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Criminology test 2 Chapters 8 and 9

Terms in this set (25)

What notion do critical criminologists reject?
a. that law is an instrument of power wielded by those in control of society
b. that the crimes of the helpless are expressions of rage against an unfair system
c. that law is designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society
d. that crimes, such as burglary and robbery, are expressions of rage
that law is an instrument of power wielded by those in control of society
what do critical criminologists consider to be "real" crimes?
a. burglary and robbery
b. racism, sexism and genocide
c. murder and assault
d. theft and possession with intent to sell
racism, sexism, and genocide
What aspect of the economic trends during the early to mid 1800s helped to shape Karl Marx's view of capitalism?
a. the development of labor unions
b. workers making decent salaries
c. the humanization of workers by large companies
d. the development of workers as a dehumanized mass who lived an existence that was at the mercy of their capitalist employers
the development of workers as a dehumanized mass who lived an existence that was at the mercy of their capitalist employers
According to Marx, what is the most important relationship in industrial culture?
a. the relationship between the capitalist bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (those who do the work of production)
b. the relationship between productive forces (those who produce the goods) and the unproductive forces (those who consume the goods)
c. the relationship between government bourgeoisie (those who make production policy) and the capitalist proletariat (those who use production policy)
d. the relationship between the capitalist bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the government bourgeoisie (those who make production policy)
the relationship between the capitalist bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (those who do the work of production)
According to Marxist thought, what does "class" refer to?
a. the power to exploit others economically, legally, and socially
b. how wealth is distributed among members of society
c. the amount of prestige somebody has in society
d. the amount of wealth an individual has
the power to exploit other economically, legally, and socially
What is true of the dialectic method of analysis?
a. that there is one correct argument for every situation
b. that there must always be an opposing argument for every idea
c. that two opposing positions can both can be correct
d. that there can never be a merger between opposing ideas, due to societal constraints
that there must always be an opposing argument for every idea
What three distinguished scholar were influenced by the writings and teachings of Karl marx?
a. Freud, Pavlov, and Erikson
b. Binger, Rigers, and Skinner
c. Rogers, Maslow, and Wundt
d. Bonger, Dahrendorf, and Vold
Bonger, Dahrendorf, and Vold
What is the definition of crime, according to critical theorists?
a. the failure of society to adequately provide education to its citizens
b. a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor
c. an act that infringes upon the property of others (burglary, robbery)
d. an act that infringes on the life of another (murder, rape)
a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor
What did Alette Smeulers and Roelof Haveman believe should be given more attention by criminologists?
a. supernational criminology—the study of international crimes perpetrated by those who cross borders with the intent to perform harm to society
b. international criminology—the study of crime rates across different nations and their impact on the world economy as a whole
c. supranational criminology—the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which these crimes are tried
d. intranational criminology—the study of criminality within the confines of a nation's borders, and how it reflects upon the local society as a whole
supranational criminology - the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which these crimes are tried
What is more likely to cause harm to the middle class?
a. robbery, burglary, and other crimes committed by those who may consider themselves powerless
b. economic crimes perpetrated by the rich
c. laws protecting property and ownership
c. policy protecting the powerless from legal entanglements due to their economic status
economic crimes perpetrated by the rich
According to critical criminologists, what effect can surplus value have on society?
a. Due to the desire to increase surplus value, corporate owners may pay workers less, as well as have them work more, get replaced by machines, or become more efficient.
b. As the rate of surplus value increases, more people are able to find work, which benefits society.
c. Downsizing to increase profits puts more money into taxes, benefitting everyone.
d. Downsizing has been shown to increase the morale of remaining staff, which may increase productivity and benefit the employees.
Due to the desire to increase surplus value, corporate owners may pay workers less, as well as have them work more, get replaced by machines or become more efficient
What is marginalization?
a. the decrease in a company's margins
b. the increase in a company's margins
c. the failure of a company to adequately explain their margins
d. the displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream
the displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream
What do some critical theorists believe the motives of multinational corporations may be?
a. to create an altruistic opportunity for locals by providing jobs and increasing the standard of living in the area
b. to exploit natural resources, avoid regulation, and take advantage of desperate workers
c. to provide additional taxes to the area, increasing the ability of the local government to provide services to its citizens
d. to create a more stabilized and equitable global society for the benefit of all the world's citizens
to exploit natural resources, avoid regulation, and take advantage of desperate workers
What is the definition of state organized crime?
a. acts committed by members of organized crime across state borders
b. acts defined by state law as criminal, but not by federal law
c. acts committed by groups of individuals organized within a state
d. acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs
acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs
What is instrumental theory?
a. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are instrumental in preserving the capitalist system
b. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are instrumental in necessary change for the better for everyone
c. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are the instruments of the lower class, geared toward protecting them
d. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class
the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist's instruments for controlling the lower class
What is structural theory?
a. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class
b. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are a means of defending and preserving the capitalist system
c. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are instrumental in necessary change for the better
d. the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are the instruments of the lower class, geared toward protecting them
the view that criminlal law and the criminal justice system are a means of defending and preserving the capitalist system
What has research shown regarding the treatment of individuals in the criminal justice system?
a. Those of wealthy backgrounds are more likely to be punished.
b. Those of poor backgrounds are often treated more fairly due to their economic situation.
c. Those convicted of crime tend to receive stricter sentences if their personal characteristics show them to be members of "dangerous classes."
d. Those convicted of crime tend to receive less leniency if they are rich.
those convicted of crime tend to receive stricter sentences if their personal characteristics show them to be members of "dangerous classes"
what do mainstream criminologists believe critical theory rehashes?
a. trickledown economics
b. modern-day serfdom
c. taking from the rich and giving to the poor
d. absolute power corrupts absolutely
taking from the rich and giving to the poor
What is left realism?
a. a more realistic view of the justice system as one that favors white, middle-class criminals
b. an approach that says criminals steal from the rich and give to the poor
c. an approach that provides suspects of criminal activity access to fairer treatment by the criminal justice system
d. an approach that views crime as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism and that favors pragmatic, community-based crime prevention and control
an approach that views crim as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism and that favors pragmatic, community based crime prevention and control
According to critical feminism, what important area of study may help explain the gender gap in serious crime?
a. the role of masculinity
b. the role of estrogen in the production of hormonal imbalances
c. the role of femininity in disadvantaged neighborhoods
d. the role of women in policing and corrections
the role of masculinity
How do critical feminists explain the reasons for lower crime rates by women?
a. Women are constantly watched and expected to be on their best behavior.
b. Women are powerful and use that power to force others to commit high profile dangerous crimes, but in smaller numbers.
c. Women have better self-control.
d. Women are isolated in their families and have fewer opportunities to engage in elite deviance (white-collar and economic crimes).
women are isolated in their families and have fewer opportunities to engage in elite deviance (white collar and economic crimes)
What is John Hagan's power control theory?
a. Social standing (power), and the control it affords based on the level of that standing, helps explain criminal behavior.
b. The rates of delinquency are lower when a better police force (power) is there to help control the area.
c. Crime and delinquency rates are functions of class position (power) and family functions (control).
d. The power exuded by peers will in turn control the rate of criminality in adolescents.
Crime and delinquency rates are functions of class position and family functions
According to Hagen, which type of family unit is most likely to produce an equitable association between the criminal behavior of boys and girls?
a. paternalistic families
b. maternalistic families
c. egalitarian families
d. sibling-dominated families
egalitarian families
What does peacemaking criminology believe poverty to be?
a. a form of suffering, nearly a crime itself
b. a pure place from where people can learn to live simpler, less stressful lives
c. the primary reason for crime in any given area
d. a reason to increase peacemaking forces in an area
A form of suffering, nearly a crime itself
What is the primary belief of peacemaking criminology?
a. punitive crime control is the most effective approach
b. humanistic conflict resolution will increase the crime problem
c. punitive crime control is counterproductive
d. punitive crime control is the only answer
punitive crime control is counterproductive
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