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exam 4

Terms in this set (319)

what is the primary site of chemical digestion and absorption
small intestines
what is the function of the small intestines
absorption
the small intestines extend from the ___ sphincter to the ____ sphincter
pyloric; ileocecal
how many regions are in the small intestine
3
what are the 3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
how large is the duodenum
10 inches
how large is the jejunum
7 1/2 feet
how large is the ileum
10 feet
what are circular folds
permanent ridges in mucosa/submucosa
what functions to slow down chyme
circular folds
what increases small intestine surface area
circular folds
the mucosal layer of small intestine contains
villi
each villi contains
lacteal and capillaries
what are invaginations
intestinal glands
the submucosal layer of small intestines contains
duodenal gland secretions and MALT tissue
duodenal gland secretions function to
begin neutralization of chyme
what are the cell types of the small intestine
absorptive, goblet, enteroendocrine
absorptive cells are
enterocytes
absorptive cells contain ______ that allow for absorption
circular folds
circular folds fold into
microvilli
what completes digestion within cells
brush border enzymes
goblet cells secrete
mucus
enteroendocrine cells secrete
GIP and secretine
intestinal mobility uses
segmentation, peristalsis, austral churning/mass peristalsis
segmentation is
circular smooth muscles contractions
peristalsis is
alternating circular and longitudinal smooth muscle contractions
austral churning and mass peristalsis
mix and propel contents
mass peristalsis is the
transverse colon
what is the function of accessory organs
all put secretion in duodenum
what chyme
churned food
accessory organs allows chyme from stomach to be
emptied into duodenum
what sends secretions to the duodenum
liver, gall bladder, pancreas
where do secretions enter in the duodenum
major duodenal papilla
what does the liver contain
bile
what does the gall bladder contain
stored bile
what does the pancreas contain
enzymes
the pancreas is located
retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach
the pancreas contains ___ endocrine and ____ exocrine
1%; 99%
pancreatic endocrine cells are
islets
pancreatic exocrine cells are
acini
what functions for starch digestion
pancreatic amylase
what functions for protein digestion
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
what functions for fat digestion
pancreatic lipase
what functions for nucleic acid digestion
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
duct cells release
bicarbonate ions
what is the function of bicarbonate ions
make pancreatic juice alkaline (buffer chyme)
how many liters of pancreatic juice are secreted in a day
2L
what is the first step in secretion of juices
duodenal cells release secretin and cholecystokinin into blood
what is the second step in secretion of juices
CCK binds to receptors on acing cells and secretin binds duct cells
what is the third step in secretion of juices
binding triggers secretions of enzymes and bicarbonate ions from pancreas -> duodenum
what is the largest internal organ
liver
the liver is the __ largest organ in the body
second
the liver contains ___ lobes
4
the ___ lobes of the liver are large
left and right
the liver functions to
produce bile, and metabolize and detox
bile ___ things
emulsifies
the gall bladder functions to
receive, store, and release bile
the gall bladder uses ___ stimulation
hormonal
the liver is made up of
hepatocytes
hepatocytes are arranged in
lobules
lobules are centered around the
central vein
what drains blood from lobules to the hepatic vein
centrail vein
bile leaves lobules through
bile canaliculi and bile ducts
the portal triad is located between
lobules
what is essential to liver blood supply
portal triad
each triad contains __ tubes
3
what are the 3 tubes of the portal triad
bile duct, hepatic arteriole, hepatic portal venule
the bile duct
drains bile
hepatic arterioles function to
move O2 Ruch blood from systemic circulation
what brings in O2 to liver
hepatic arterioles
hepatic portal venues function to move
nutrient rich, o2 poor blood from small intestine
all blood drains into the ___ and then the
hepatic sinusoid; central vein
what propels chyme through tract
peristaltic contractionsq
what are digested into monosaccharides
carbs
glucose and galactose are
monosaccharides
proteins are digested into
amino acids
lipids are digested into
fatty acid chains and monoglycerides
the mouth digests what parts of carbs
polysaccharides-> salivary amylase -> oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
the small intestines digest what portion of carbs
pancreatic amylase-> small oligosaccharides -> brush border enzymes -> monosaccharides
the mouth digests what portion of proteins and lipids
nothing
the stomach digests what portion of proteins
pepsin (polypeptides)
the stomach digests what portion of lipids
gastric lipase -> smaller lipid globules and diglycerides
small intestines digest what portion of proteins
pancreatic enzymes-> small peptides and polypeptides -> brush border enzymes -> amino acids
small intestines digest what portion of lipids
bile and micelles -> pancreatic lipase-> free fatty acids and monoglycerides
in absorption into blood, this includes what molecules
monosaccharides, amino acids, short chain fatty acids
what is the prime mover in absorption
NA+/glucose cotransporter
in absorption into lacteals, this occurs in what molecules
lipids
what are reformed triglycerides
chylomicrons
chylomicrons are associated with
everything that must be packaged up ( ex: fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol)
exocytosis occurs in what process
absorption into lacteals
what is the first step of absorption into blood capillaries
polysaccharides are broken into oligo-/disaccharides in reactions catalyzed by pancreatic amylase
what is the second step of absorption into blood capillaries
brush border enzymes catalyze breakdown of di. -> monosaccharides
what is the third step of absorption into blood capillaries
NA+/K+ pump creates gradient for NA+ absorption from fluid -> lumen
what is the fourth step of absorption into blood capillaries
gradient drives secondary active transport of glucose and galactose via NA+/glucose cotransporter
what is the fifth step of absorption into blood capillaries
fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion
what is the six step of absorption into blood capillaries
3 monosaccharides cross basal side of enterocyte membrane
what is the first step of absorption into lacteals
micelles escort lipids to enterocyte plasma membrane
what is the second step of absorption into lacteals
lipids diffuse through phospholipid bilayer and enter cytosol
what is the third step of absorption into lacteals
lipids are reassembled into triglycerides; packaged into chylomicrons
what is the fourth step of absorption into lacteals
chylomicrons are released into interstitial fluid by exocytosis and then enter lacteal
what is the function of the urinary system
non stop filtration of blood, produce hormones, regulate blood chemistry, aid in regulating blood glucose levels, and excrete waste and foreign substances
the urinary system filters _____L of blood daily
180-200
what hormone is produced by the kidneys
erythropoietin
what is the main function of the urinary system
non stop filtration of blood
in regulating blood chemistry, what components are the kidneys regulating specifically
ionic composition, pH, volume, pressure, osmolarity
the kidneys are located
retroperitoneal in abdominopelvic cavity
the kidneys are partially protected by
11th and 12th ribs
the medial border of kidneys are
concave
what is the location of the renal hilus
it meets where the medial border is concave
the renal hilus functions to be the
attachment site for vessels and entry/exit site for CVS vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
what makes up the kidneys
renal cortex and renal pyramids
what is the point of the renal medulla called
renal papilla
where are nephrons located
renal pyranmids
what is the pathway of the kidneys
papillary ducts -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter
what drains from nephrons
urine
where is urine filtered
pyramids
what is a portal
a blood vessel system with capillaries at both ends
the kidneys receive ___% of resting cardiac output
20-25
each kidney receives _____ blood through what structure
o2 rich; renal artery
where does blood exit in the kidneys
renal vein
in the renal portal system, where is blood filtered
through 2 capillary beds
what are the 2 capillary beds
glomerular and peritubular
what is the actual site of filtration in kidneys
glomerular capillary bed
what is the functional unit of kidneys
nephrons
do nephrons regenerate
no
what are the parts of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the renal corpuscle contains
glomerular capsule and glomerulus
the renal corpuscle has ___ layer and ___ layer
visceral; parietal
the visceral layer of renal corpuscle functions to
cover capillaries using podocytes
what are layers of cells that surround the glomerulus
podocytes
the parietal layer of renal corpuscle functions to
form outer capsule wall and allow filtered fluid from blood to enter capsular space
the renal tubule has three parts:
proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule
the proximal tubule is closer to
the renal corpuscle
the nephron loop has three regions:
descending (thin), ascending (thick), and limb
the distal tubule is located at the
end of nephron
what type of nephrons make up 80% of all nephrons
corticol
cortisol nephrons are located in the glomerulus in
outer cortex
cortisol nephrons have a __ loop
short
juxtomedulary nephrons make up ___% of nephrons
20
juxtomedullary nephrons are located where
in glomerulus in inner cortex
juxtomedullary nephrons have a __ loop
long
the last segment of the kidney nephron where glucose is reabsorbed is the
proximal tubule
juxtamedullary nephrons allow what excretions
very dilute or concentrated urine
Juxtamedullary nephrons can conserve water effectively by producing concentrated urine. The system that increases the concentration of solutes and ions within the interstitial environment in a medullary osmotic gradient is called:
countercurrent multiplier
what is the correct flow of blood through the liver to inferior vena cava
hepatic artery > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
the primary hormone that triggers the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which of the following is not a barrier of glomerular filtration?
glomerular peritubular cavities
what is the function of the large intestine
complete absorption of water, fluid homeostasis, produce vitamins, form/expel feces,
the large intestine extends from the ___ to the
ileocecal sphincter; anus
what are the regions of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
what are the four subdivisions of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
what is the histology of the large intestines
mucosa, muscularis
the mucosa of large intestine contains what cells
goblet cells and absorptive cells
do the mucosa of the large intestines contain circular folds
no
what are taeniae cae
3 narrow bands around the colon
what are haustra contractions
contractions of taeniae that forms pouches
the defecation reflex is stimulated by
stretch receptors
where are stretch receptors located
sigmoid colon
how is feces eliminated
by voluntary contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles
what allows for elimination
relaxation of external anal sphincter
what is feces made up of
60% bacteria (and their products), water, mixture of indigestible food, epithelia, salts
what is filtration based on
size
filtration removes ___% of plasma from glomerular capillaries
20
resorption includes __% of water and other useful solutes
99
resorption returns ___ blood ___ filtrate
to; from
secretion allows additional waste products removed ___ blood ___ filtrate
from; to
the filtration membrane permits filtration of
water and other solutes
filtration membrane prevents filtration of
plasma proteins, blood cells, platelets
what are the 3 Barriers in the filtration membrane
glomerular endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, filtration slits between podocytes
glomerular endothelial cells contain
big leaky pores
glomerular basement membrane contains
collagen fibers
filtration slits between podocytes only let ___nm out
7
nephrons have a ___ surface area
large
the filtration membrane forces_____ with ___
fluid/solute; pressure
what is hydrostatic pressure
force exerted on arterial/venule wall
what is colloid/osmotic pressure
it makes osmotic gradient
pressure ___ filtration must ____ pressures not ___ filtration
favoring; exceed; favoring
filtration is ____ on what
dependent; pressure
GHP _ CHP _ GCOP = 10 mmHg
-, -,
GHP ___ arterial pressure
favors
what promotes filtration
bigger pressure
what opposes filtration
GCOP, CHP
what is net filtration pressure
sum of GHP-CHP-GCOP
NFP is adjusted by
changing blood flow and glomerular capillary surface area
what is GFR
amount of filtration formed per minuteq
kidneys have ____ per minute filtration rate
125mL
what are the three mechanisms that control GFR
auto regulation, neural control, hormone regulation
auto regulation includes what processes
myogenic mechanisms, tubuloglomerular feedback/maccla dens
tubuloglomerular feedback is the
negative feedback loop that response to increases in sodium
what keeps good blood pressure
auto regulation, neural control, and hormonal regulation
what is the function of tubular absorption
it returns most filtered water/solutes to the bloodstream
what is the process of active transport
it goes through cell into capillary
what is the process of passive transport
it squeezes between tight junctions
what is secretion
removal of substances
substances are moved from blood to ___ via ___ transport
tubular fluid, active
what is transported through secretion
urea, ammonia, hydrogen ions
what is another name for active transport
transcellular route
active transport uses primary moves for _ substance(s) and it is _ ATP use
1; direct
secondary moves in active transport uses
symporters and antiporters
symporters are used in
moving in the same direction
antiporters are used in
moving in different directions
what is a transport maximum
pump becomes saturated at all binding sites and can no longer work
what is the function of the proximal tubule
reabsorption of na+ which increases reabsorption of add. molecules
what fuels reabsorption
sodium
what is the most active segment of renal tubule
proximal tubule
which ion causes the concentration gradient to allow ions in
majority NA+
the Na+/K+ pump allows for reabsorption of what ions
glucose, amino acids, HCO3, H2O, NA+, K+, CL-, Ca++, and Mg++
during passive reabsorption in the proximal tubule, reabsorption of NA+ creates what
osmotic gradient between tubular fluid and blood
passive reabsorption occurs in the
second half of proximal tubule
osmosis occurs in what route
paracellular
what are the transport proteins for h2o
aquaporins
the antidiuretic hormone functions to stimulate cells to begin what process
introducing/forming protein channels that allow for increased h2o conservation/reabsorption
more ___ increases concentration gradient for other ions
h2o
the majority of na+ reabsorption occurs through leaky channels or it may be reabsorbed through
sodium-glucose symporters in the proximal tubules
the descending portion of the loop of henle allows only
h2o
the ascending portion of the loop of henle allows only
na+ and cl-
the descending portion of the loop of henle is impermeable to
ions
the ascending portion of the loop of henle is impermeable to
h2o
little to no h2o is reabsorped in the ___ loop
ascending
which loop contains the sodium-chloride symporter
ascending
at the distal tubule the rate of filtration has __
slowed
at the early distal tubule, ___ is secreted, while __ and ___ are reabsorbed
K+; NA+, CL-
in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, the facultative water reabsorption is ___-regulated
hormone
what hormones are involved in facultative water reabsorption
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA), ADH, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
RAA increases what by increased water reabsorption
blood volume and pressure
RAA indirectly increases h2o by
increasing NA+, K+ pump (specifically NA+)
ADH does what
conserves water
how does ADH conserve water
it creates aquaporins that allow for water reabsorption
ANP has what effect on h2o and electrolytes
decreases
what hormone triggers the urinary excretion of sodium
ANP
what is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
water, glucose, sodium
during regulation of urine, the last step is __
facultative reabsorption
rate of water loss in urine is dependent upon
ADH and its control of cells in collecting duct
in what type of urine is ADH not secreted
diluted
in diluted urine, aquaporins are
not inserted in DT cells
in what type of urine is water excreted
dilute
water loss causes filtrate to become more
concentrated
the absence of ADH makes cells _____ to water which results in dilution
impermeable
in what type of urine is ADH secreted
concentrated
in concentrated urine, solute concentration
increases
where is the medullary osmotic gradient used
juxtomedullary nephrons
what nephrons allow for concentrated urine
juxtomedullary nephrons
if ADH is present, water is drawn back to ___ through osmosis
interstitial fluid
normal urine has a volume of ___ per day and a pH that is almost always ___
1-2L, acidic (4.6-8)
the normal color of urine is ____, and the turbidity is _
yellow->amber; transparent
what is specific gravity
amount of solute in solution compared to h2o
renal clearance refers to the
blood urea nitrogen test
the BUN test screens for
effectiveness of kidneys at removing a substance from plasma
higher renal clearance =
higher level of substance in urine
renal clearance gives an what of what
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
ureters function to
connect renal pelvis of kidney -> bladder
what functions as a transport tube
ureter
ureter drainage occurs via
peristalsis and gravity
bladder is a __ organ
distortable
the bladder contains what kind of epithelium
transitional
the base of the bladder is called
trigone
the trigone contains the
urethra
the internal urethral sphincter contains
smooth muscle
the external urethral sphincter contains
skeletal muscle
the micturition reflex is stimulated through
increases in bladder volume
what stimulates the micturition reflex
stretch receptros
stretch receptors send impulses through a _____, which then allows which muscles to contract and relax
reflex arc; detrusor muscles contract while internal urethral sphincter relaxes
what is the full volume of the bladder
200-400 mL
voluntary control of micturition requires
relaxation of external urethral sphincter
the urethra functions to
drain bladder to exterior
the female urethra is a passage for
urine
the male urethra is a passage for
ejaculation duct and urine
the male urethra receives substances from where
accessory glands
the female urethra is ___cm
4
what is gluconeogenesis
formation of new glucose from non-carb source
what is glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose
what stimulates glycogenesis
insulin
what stimulates glyconeogenesis
cortisol, glucagon
what is the preferred fuel for nervous system
glucose
what percent of energy is harnessed, and what percent is lost to ehat
40%; 60%
where is potential energy stored
chemical bonds
when atp is needed in fatty/amino acid anabolism, what occurs
lipolysis
when lipids are stored/synthesized, what occurs
lipogenesis
what is stimulated by insulin in the fatty/amino acid anabolism
lipogenesis
excess lipids are stored as
adipocytes or glycogen
protein synthesis is ___ determinde
genetically
the absorptive state begins
immediately after meal, 12 hrs per day
during the absorptive state, ingested nutrients enter the __ through
blood/lymph, intestinal enterocytes
during the post absorptive state, normal blood glucose
must be maintained
what is the normal blood glucose level
80-100 mg/dL of blood
what increases glycogenolysis
glucagon
what is glycogenolysis
glucagon breaks down glycogen
energy needs must be met by ___ in the post absorptive state
stored nutrients
you enter what state 4 hrs after eating
post absorptive
metabolic rate is the overall
amount of energy expended to meet energy demands
BMR =
at rest
what alters metabolic rate
activities, temp, eating, hormones
what are calories vs caloromiter
calories- measured heat required to raise temp
calorimeter- direct metabolic rate measure
what is a spirometer
indirect metabolic rate measurement through o2 respiration
what is heat
kinetic energy measured by temperature that is expressed in caloric units
core temp is maintained when
heat production = heat loss
heat is maintained by what kind of loop
negative feedback loop
nutrients are
chemicals needed for growth, maintenance, and repair
macronutrients provide
caloric energy and structural molecules
what are macros
proteins lipids carbs
micros do not provide
caloric energy
micros are used for
enzymes/ reaction catalysts
vitamins are __, and have 2 types:
organic; fat-soluble, water-soluble
fat soluble vitamins are
stored
water soluble vitamins are
excreted
minerals are ___, and are needed n ___ amounts
inorganic, small
water is needed for
metabolic reactions
fiber is needed for
GI tract mobility
fiber can be both
insoluble and soluble
cholesterol is the
precursor for steroid hormones
cholesterol is transported In the blood through
lipoproteins
what are the 2 sources of lipids
consumed in food (15%) and produced by liver
VLDL delivers
triglycerides to tissue
LDL delivers
cholesterol to tissue
HDL does what
removes cholesterol and moves it to liver for excretion in bile
normal total cholesterol is below
200 mg/dl
bad cholesterol has LDLs under
130 mg/dl
good cholesterol has HDLs above
40 mg/dl
what is a side effect of high LDLVLDL
arteriosclerosis
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