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PUBH 349L Q4?

Terms in this set (110)

In data collection and analysis, when can bias be introduced in our sample data?
Some samples are underseleted and overselected
When is sample data said to be unbiased?
Samples are randomly selected from the population.

Statistics from the sample is not different from that of the population

Samples truly represent the population.

Every unit in the population has equal chance of being part of the sample.
Someone claims that males diagnosed with lung cancer spend more duration to start treatment than females. What statement of hypothesis test does the claim represent?
alternative
What would be the direct implication for the hypothesis test if zero is not included in the 95% confidence interval?
P-value is expected to be less than the level of significance.

The hypothesis test is expected to be statistically significant.

P-value could equal level of significance.????
You are performing a hypothesis test with a 1% level of significance for a one-tailed test. What would be the level of confidence if you have to construct a confidence interval?
99%
The president of a State Health Department claims that at least 50% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have an existing illness. What statement of hypothesis test does the claim represent?
NOT inferential

NOT alternative

either null, type 1, or type 2,
A medical doctor claimed that the age distribution of patients diagnosed with HIV does not follow a normal distribution. What type of statistical test would you use to investigate his claim?
Kolmogorov Smirnov test of normality
What type of statistical outcome error is committed if the null hypothesis is true, but the test is statistically significant?
false pos
type 1 error
A medical research department is interested to investigate whether the glucose or blood sugar level of a patient can influence his/her blood pressure level. You are recruited as a consultant to this medical department to assist in the investigation. What statistical tool will you recommend for the analysis of this problem?
simple linear
What type of statistics uses random samples drawn from the population to describe and make conclusions or inferences about the population.
inferential
The robustness or power of any statistical inference in data analysis cannot be influenced by the sample size used. That is, the inference from a small sample can be as robust as a large sample data.
f
In hypothesis testing, we commit Type II error if the alternative hypothesis is true but the test failed to reject the null hypothesis. That is, the test is not statistically significant.
t
If zero is included in the 95% interval, it means that we are failing to reject the null hypothesis, hence, the test is not statistically significant.
t
The data given below represents the K-12 students in a particular disease screening test.
13, 18, 15, 15, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13, 15, 18, 16, 16.
What is the modal age?
Group of answer choices
13
Consider the following sample:
12, 4, 5, 18, 11, 10, 8, 6, 5, 14, 11, 5, 3, 11, 5, 12
Match the correct figure with each of the mean, median, and mode, and identify which of the answers is false (i.e. not a measure of central tendency for this sample).
mean: 8.75
mode: 5
median: 9
false: 11
A right-skewed data have the following features.
mean greater

large right
The central tendency of descriptive statistics of data describes the .................. of the data.
center
It is difficult to interpret whether a distribution deviates from normality when using a:
box and whisker
The dispersion within a given data is assessed by the measures of variability.
f
We use descriptive statistics to describe our samples, as well as population.
t
Which of the following level of measurement is a categorical or qualitative variable?
ordinal, nominal
The median of data also measures the 50th percentile of the data.
t
The data given below represents the K-12 students in a particular disease screening test.
13, 18, 15, 15, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13, 15, 18, 16, 16.
If you are asked to compute the 25% trimmed mean for this data, how many data values would you trim?
Group of answer choices
4
11, 19, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 25, 36
You are creating a box and whisker plot to describe this data. What would the inner fence or median be?
21
If the mean, median, and mode of a data are equal, the data is said to be normally distributed.
t
Consider the following data set for the next three questions:
14, 23, 9, 12, 21, 18, 8
What is the range?
Group of answer choices
15
The Q2 of the five-number summary is also referred to as
median, 2nd quartile, 50th percentiles, 50% mark
11, 19, 24, 20, 21, 19, 25, 25, 36
You are creating a box and whisker plot to describe this data. What would the lower hinge or Q1 be?
19
When the mean is ..................... the median, the data is said to be normal or normally distributed.
equal, not more or less than
The central tendency of descriptive statistics of data defines the following.
mean, mode, Q2
The highest value or data point of a given data, excluding outliers is known as the ........... of the data.
max value
The following measure the amount of spread or dispersion around the measure of central tendency.
variance, standard deviation, interquartile range, range
In general terms, the larger the variance, the more spread there is in the data; the smaller the variance, the more the data values are clustered around the mean.
t
The middle value of the upper 50% of the data represents the
3Q , 75%, upper fence
Under what circumstances should we be cautious about using the mean as a measure of central tendency?
all
Which of the following graphs would you use to explore the distribution of scores on an inventory measuring physical fitness?
all
The difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of the data values represents
interquartile range
The given data represent the number of sales made in a year by sale personals.
220 274 235 220 268 290 285 235 274 274
What is the modal number of sales?
274
The data given below represents the K-12 students in a particular disease screening test.
13, 18, 15, 15, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13, 15, 18, 16, 16.
Compute 25% trimmed mean age.
15
11, 19, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 25, 36
You are creating a box and whisker plot to describe this data. Find the interquartile range?
6
Two basic categories of measures can be used to examine descriptive statistics of a given data; namely central tendency and variability (or
true
11, 19, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 25, 36
You are creating a box and whisker plot to describe this data. What would the upper hinge or Q3 be?
25
Variance and standard deviation of any given data perform different roles for the variability in the data.
false
The middle value of the lower 50% of the data represents the
25%, 25th, Q1, lower boundary
By taking the square root of the variance, we can compute the standard deviation.
t
For any given nominal data, we can display the following descriptive statistics.
mode, count, %
A negatively skewed data is also said to be right-skewed.
f
A scale variable is the same as a continuous variable.
t
You are doing a study to explore the relationship between attitudes towards exercise and physical fitness levels. Which plot might you use to explore this relationship?
scattergram
Which of the following plots is most useful for detecting outlying scores?
box and whisker
To classify a level of measurement a scale or quantitative variable, it must be
interval, ratio
Which descriptive statistics can be displayed from both ordinal and scale levels of measurement of data.
mode, median
Which statement of hypothesis is generally (although not exclusively) the one researchers are really interested in.
alternate?
A researcher measured people's physiological reactions to horror films. He split the data into two groups: males and females. The resulting data were normally distributed and men and women had equal variances. What test should be used to analyze the data?
independent t-test
A hospital has data on diabetes patients. As part of variables in the data are the patient's blood pressure and the sex (M/F) of the patients. You are recruited as an epidemiologist to assess whether the blood pressure of the males is different from the females. What type of statistical test would be appropriate to use?
independent
A medical research department is interested to test there is a difference between the means on a measure administered both before and after some type of treatment. What is the appropriate statistical test to recommend for the medical department?
pair, one-sample t-test of difference equal 0
A medical research department is interested to investigate whether the glucose or blood sugar level of a patient can influence his/her blood pressure level. The department conducted an initial analysis using simple linear regression. The blood sugar level is the appropriate dependent/target/outcome variable.
f
You are giving data to analyze in which the continuous age variable has been grouped into five categories. To test whether each category of age is appropriately represented, what statistical test would you employ?
chi-square
In hypothesis testing, under what condition can we reject the null hypothesis?
p-value equal , p value is less, population vaue falls outside of confidence interval, p value is large
An idea, statement, proposed explanation, or theory about a phenomenon that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion is known as
hypothesis
When is a hypothesis test said to be statistically significant?
reject null, p-value less
A 95% confidence interval means we are 95% confident that the hypothesis test will be statistically significant.
f
A hospital has data on lung cancer patients. As part of variables in the data are the stage of cancer and the type of insurance coverage of patients. You are recruited as an epidemiologist to assess whether there is a relationship between these two variables. What type of statistical test would be appropriate to use?
chi-square
You are performing a hypothesis test with a 5% level of significance for a two-tailed test. What would be the level of confidence if you have to construct a confidence interval?
95
In linear regression model analysis, we can test for the significance of the independent/predictor variable influencing the dependent/outcome variable by testing for whether the coefficient (beta) of the independent variable is zero.
t
For a one-sample or group categorical variable, which of the following statistical test is appropriate to use?
chi
What type of statistical test is appropriate to compare the effectiveness of two different drugs for the treatment of a disease?
independent
An assistant nurse in a medical department claimed that the average blood pressure of patients admitted on a given day is not normal. What statistical test can be performed to investigate her claim?
one sample
When can we say to have made the correct decision in hypothesis testing?
null is true and test is not sig, null is false and test is
The president of a State Health Department claims that at least 50% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have an existing illness. What statement of hypothesis test does the claim represent?
null
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question.
no diff in mean days, p value greater than 5%
You performed SPSS analysis and obtained the following output as given below. What will be the correct interpretation of the confidence interval?
We are 95% confident that the true mean score difference is between 1.571 and 2.549.
You performed a one-sample Chi-square goodness-of-fit test to investigate the insurance status of patients diagnosed with lung cancer. The output of your analysis is given below. At a 5% level of significance, what is the possible decision or conclusion to be made?
Reject the null hypothesis, Not all the categories of insurance status are appropriately represented, reflecting the population values.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees.
strong, positive
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment.
59,198
Given that the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two counties is not met, we proceed to test for the equal mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment by assuming no equal variance between the two counties. We can conclude that the test is statistically significant.
f
You performed SPSS analysis and obtained the following output as given below. Assume that we know the population mean score difference to be 3.00. If we decide to perform a hypothesis to test whether there is a difference between the treatment score and the control score. What will be our decision about the test?
Reject the null hypothesis, The test is statistically significant.
Given that the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two counties is not met, we proceed to test for the equal mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment by assuming no equal variance between the two counties. what is the appropriate confidence interval for this test?
-13.818 and 73.488
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. Given that Levene's test for equality of variance is recommended for assessing the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two groups, what is the p-value of this test?
0.007
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. How do you interpret the 95% confidence interval of the paired-sample t-test?
We are 95% confident that the true population mean salary difference is between $16,427.407 and $18,379.407.

We are 95% confident that the true population mean salary difference fall within $16,427.407 and $18,379.407.
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. Given that Levene's test for equality of variance is recommended for assessing the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two groups, what are the appropriate hypothesis statements?
H0: There exist no variation between the Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Counties.

H0: The variances between the two counties are equal.
Assume the mean population age of lung cancer patients is 65 years. As an epidemiologist you are interested to know if the population mean is different from 65 years. Given the SPSS output below, what will be your decision or conclusion at a 5% level of significance?
The p-value is less than the level of significance.

The test is statistically significant.

The population mean age is different from 65 years.
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. They included a chi-square test of independence to investigate the relationship between the two variables. All output of the analysis is given below. Looking at the appropriate result, and using a 10% level of significance, what inference can you make out of this test?
The race of a patient is related to the stage of the cancer.

The race of the patient is associated with the stage of the cancer.

There is a dependency between the race of a patient and the cancer stage.
Assume the mean population age of lung cancer patients is 65 years. As an epidemiologist you are interested to know if the population mean is different from 65 years. Given the SPSS output below, which of the following statements correctly reflects the output?
The sample distribution of lung cancer patients have average of 67.05 years and standard deviation of 10.586.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. What does the R square from the Model Summary imply?
77.5% variation in the current salary is explained by the salary at the beginning.

Only 22.5% of the current salary is not explained by the beginning salary.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. To write out the regression model that predicts the current salary of the employee, what is the intercept value?
1928.206
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. Given that we have obtained the linear regression model that predicts the current salary using the salary at the beginning, the intercept estimate or constant means the value of the current salary if the beginning salary is 0, which is 1928.206.
t
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. The result of the analysis is given below. What percent of patients at the insitu stage of the cancer are in the Black race?
7.5%
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. Given that we have obtained the linear regression model that predicts the current salary using the salary at the beginning, what is the value p-value used to investigate the significance of the influence salary at the beginning?
0.001
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question.Given that Levene's test for equality of variance is recommended for assessing the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two groups, what is the appropriate conclusion for this test?
Variances of the two counties are different.

There is variation between the two counties.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. Given the strong correlation coefficient of 0.88, what can you expect about the hypothesis test of the difference between the mean beginning salary and the mean current salary?
Statistically significant test.

Reject H0.
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. What statistical test is displayed in the output?
Independent sample t-test
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. To write out the regression model that predicts the current salary of the employee, what is the coefficient or estimate of the salary at the beginning?
1.909
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. One important assumption that needs to be satisfied for the above test is "Homogeneity or equal of variance between the two groups". What statistical test in the output allows us to investigate this assumption?
Levene's test for equality of variances
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. The result of the analysis is given below. What percent of the white patients have their lung cancer at the distant stage?
49.3%
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. The result of the analysis is given below How many black patients have their lung cancer stage reached regional?
1371
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees Given the two-sided p-value with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.88 is <0.001, we can say that the correlation is statistically significant at 5% level of significance?
t
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. What is the mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment for Appalachian and Non-Appalachian, respectively?
780.26 and 750.43
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. They included a chi-square test of independence to investigate the relationship between the two variables. All output of the analysis is given below.What is the appropriate statement for the hypotheses for this test?
H0: There is no relationship between race and cancer stage of the patient.

H1: There is relationship between race and cancer stage of the patient.
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. Given that the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two counties is not met, we proceed to test for the equal mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment by assuming no equal variance between the two counties. what is the correct statement for the alternative hypothesis?
H1: The mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment are different.

H1: The mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment are not equal.
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. They included a chi-square test of independence to investigate the relationship between the two variables. All output of the analysis is given below. Looking at the appropriate result, what is the p-value of the test?
<0.001
The SPSS output below is meant to investigate the number of days spent from diagnostic to the start of treatment for lung cancer patients in the Tennessee Appalachian and Non-Appalachian region. Use the output to answer the question. Given that the assumption of homogeneity or equal variances between two counties is not met, we proceed to test for the equal mean number of days from diagnostic to the start of treatment by assuming no equal variance between the two counties. What is the appropriate p-value for this test?
0.180
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. Given that we have obtained the linear regression model that predicts the current salary using the salary at the beginning, what doe the estimate of 1.909 mean?
The beginning salary has positive influence on the current salary.

For every 1 unit increase in the beginning salary increases the current salary by 1.909.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment. Given that we have obtained the linear regression model that predicts the current salary using the salary at the beginning, that is CurrentSalary=1928.206+1.909×BeginningSalary.
Assume a public health employee started with a salary of 50,000. What will be his current salary?
97,378.206
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. What is the appropriate p-value of the paired-sample t-test of the difference between salary at the beginning and the current salary?
<0.001
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. The result of the analysis is given below. What percent of lung cancer patients are at the localized stage?
22.7%
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. They included a chi-square test of independence to investigate the relationship between the two variables. All output of the analysis is given below.Looking at the appropriate result, and using a 10% level of significance, what decision will you make about the null hypothesis?
Reject the null hypothesis.
A health science group performed a cross-tabulation analysis of lung cancer patients' race and the stage of cancer. The result of the analysis is given below.What percent of lung cancer patients represents Other race?
0.6%
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment.Given that we have obtained the linear regression model that predicts the current salary using the salary at the beginning, what do the F statistic and the p-value in the ANOVA output depict?
The regression variables are linearly related.

The regression model is significant.
The analysis result below is investigating the beginning salary and the current salary of public health employees. We are interested in predicting the current salary of an employee using their salary at the beginning of their employment.The output above is a result of linear regression analysis of the beginning salary and the current salary. The current salary represents the independent variable in our analysis.
f
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