Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Criminology Chapter 5 for test 2

Terms in this set (25)

Why would the statement "all children of criminals will commit crime" be outright rejected under positivism?
a. It is not based on direct, scientific observation.
b. It is too generalized to be of scientific value.
c. It holds a distinctly negative, absolute view.
d. It lacks "cause and effect."
It is not based on direct, scientific observation
Despite biological criminology having been discarded as an acceptable theory, why do sociobiologists still argue that biology plays a role in determining criminality?
a. The genetic makeup of an individual determines whether or not they will resort to crime.
b. Criminality can only occur if an individual has certain biological traits that encourage it.
c. Certain biological traits, when acted upon by environmental conditions, do encourage criminality.
d. A majority of criminals suffer shared biological defects that encourage criminality.
Certain biological traits, when acted upon by environmental conditions, do encourage criminality
The individual vulnerability model:
a. holds that no two people are alike in their reasons for criminality.
b. assumes that there is an indirect association between traits and crime.
c. holds that an individual can just as easily reject crime as resort to it, since crime is a choice.
d. assumes that some people, more than others, are vulnerable to crime from birth.
assumes that some people, more than others, are vulnerable to crime from birth
As trait theory has evolved out of sociobiology and biosocial theory, what aspect of it has remained essentially unchanged over time?
a. A single biological trait explains all criminality.
b. Environmental factors play no role in encouraging criminality.
c. All offenders share a single psychological attribute that encourages criminality.
d. Certain individuals have genetic traits that make them more susceptible to crime.
Certain individuals have genetic traits that make them more susceptible to crime
The idea that certain physical body builds influence criminality is based on what school of thought?
a. biosocial
b. predispose d
c. somatotype
d. inheritance
Somatotype
Which of the following would be considered a biochemical factor that could influence criminality in an individual?
a. a history of social deviance
b. a strong Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) department
c. high amounts of PCBs in drinking water
d. policies against chemical dumping
High amounts of PCBs in drinking water
Antisocial behavior from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) that leads to crime would be primarily considered a:
a. neurological factor.
b. genetic factor.
c. biochemical factor.
d. sociological factor.
neurological factor
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with arousal theory?
a. brain chemistry
b. heart rate
c. autonomic nervous system
d. diet
diet
which of the following is a strength of the view that genetic factors influence criminality?
a. It proves that the environment does not influence criminal behavior.
b. It explains why a small percentage of youths in high-crime areas become chronic offenders.
c. It shows that a poor upbringing directly contributes to criminal activity in later years.
d. It explains random acts of irrational violence in communities.
I explains why a small percentage of youths in high-crime areas become chronic offenders.
What do the biochemical, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share?
a. the hypothesis that crime is natural and predetermined due to biological differences
b. the notion that environmental factors cannot affect one's biological traits
c. the idea that biological traits negate or trump sociological differences
d. the belief that criminal behavior comprises both biological and sociological elements
the belief that criminal behavior comprises both biological and sociological elements
What is the fundamental basis for the direct genetic view of crime?
a. Some people become predisposed to crime due to the environment in which they live.
b. Environmental factors that impact biological traits are linked to criminality.
c. The degenerative impact of social economic inequality produces crime in families.
d. Hereditary traits such as genes in families are linked to criminality.
Hereditary traits such as genes in families are linked to criminality.
Deviant behavior in a child that arises from the influence of an antisocial sibling is known as:
a. reciprocal deviance.
b. arousal theory.
c. the contagion effect.
d. latent delinquency.
The contagion effect
Which of the following could serve to dispel evolutionary theory in explaining criminality?
a. scientists finding a shared hereditary gene among criminals that encourages criminality
b. a discovery of nominal links between environmental factors and criminality
c. a significant decrease over a generation in the offspring of criminals engaging in criminal activity
d. increasing crime rates among poorly educated people in depressed socioeconomic communities
a significant decrease over a generation in the offspring of criminals engaging in criminal activity
Under the attachment theory, in which case would a person be susceptible to criminal behavior later in life?
a. a child born in a single parent home to a doting mother
b. a child born to indifferent, non-caring parents
c. a child born and raised without siblings
d. a child born in an economically disadvantaged home
A child born to indifferent, non-caring parents
According to Freud's Model of the Personality Structure, the superego:
a. is the primitive part of an individual's mental makeup present at birth.
b. is the moral aspect of one's personality.
c. guides actions to remain within the boundaries of social convention.
d. represents unconscious biological drives for sex, food, and other necessities.
is the moral aspect of one's personality
How is psychodynamic theory related to crime?
a. Criminality arises from psychological disorders that are superficial at most.
b. Problems during early development cause imbalances in personality that lead to deviant behavior.
c. Negative social settings spur the development of criminal beliefs and attitudes during adolescence.
d. Individuals do not choose to pursue crime but are powerless when they are predisposed to it.
Problems during every development cause imbalance in personality that lead to deviant behavior
Due to behavior modeling, which of the following would play a primary role in encouraging an adolescent to engage in aggression?
a. growing up in a household where domestic violence between parents is frequent
b. attending an underfunded school that lags in education rates
c. being exposed to cultural benefits, such as museums and theater, from an early age
d. living in a generally safe environment where crime is kept to a minimum
growing up in a household where domestic violence between parents in frequent
Which of the following could conceivably serve to reduce crime, under social learning theory?
a. identifying mentally disturbed children and placing them in counseling
b. limiting exposure to harmful toxins for pregnant mothers
c. limiting graphic portrayals of violence in movies and video games
d. mandating that all youth undergo psychological testing
limiting graphic portrayals of violence in movies and video games
Which branch of cognitive theory is concerned with the way people utilize knowledge to make decisions and solve problems?
a. moral development
b. information processing
c. humanistic psychology
d. rote memorization
information processing
Which of the following individuals can be classified as having inadequate cognitive processing?
a. An individual who was supposed to take part in a bank heist, which had been planned for months, pulls out at the last minute over moral concerns.
b. An individual refrains from releasing a virus into company computers after being passed over for a major promotion.
c. An individual who lost a job two months ago decides to shoplift food from a grocery store in order to eat.
d. An individual perceives a personal joke as a major slight and takes revenge by physically assaulting the person who made the joke.
an individual perceives a personal joke as a major slight and takes revenge y physically assaulting the person who made the joke
what secondary purpose can test such as the Minnesota multiphasic personality Inventory and the multidimensional personality questionnaire serve?
a. They can help a school tailor an educational program to fit the needs of a troubled child.
b. They can be used to determine whether an individual warrants counseling to prevent criminality.
c. They can prevent an offender from being sentenced for a crime due to mental incompetence.
d. They can be administered to parents to assess whether they will have an antisocial child.
they can be used to determine whether an individual warrants counseling to prevent criminality
Which of the following behaviors is usually observed in those with an antisocial personality?
a. strategic planning in daily activities
b. a devotion to honesty and integrity
c. feelings of remorse and pity for others
d. reckless disregard for the safety of self or others
reckless disregard for the safety of self or others
According to nature theory, which of the following individuals would be most susceptible to crime?
a. a person of below-average intelligence
b. an individual prone to angry outbursts
c. a person afflicted with ADHD
d. an individual lacking employment
a person of below-average intelligence
In which of the following cases would primary prevention counseling be used to prevent future criminality?
a. a young adult recently charged with drug possession is offered rehabilitation
b. an ex-offender needs additional help following prison release in coping with addiction problems
c. a young student is increasingly skipping class ever since the student's parents divorced
d. an adult is ordered by a court to attend anger-management classes as part of probation
a young student is increasingly skipping class ever since the student's parents divorced
A young adult who has received two Driving While Intoxicated misdemeanors in three months is ordered by the court to take part in a drinking and driving program as part of a probationary sentence. This program is intended to reduce recidivism. This is an example of an:
a. tertiary prevention program.
b. subsequent prevention program.
c. primary prevention program.
d. secondary prevention program.
Tertiary prevention program
Other sets by this creator