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Practical 4

Terms in this set (129)

Perikaryon (or cell body)
Found in CNS in clusters called nuclei. They can be found in PNS in ganglia
axon hillock
Part just distal to neuron body (site where APS are generated)
nucleus with nucleolus
House DNA and makes ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Detoxifies, stores ca t and produce lipids
Nissl bodies (rough ER)
(Rough endoplasmic reticulum) synthesize proteins
(Presynaptic) Axonal terminal
Distal part of axon just before synapse where neurotransmitters are stored
Axon
Generate and conduct nerve impulses
nucleus of schwann cell
Produce myelin in PNS (forming myelin sheaths)
Nuerolemma
Peripheral part of Schwann cell where it's nucleus, etc, are pushed out
Node of Ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheath along axon
Mitochondrion
Synthesize ATP
myelin sheath
Fatty protein covering most long neuron fibers (myelinated fibers)
Endoneurium
Protective covering around the axon
Dendrite
Receptor regions of neuron
Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes to break down food particles
Neurofibrils
The cytoskeleton of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Mediates transport of exogenous molecules
Dendrite basic structure
Highly branched with each branch bearing fine processes
Cell body basic structure
Contains nucleus and specialized organelles
Axon basic structure
Long cytoplasmic process that extends away from the cell body
nervous tissue
white matter
myelinated axons
gray matter
unmyelinated axons
ventral horn
Contain cell bodies of motor neurons
dorsal horn
Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
lateral horn
Located only in thoracic and lumbar. Contains visceral motor nuclei
Gray commissure with central canal
central canal circulates CSF and the gray commissure connects the 2 sides of the spinal cord
dorsal root (sensory)
Sensory neurons
dorsal root ganglion
Contain a collection of sensory neuron cell bodies
ventral root (motor)
Motor neurons
denticulate ligament
prevent lateral movement of spinal cord
Arachnoid layer
middle layer of the meninges
dura mater
Outer most covering of spinal cord / protection
pia mater
Inner most layer, contains nerves and blood vessels
spinal nerve
Contains the axons of sensory and motor neurons
Brainstem
Responsible for heart rate and blood pressure, respiratory rate and reflexes
Diencephalon
Deep to cortex. Responsible for hormone production such as GH, LH, FSH, etc
cerbrum
Outer most part of the brain. Squiggly. higher brain functions such as sight, emotion, memory etc
Cerebellum
Responsible for motor functions such as balance, posture and coordination of movement
medulla oblongata
Controls involuntary functions such as regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate
Pons
Relays messages to the cerebrum and cerebellum
longitudinal fissure
Between right and left cerebral hemispheres
gyrus
Ridges of brain tissue in cerebral hemispheres
Sulcus
grooves between the gyri
corpus callosum
Band of commissural neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres
Midbrain
responsible for vision, hearing, temperature regulation
Hypothalamus
Controls the base autonomic functions of life such as thirst, hunger, temperature regulation etc
pituitary gland
Controls a wide variety of hormones in the body
pyramids of medulla
ventrally located columns containing descending motor neurons
Thalamus
Regulates consciousness and sleep
lateral ventricles of brain
ventricles found in each cerebral hemisphere
third ventricle of brain
Most central brain ventricle, ventral to the lateral ventricle, with the mesencephalic duct found inside it
fourth ventricle of brain
The choroid plexus is located within this brain ventricle, found regionally under the cerebellum
gray matter
unmyelinated axons
white matter
myelinated axons
I. Olfactory
sensory, smell
II. Optic nerve
Sensory: vision
III. oculomotor
Motor to eye muscles
IV Trochlear
Motor to eye muscles
V Trigeminal
Sensory to face for pain , touch, and temp.
Motor - involved in mastication
VI Abducens
Motor to eye muscles
VII Facial
Motor to face for facial expression and stimulation of salivary gland lacrimal glands; sensory - taste buds
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Sensory: hearing and balance
IX Glossopharyngeal
Motor: control swallowing using muscles in the pharynx
Sensory: carries impulses from chemoreceptors and pressure receptors of carotid
( monitors blood pressure, levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood )
X Vagus
Sensory : monitors blood pressure and O2 and Co2 levels, sensation from organs in thorax and abdomen;
Motor: slows heart rate and contraction of smooth muscle of GI tract
XI Accessory Nerve ( spinal accessory)
Motor to trapezius , soft palate, pharynx ,larynx for swallowing and moving of head
XII Hypoglossal
Motor to tongue for swallowing and speech
Pinna (auricle)
Outer most part of ear
external auditory canal
The tube
ceruminous glands
secrete cerumen (ear wax)
tympanic membrane
Separates external ear from middle ear; aka ear drum
middle ear
Chamber between tympanic membrane and inner ear ; contains ossicles
tympanic antrum
houses ossicles, connects to mastoid of temporal
Eustachian tube
Connects middle ear to nasopharynx
auditory ossicles
The bones of the middle ear
malleus, incus, stapes
malleus
Transmits vibrations from tympanic membrane to Incus to facilitate hearing
Incus
a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.
stapes
Pushes the membrane of the oval window, building pressure waves in the cochlea
oval window
Stapes articulates here to send vibrations into inner ear
round window
located just below the oval window; equalize pressure in the inner ear
inner ear
Composed of a membrane filled bony labyrinth
semicurcular canals
Fluid filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance.
cochlea
Snail shaped bony cavity that contains the mechanism of hearing
scala vestibuli
Upper part of cochlear duct
scala tympani
Lower part of cochlear duct
cochlear duct
Spiral membrane that fills cochlea
Has two levels
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani
spiral organ (organ of corti)
Contiguous with cochlear duct
Contains receptors for hearing (CN, VIII)
tectorial membrane
Part of SOC
Sclera
white part of the eye
Supports the eye
Cornea
Most anterior, clear part of eye, protective
choroid
Darkly pigmented, highly vascular layer that nourishes eye and prevents light scattering
ciliary body
Composed of : Ora serrata and ciliary process
ciliary processes
secrete aqueous humor
Ciliary muscles (eye)
Contract to thicken the lens, relax to thin the lens
Iris
Pigmented smooth muscle that dilated and constricts to control amount of light entering
pupil
Hole in iris that allows light to enter the eye
Retina
Double layered membrane that contains rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve impulses, this is how you see
central fovea
A small depression in the macula lutea, produce sharpest image
macula lutea
Yellowish area of high cone density (color vision) on retina
optic disc (blind spot)
Spot there optic nerve leaves eye ; no rods or cones in this part of retina , creating a blind spot
optic nerve
Bundle of fibers connecting the retina to the brain
Lens
Changes thickness to focus light on retina
anterior segment
contains aqueous humor
aqueous humor
Liquid in anterior segment , keeps eye lubricated
posterior segment
filled with vitreous humor
vitreous humor
Gel like fluid filling posterior chamber, supports shape of eye.
superior rectus muscle
Elevates the eyes (upward movement of the eyes)
inferior rectus muscle
Depresses the eyes (downward movement of the eyes)
medial rectus muscle
Turns the eyes inward towards the nose
lateral rectus muscle
Turns the eyes outward away from the nose
superior oblique muscle
depresses eye and turns it laterally
inferior oblique muscle
elevates eye and turns it laterally
In resting state the plasma membrane of a neuron is:
polarized
Signals are passed through the nervous system:
electrically and chemically
the wave of depolarization that is propagated down an axon is known as the
action potential
A signal moves through the parts of a single neuron in what order?
dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
Which type of cells phagocytize debris in the central nervous sytem
Microglia
The innermost layer of the meninges of the spinal cord is the
pia mater
Dorsal roots carry what signals
Sensory signals into the spinal cord
ventral roots carry
Motor signals out of the spinal cord
Which spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus
C5-C8
nervous system functions
Coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles and internal organs
Received and processed sensory info from the environment
Controls blood vessel dilation and gland secretion
nervous tissue location
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral nervous system function
Included special sense organs (eyes, ears, structures in the nose area, and the tongue)
Transmit stimuli that the brain interprets as smell (olfaction), taste (Gustation), sight (vision), and hearing and balance
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord
nervous tissue
Two major cell types
Neuralgia and neurons
Neuroglia
cells that support and protect neurons
Neurons
Receive stimuli and conduct impulses
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