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Ch 27

Terms in this set (56)

A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change
List 3 types of electrolytes
acid, base, salt
Which of the following is true of electrolytes?
they are ionic compounds
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
In what body fluid compartment is there normally a high concentration of potassium?
the intracellular fluid (ICF)
Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids?
aldosterone
Fluid gains and losses are major factors that determine fluid balance in the ECF. Approximately 2500 mL of water is added daily to the ECF through epithelia absorption and metabolic generation. Approximately 1200 mL of water is lost from the ECF through urine. What other regular method of water loss accounts for a similarly large movement of water from the ECF?
water vapor from the skin and lungs
Which hormone is released from the pituitary in an effort to promote water retention at the kidneys?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3 −− = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Submit
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 −− and excrete H+
What values are used to diagnose an acid-base disorder from an arterial blood gas sample?
Pco2 , HCO3 - levelsPo2 , Po2
You interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.34 with a Pco2 of 57 mm Hg and a normal HCO3 -. What is that patient's most likely diagnosis?
Acute respiratory acidosis
You are interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.46 with a Pco2 of 33 mm of Hg and a low HCO3 -. What is the patient's most likely diagnosis?
Chronic respiratory alkalosis
Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of ______
potassium, phosphate, magnesium.

ex: cytosol

** most fluid is intracellular
extracellular fluid has high concentrations of ____
sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate

ex: plasma, lymph, interstitial fluid
3 types of fluids
intracellular fluids (ICF)
interstitial fluids (ECF)
plasma (ECF)
Example of active transport
sodium-potassium pump (Na/K pump)
Example of facilitated transport
channels
3 ways we intake fluid
beverages, food, metabolism
4 ways we excrete fluid
urine, losses via skin and lungs, sweat, feces
Define plasma osmolarity
ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma
Which of the following accurately describes the role of aldosterone in fluid and electrolyte balance?
Aldosterone is secreted in response to an increasing K+ or decreasing Na+ level in the blood.
Which is the most abundant cation in the ECF?
Sodium
Why is there a difference in the ICF percentages in males versus females?
Greater water content of muscle tissue versus adipose tissue
What are principal ions in the extracellular compartments?
Sodium, bicarbonate, chloride
Osmosis allows water to freely cross plasma membranes except in the _____
ascending limb of the nephron loop
Which component makes up the largest portion of the solid components in the body?
proteins
The concentrations of the cations and anions in the ICF and ECF are measured in terms of milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). mEq/L represents the _________________.
total number of positive and negative electrical charges in a liter of solution
Which of the following hormones causes the conservation of sodium in the kidneys?
Aldosterone
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the __________.
extracellular fluid
Electrolyte balance requires matching the gain of electrolytes from your diet with the loss of electrolytes. How does your body remove electrolytes?
sweating, urine production, defacation
Which is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
potassium
what are principal ions in the intracellular compartment?
phosphate, potassium, magnesium
Water, by far, is the biggest component of our body fluids. What is the second-largest component of our body fluids?
electrolytes
Fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained by receptors that directly measure _________.
overall osmotic concentration
When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment, you are in ______
fluid balance
Renin is released in response to ......
a decrease in Na+ concentration in the renal circulation

a decrease in the osmotic concentration of tubular fluid at the DCT

a decrease in plasma volume of blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular complex of the nephron
the p in pH refers to
power
List solid components of the human body by weight from greatest to smallest
proteins > lipids > minerals > carbohydrates
Important homeostatic adjustments occur in response to changes in __________.
plasma volume and osmolarity
Fluid and electrolyte balance is maintained by receptors that directly measure _____
overall osmotic concentration
List three ECF
plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph
All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the _________
extracellular fluid
What is a basic principle in understanding fluid and electrolyte balance?
The body's content of water or elctrolytes will increase if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment.
What are hormones that mediate adjustments to fluid balance and electrolyte balance?
ADH, aldosterone, BNP
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