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AP Psych - Confusing Pairs

Terms in this set (138)

Bottom-up processing
individual elements to whole
Top-down processing
whole to the parts
Agontist
chemicals that mimic the actions of neurotransmitter
Antagonist
chemicals that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter
Foot-in-the-door
start small then go big- $5 get $100
Door-in-the-face
start big to get small- want skateboard ask for car
Random Assignment
each participant has equal chance of being placed into any group
Random Sample
process of choosing participants from the population & happens before assignment
Applied Research
clear, practical use
Basic Research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Quantitative data
deals with numbers- height, weight, time
Qualitative data
deals with descriptions- color, smell, taste
Self-Serving Bias
tendency to overstate one's role in a positive venture & underestimate in a failure
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
explains how people's ideas about others can shape the behavior of those others
Collectivist Cultures
Japan- family, company stressed
Individualistic Cultures
USA- uniqueness of individual stressed
Descriptive Statistics
describe as set of data- central tendency: mean, mode, median
Inferential Statistics
is to determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected: cause and effect.
Syntax
grammar
Semantics
meaning
Anterograde Amnesia
can't remember new stuff​ after head injury
Retrograde Amnesia
can't remember stuff before head injury
Systematic Desensitization
exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Flooding
immediately expose patient to worst fears
Absolute Threshold
level needed to detect a stimulus 50% of time
Just-noticeable-difference(JND)
perceive change in stimulus level (ex: music level)
Construct Validity
test measures a particular hypothetical concept- creativity, IQ, extraversion
Content Validity
content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover, such as the unit
Independent Variable
what is tested
Dependent Variable
what is measured
Experimental Group
group that is tested
Control Group
compared to the experimental, receives the placebo in a drug experiment
Left Brain
language and logic
Right Brain
creative and spatial
Corpus Callosum
divides the brain
Cerebral Cortex
covers the brain
Sympathetic Nervous System
"fight or flight"
Parasympathetic
"rest and digest"
Neurotransmitters
in the nervous system, faster message chemicals
Hormones
in the endocrine system, slower message chemicals
Lateral Hypothalamus
stimulates hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
suppresses hunger
Broca's Area
makes words
Wernicke's Area
comprehends words
Identical Twins
same fertilized egg
Fraternal Twins
two separate eggs
Afferent neurons
sensory, body to brain
Efferent neurons
motor, brain to body
Assimilation
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema (ex: all 4-legged animals are "doggies")
Accommodation
adapting current understandings to incorporate new info (ex: "dogs" are different than "cats")
Concrete Operations
logical thinking
Formal Operations
philosophical thinking
Sensation
bottom-up processing
Perception
top-down processing
Rods
black, grey white, night and peripheral vision
Cones
color vision and fine detail
Classical Conditioning
involuntary, link two or more stimuli for learning
Operant Conditioning
voluntary, learned behaviors if followed by reinforcement or punishment
Primacy Effect
first items remembered
Recency Effect
last items remembered
Proactive Interference
loss of the new info
Retroactive Interference
loss of the old info
Implicit Memory
non-declarative; skills
Explicit Memory
declarative, facts
Recall Memory
no cues
Recognition Memory
some hints
Algorithms
step-by-step
Heuristics
rule-of-thumb
Representative Heuristics
stereotypes
Availability Heuristics
based on available info
Phonemes
basic sound units
Morphemes
basic units of meaning
Fluid Intelligence
processing speed
Crystallized Intelligence
acquired knowledge
Validity
test measures what it should
Reliability
same scores on a retest
Achievement Test
what you've learned
Aptitude Test
potential
Intrinsic Motivation
for personal satisfaction
Extrinsic Motivation
for rewards
Internal Locus of Control
you control the environment
External Locus of Control
environment controls you
Type A Personality
high stress (higher risk to heart disease)
Type B Personality
low stress
Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity to constant stimulation (ex: not feeling watch on wrist)
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure (ex: not hearing airplanes in military)
Delta Waves
large, slow brain waves - deep sleep
Alpha Waves
slow brain waves - relaxed, awake state
Manifest Content
symbolic, remembered story of a dream
Latent Content
underlying meaning of a dream
Reinforcement
event that strengthens the behavior that it follows
Punishment
event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Positive Reinforcement
increases behaviors by adding positive reinforcers (ex: money, candy)
Negative Reinforcement
increases behaviors by removing aversive stimuli (removal of beep for seat belt)
Ratio Schedule
number amount (ex: every 5 times)
Interval Schedule
time amount (ex: every 30 minutes)
Emotion-focused Coping
alleviate stress by avoiding stressor, attending to emotional needs
Problem-solving Coping
attempt to alleviate stress directly - by changing stressor
Convergent Thinking
narrowing available problem solutions to determine the best solution
Divergent Thinking
expanding number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking)
Self
center of our personality, organizer of thoughts, feelings, actions
Self-concept
thoughts and feelings about ourselves, "Who am I"
Self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
Self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
Gender
socially influenced characteristics of boy/girl, man/woman.
Sex
biological definition of male or female
Cross-sectional Study
compares groups of people of different ages at same time
Longitudinal Study
compares same group of people over long period of time
Obsessions
thoughts
Compulsions
actions
Anorexia Nervosa
starvation diet and excessive exercising
Bulimia Nervosa
binge eating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise
Peripheral Route Persuasion
influenced by incidental cues (ex: attractiveness of speaker)
Central Route Persuasion
focus on arguments and facts of argument or advertisement
Conformity
adjusting behavior to fit in
Obedience
compliance with an order or request
Social Facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing
exert less effort in a group setting
Group Polarization
enhancement of groups opinions through discussion with group
Groupthink
thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in group overrides realistic alternatives
Prejudice
unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
Stereotype
generalized belief about a group and its members
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior or action toward a group and its members
Authoritative Parenting
demanding and responsive, active parents - leads to high esteem in children
Authoritarian Parenting
demanding and not responsive - leads to less social skills, lower self-esteem
Interpersonal
relating to relationships or communication between people
Intrapersonal
within yourself
Positive Symptoms
in Schizophrenia, inappropriate behaviors are present (ex: hallucinations, delusions)
Negative Symptoms
in Schizophrenia, appropriate behaviors are absent (ex: catatonia, flat affect)
Primary Reinforcement
an innately reinforcing stimulus (ex: something that satisfies a biological need)
Secondary Reinforcement
gains reinforcing power through primary reinforcement (ex: $)
Approach-Approach Conflicts
when a person must choose only one of two desirable activities.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
when a person must choose between one of two undesirable activities
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
when a single event or activity has both attractive and unattractive features
Kinesthetic Sense (Kinesthesia)
sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Vestibular Sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions
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