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Chapter 11 SOCL120 OER WITH WORKBOOK

Terms in this set (59)

Agricultural societies
a form of society which relies on plow and wheel technologies to increase food production
Alienation
Marx argued industrial societies are characterized by alienated labor, where workers find no power, purpose or pleasure in their work
Authoritarianism
political systems in which an individual or a group of individuals holds power, restricts or prohibits popular participation in governance, and represses dissent
Authority
is power that is approved by a society and considered legitimate
Autocracies
systems of government in which power is held by one person, whose decisions are not subject to oversight
Capitalism
an economic system in which there is private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, competition for profit, and the lack of government intervention in the market (which determines prices)
Charismatic authority
power based on an individual's extraordinary personal qualities
Civil war
armed conflict between factions within the same nation
Coercion
power that is not considered to be legitimately exercised, and involves the use of force or threats
Democracy
political system in which citizens govern themselves
Direct democracies
people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly
Division of labor
a specialization of work that was a consequence of industrialization
Economy
social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society's goods and services
Equilibrium theory
theory of social change in which it is argued that changes within one social institution cause changes in other social institutions until order is restored
Foraging societies
a form of society in with food is acquired by foraging, scavenging and hunting
Genocide
a pattern of intergroup relations in which members of a dominant group kills members of a minority group en masse
Globalization
the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market
Global assembly lines
products assembled over the course of several international transactions
Government
the group of persons who direct the political affairs of a state, but it can also mean the type of rule by which a state is run — a political system
Horticultural societies
a form of society in which members use rudimentary hand tools to grow a few specific crops in one location until the soil nutrients are depleted
Industrial societies
a form of society which uses machines and factories as the primary mode of production
Insurgent terrorism
violence committed by private citizens against their own government or against businesses and institutions
Interlocking directorates
the practice of members of boards of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations
International war
armed conflict between nations
Laissez-faire capitalism
a capitalist economic system in which there is absolutely no government intervention (laissez-faire "means leave is alone" or "hands off" in French)
Monarchy
political system in which power resides in a single family that rules from one generation to the next generation
Monopolies
the total (or almost) control of the supply or trade of a good or service
Multinational Corporations
a corporation that has business operations in two or more countries
Oligarchy
a system of government in which a small group of people rule
Pastoral societies
a form of society in which members herd a specific species of domesticated animal for the purpose of milk and meat as food sources
Pluralist theory
functionalist theory that views political power in the United States and other democracies as dispersed among several "veto groups" that compete in the political process for resources and influence
Political alienation
a lack of faith that political participation makes any difference and that the government can be helpful
Political ideology
a set of views, usually centered on social and economic issues, that guides your political thinking
Political party
an organization that supports particular political positions and tries to elect candidates to office to represent those positions
Political system
the type of rule by which a state is run
Politics
the distribution and exercise of power within a society
Polity
the political institution through which power is distributed and exercised
Postindustrial society
a form of society which relies on service jobs and information technology
Power
the ability to have one's will carried out despite the resistance of others
Power elite
(Conflict theory - proposed by Mills) concentrated societal power is composed of government, big business, and the military, which together constitute a ruling class that controls society and works for its own interests, not for the interests of the citizenry
Primary sector (of the economy)
part of the economy that takes and uses raw materials directly from the natural environment
Rational-legal authority
power based written rules (e.g., laws)
Representative democracies
people elect officials to represent them in legislative votes on matters affecting the population
Routinization of charisma
the transformation of charismatic authority into tradition authority or rational legal authority
Ruling class
(Conflict theory-proposed by Domhoff) is composed of the richest 0.5% to 1% of the population, who control more than half the nation's wealth, sit on the boards of directors just mentioned, and are members of the same social clubs and other voluntary organizations
Secondary sector (of the economy)
transforms raw materials into finished products and is essentially the manufacturing industry
Social democracies
Some nations combine elements of both capitalism and socialism and are called social democracies, while their combination of capitalism and socialism is called democratic socialism
Social institutions
the patterns of beliefs, behaviors and organized means by which a society meets its basic needs
Socialism
an economic system in which the means of production are publicly owned, it is not motivated by profit, and the government (or a central planning committee) sets prices
State
political unit within which power and authority reside
State terrorism
violence by a government that is meant to frighten and or repress its own citizens
Terrorism
use of unexpected violence to intimidate or coerce people in the pursuit of political or social objectives
Tertiary sector (of the economy)
part of the economy that provides services rather than products
Totalitarianism
political systems that include all the features of authoritarianism but are even more repressive as they try to regulate and control all aspects of citizens' lives and fortunes
Traditional authority
power that is rooted in traditional
Transnational terrorism
violence committed by the citizens of one nation against targets in another nation
Vigilante terrorism
violence committed by private citizens against other private citizens
Voter apathy
a lack of faith that voting makes any difference and that government can be helpful (often called political alienation)
War
when two or more factions engage in armed conflict
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