaneous layer, Stores fat and anchors skin to muscle, Insulation, prevents heat loss
Thickens with weight gain
Skin functions
Protection, body temperature, excretion, production of vitamin D, sensory reception,
Keratinocytes
Make keratin, a tough fibrous protein, entirely new epidermis every 35 to 45 days
Melanocytes
Make melanin, skin color
Tactile epithelial cells
Merkel cells, receptors for touch
Dendritic cells
Immune response, take up foreign proteins
(antigens) that invade the epidermis
Stratum basale
Deepest layer, attaches to dermis, stem cells, youngest keratinocytes, also has tactile cells for touch sensation, has melanocytes
Stratum spinosum
Above the basal, several cell layers thick, gets its name from the spinelike extensions of keratinocytes seen in dead cells, has dendritic cells which have immune response
Stratum granulosum
Flattened keratinocytes, have lamellar granules that slow water loss, keratinocytes toughen up here, cells above this layer are dead
Stratum lucidum
Occurs in thick skin only, looks like a translucent band under a scope, few rows of flat and dead keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Most external layer, many cell layers thick, cells are dead here, waterproof layer, cells shed regularly
Papillary dermis
Upper 20% of dermis, areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae or fingerlike projections that extend into the epidermis, they increase surface area for gas exchange, nutrient and waste exchange, dermal ridges push up and create epidermal ridges (fingerprints)
Reticular dermis
Deep, 80% of dermis, dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers, stretch marks are dermal tears, dermis is where tattoo ink is deposited
Dermal blood vessels
Work in temp. regulation, can hold 5% of blood in the body, when internal organs need more blood or heat they constrict, on hot days they engorge with blood
which cools the body by radiating heat away
Flexure lines
Arise from the dermis. They are deep creases on
the palm. They result from a continual folding of the skin often over joints where the dermis attaches to underlying structures.
Melanin
Ranges from yellow to red to brown to black
Carotene
A yellow/orange pigment from carrots and tomatoes,
Hemoglobin
Makes skin pink
Hematoma
Clotted mass of blood that has escaped a vessel
Freckle
Accumulation of melanin, basal layer of epidermis, due to sunlight
Mole
Melanocytes become become melanin/nevus cells, in basal layer of epidermis and top layers of dermis, moles form after birth, not due to UV
Cyanosis
When hemoglobin poorly oxygenated, skin and blood look blue
Appendages of the skin
Nails, hair, hair follicles, sebaceous/oil glands, sweat glands. They derive from epidermis but
extend into dermis
Nail
Scalelike modification of epidermis, like a hoof or claw, made of dead keratinized cells, hard keratin not soft keratin, nails rest on the nail bed, they look pink due to capillaries
Hair follicles
Extend from epidermal surface to dermis. Deep end forms a hair bulb
Sensory nerve endings
Wrap the bulb=hair follicle receptor
Dermal papilla
Protrudes into each hair bulb, knot of capillaries that stimulate hair growth, if papilla destroyed then follicle stops making hair
Fibrous sheath
Dermis derived, external layer of follicle wall
Glassy membrane
At junction of fibrous sheath and epithelial sheath
Epithelial root sheath
Derived from epidermis
Lanugo hair
Soft fine hair that covers the fetus, it sheds before birth
Vellus hair
Fine, nonpigmented hair that covers the body, its growth not affected by hormones
Terminal hair
Thick pigmented hair found on scalp, beard, axile, pubic area; growth is influenced by hormones
Hair
Hair lifespan varies, scalp hair can last 4 years. Active growth phase then a resting phase. Newly growing hair pushes out old hair. Eyebrow follicles only active a few months so never grow long. Hair grows fastest from teens to early 40s then becomes slower growing and "wispy" in old age, normal to lose hair in older age
Male pattern baldness
Genetic, hair follicles respond to androgens by shortening hair growth cycle, cycles become so short that hairs never emerge before they are shed, those that emerge are peach fuzz
Chemotherapy
Targets the fastest dividing cells thereby destroying hair stem cells=hair loss
Skin oil glands
Not on palms or soles but everywhere else. They make sebum
Sweat glands
Prevent overheating because sweat cools the skin as it evaporates. Only mammals have sweat glands (sudoriferous glands). Sweat is 99% water, acidic so discourages bacteria. Not on nipples or parts of external genitalia. Can lose 3 gallons on hot days. Hair interferes with evaporation of sweat
Eccrine sweat glands
Palms, soles, forehead
Apocrine sweat glands
Axillary, anal, genital areas, larger and open into hair follicles, their sweat has fatty substances and proteins in it, has a milky or yellow color, source of body odor because bacteria live in it and decompose it
First degree burn
Epidermis affected, redness,
swelling, pain
Second degree burn
Epidermis and upper dermis,
blistering, a partial thickness burn
Third degree burn
All of the skin, full thickness burns,
burned area is white/red/blackened, fluid loss and infection, grafts needed
"A" - Asymmetry
If a line is drawn through the middle of the mole, the sides do not match
"B" - Border
The edges of the mole are uneven, crusty or notched
"C" - Color
Healthy moles are uniform color, a variety of color like white/blue is bad
"D" - Diameter
If the mole is larger than a pencil's eraser
"E" - Evolving
When a mole changes in shape, size, or color, or begins to bleed.
Alopecia
Hair loss
Athlete's foot
Fungal infection of skin
Boils and carbuncles
Infection and inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands that spread into hypodermis, cause is bacterial infection
Cold sores/Fever blisters
Small painful and fluid filled, around lips and mouth, caused by herpes virus which lives in nerve cells that supply skin, dormant until activated by illness or stress
Impetigo
Due to Staphylococcus infection, pink and fluid filled lesions that get a yellow crust and rupture
Psoriasis
Chronic inflammatory condition, reddened papules covered with dry and silvery scales, overgrowth of epidermis, pink due to capillaries, autoimmune?
Rosacea
Chronic skin eruption produced by dilated blood vessels of the face, nose and cheeks, aggravated by conditions that cause flushing (hot beverages, alcohol, sunlight)
Vitiligo
Light spots surrounded by normally pigmented skin, autoimmune
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