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SI Review Test 4

Terms in this set (70)

The _________________ in the long loop of Henle increases concentration of solute and ions in a medullary osmotic gradient.
countercurrent multiplier
Turbidity is another word for:
Odor
Clarity
Gravity
Volume
clarity
T/F: Males have a shorter urethra than females.
False, males is longer, females is about 4cm long.
The micturition reflex stretch receptors are stimulated when the bladder volume __________
increases
The renal clearance is the effectiveness of kidneys at removing a substance from plasma. If renal clearance decreases, will there be:

More substance in the urine
Less substance in the urine
It is the same whether the renal clearance decreases or increases
less substance
Which hormone controls the rate of water loss in urine?

ADH
RAA
GH
ANP
ADH
The last segment of the kidney nephron reabsorbes H20, and Na+, Cl- and HCO3, and secretes H+. What is the last segment of the kidney nephron?

Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
Collecting duct
Nephron loop
collecting duct
Tubular reabsorption returns most filtered water and solutes to the ______________.
bloodstream
Primary active transport moves ______ substance(s), and secondary active transport moves ______ substance(s).
1,2
The afferent arteriole vasoconstriction effects the glomerular filtration rate by:

Reducing hydrostatic pressure and decreasing glomerular filtration rate

Increasing glomerular filtration rate by decreasing renal blood flow

Increasing hydrostatic pressure and increasing glomerular filtration rate

Increasing hypertension, causing adenosine release
Reducing hydrostatic pressure and decreasing glomerular filtration rate
Which statement is false about the urethra?

Its function is to drain bladder to the exterior

In females, it is for urine passage only

Both male and female urethras are about 4cm

It receives sperm and fluids from accessory glands in males
Both male and female urethras are about 4cm
What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

5 mm Hg
10 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
0 mm Hg
10 mm Hg
Which of the following is true about normal urine?

The color is bright yellow, almost neon
The odor is ammonia-like
Urine is more acidic than stomach acid
A normal pH ranges from 4.6-8
A normal pH ranges from 4.6-8
During the micturition reflex, the _________ contracts, and the _____________ relaxes.
During the micturition reflex, the _detrusor muscle__ contracts, and the __internal urethral sphincter___ relaxes.
Which two hormones promote an increase in water reabsorption?

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Glomerular filtration is responsible for preventing:

Small solutes
Blood cells
Proteins
B and C
B and C
Which of the following drives filtration?

Osmosis
CHP
GHP
GCOP
GHP
What is the NFP if the GHP is 60, the CHP is 10, and the GCOP is 20?

50
90
45
30
30
What is the correct order of urine traveling from the nephrons?

Minor calyx - major calyx - papillary ducts - ureter - renal pelvis

Renal pelvis - minor calyx - major calyx - papillary ducts - ureter

Ureter - papillary ducts - major calyx - minor calyx - renal pelvis

Papillary ducts - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
Papillary ducts - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
Which nephron contains the longer loop of Henle?

Cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
Which structure does tubular secretion NOT occur?

Proximal tubule
Descending loop
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Descending loop
List the three uses of nutrients:
-Energy for active processes
-Synthesis for structural or functional molecules
-Storage as fat or glycogen
Which is paired incorrectly with its monomer?

Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Proteins - amino acids
Lipids - polysaccharides
Lipids - fatty acids
Lipids - polysaccharides
In the body, glucose is stored as _______________ mostly in the liver and in skeletal muscle tissue. Glucose is synthesized by glycogenesis and broken down by ________________.
In the body, glucose is stored as _____glycogen______ mostly in the liver and in skeletal muscle tissue. Glucose is synthesized by glycogenesis and broken down by _______glyconeogenesis________.
Which of the following is not a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP?

Amino acids
Nucleic acids
fatty acids
Glucose
nucleic acids
What is NOT true regarding the folds of the small intestine?

Circular folds slow down the transit of chyme through the small intestine

The smallest folds, microvilli, are found in the plasma membrane of the enterocytes

Their main function is to decrease surface area for nutrient absorption

Each villus contains a lacteal and core vessel supply
Their main function is to decrease surface area for nutrient absorption
Which of the following equations regarding the glomerular Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) is correct?
(GHP=glomerular hydrostatic pressure; CHP=capsular hydrostatic pressure; glomerular colloid osmostic pressure)

NFP = GHP + CHP - GCOP

NFP = GHP - CHP + GCOP

NFP = GHP + CHP + GCOP

NFP = GHP - CHP - GCOP

NFP = GHP - GCOP
NFP = GHP - CHP - GCOP
For adequate absorption, all of the following require ingestion with other lipids except

Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
vitamin c
What is/are the functions performed by the large intestine's normal flora?

Produce vitamins such as vitamin K

Metabolize indigestible material such as soluble fibers

Stimulate the immune system

Deter growth of harmful bacteria

All of the above
All of the above
The hormone regulator to increase blood volume and blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting duct is called:

Antidiuretic hormone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Aldosterone-hydroxide
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Glycogen is formed in the liver during:

Absorptive phase
Post-absorptive phase
Manic phase
Gluconeogenesis
Absorptive phase
Which organ of the digestive system is responsible for bile production?

Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Appendix
liver
Where does urine production begin?

Renal artery
Minor calyx
Nephron
late Collecting duct
nephron
A high level of LDL accompanied by a low level of HDL is considered


Beneficial because LDL can deposit triglycerides in adipose cells for storage until the triglycerides are needed for cellular metabolism


Beneficial because LDL provide a mechanism for removing cholesterol from the blood


beneficial because LDL are required for insertion of cholesterol into cell membranes


Harmful because HDL prevent accumulation of cholesterol in the blood


Harmful because LDL remove too much cholesterol from the blood
Harmful because HDL prevent accumulation of cholesterol in the blood
How do segmentation and peristalsis differ?

Peristalsis is of a churning motion, whereas segmentation propels substances

Segmentation's primary function is to propel chyme towards the ileum

Segmentation only involves the contraction of the circular layer of smooth muscle while peristalsis involves both the longitudinal & circular layers

These two processes do not differ.
Segmentation only involves the contraction of the circular layer of smooth muscle while peristalsis involves both the longitudinal & circular layers
The afferent arteriole vasoconstriction effects the glomerular filtration rate by:

Reducing hydrostatic pressure and decreasing glomerular filtration rate

Increasing glomerular filtration rate by decreasing renal blood flow

Increasing hydrostatic pressure and increasing glomerular filtration rate

Increasing hypertension, causing adenosine release
Reducing hydrostatic pressure and decreasing glomerular filtration rate
If glucose is not immediately needed for ATP production, _________ may occur.

Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for starch digestion?

Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic amylase
The last segment of the kidney nephron where glucose is reabsorbed is the:

Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
Collecting duct
Nephron loop
Proximal tubule
An oxidation reaction:

Results in the loss of hydrogen atoms
Adds electrons to a molecule
Increases the potential energy of a molecule
Allows conversion of ATP to ADP
Results in the loss of hydrogen atoms
Which structures comprise a hepatic triad?

branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct

branches of the cystic duct, common bile duct, and common hepatic duct

the superior mesenteric and splenic veins

none of the above
branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct
Sodium ion reabsorption is key to reabsorbing many other substances. The majority of Na+ reabsorption occurs through leak channels or it may be reabsorbed through


Sodium-glucose symporters in the proximal tubules

Sodium-hydrogen ion antiporters in the descending limb of the nephron loop

Sodium-glucose symporters in the distal tubule

Sodium-hydrogen ion antiporters in the late distal tubule
Sodium-glucose symporters in the proximal tubules
Anabolism:


Refers to all the chemical reactions in the body

Is endergonic, requiring more energy than produced

Breaks down complex organic molecules

None of these are correct

All of these are correct
Is endergonic, requiring more energy than produced
The defecation reflex....

Involves the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and the contraction of smooth muscle in the sigmoid colon

Is always under voluntary control

Is the elimination of urine

Is signaled when stretch receptors within the bladder transmit the sensation to the spinal cord
Involves the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and the contraction of smooth muscle in the sigmoid colon
All of the following might be observed in a freshly voided normal urine sample except

Amber color
Transparency
Ammonia odor
pH 6.0
Ammonia odor
Which of the following is not a nutrient monomer used by the body to create ATP?

Amino acids
Nucleic acids
Fatty acids
Glucose
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrate digestion is completed by which of the following?

Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following statements about the ureters is false?


Urine moves through them due to peristalsis and gravity

The passageway in females is significantly shorter than it is in males.

They connect the renal pelvis to the bladder

All of the above are correct (none are false)
The passageway in females is significantly shorter than it is in males.
The minimal rate of metabolism (i.e. energy usage) for an awake individual at rest is:


the sole source for maintaining thermoregulation

called the basal metabolic rate

inefficient and lost as heat

none of the above
called the basal metabolic rate
The _______ receives bile from the common hepatic duct and stored it for later release.

Appendix
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

Creatinine
Water
Glucose
Sodium (Na)
Creatinine
Which is NOT a process of metabolism:


Converting one type of chemical into another

Carrying out synthesis reactions

Breaking down macromolecules

Harnessing energy from the chemical bonds in nutrients for the production of ATP

All of the above are processes of metabolism
All of the above are processes of metabolism
Which is not a component of the large intestine?

Cecum
Colon
Anus
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Juxtamedullary nephrons:

Make up about 80-85% of the nephrons within the kidney

Allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine

Have renal corpuscles located in the outer portion of the renal cortex

Have very short nephron loops
Allows excretion of very dilute or concentrated urine
Anabolism serves the following vital purposes:

Nutrient storage
Nutrient synthesis
FAD synthesis
All of the above
All of the above
Where does protein digestion begin and where does it end?

Mouth; stomach
Stomach; duodenum
Jejunum; large intestine
Mouth; duodenum
Stomach; duodenum
Identify the correct order of urine drainage from the nephrons:


Minor calyx → major calyx → papillary ducts → renal pelvis → ureter

Papillary ducts → major calyx → minor calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

Ureter → papillary ducts → renal pelvis → major calyx → minor calyx

Papillary ducts → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter
Papillary ducts → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter
_____ are inorganic compounds needed in small amounts.

Nutrients
Minerals
Vitamins
Macromolecules
Minerals
The common hepatic duct and main pancreatic duct enter into the:

Pyloric sphincter
Duodenum
Ileum
Cecum
Duodenum
Which of the following is not a barrier of glomerular filtration?

Filtration slits between podocytes

Glomerular basement membrane (basal lamina)

Glomerular peritubular cavities

Fenestrated glomerular endothelial cells
Glomerular peritubular cavities
What does NOT occur during the absorptive state?

Synthesis of amino acids into proteins for structural materials

Glucose oxidation (for immediate "fuel" for cells)

Glycogenesis stores excess glucose

Breakdown of proteins in muscle cells to release amino acid
Breakdown of proteins in muscle cells to release amino acid
Which of the following statements about accessory organ secretions is NOT true?

Hepatocytes produce bile, which drains out of the liver via the common hepatic duct

Saliva contains secretory IgA and lysozyme, which play an important role in preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity

Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme

The gallbladder produces bile, which drains out of the gallbladder via the cystic duct
The gallbladder produces bile, which drains out of the gallbladder via the cystic duct
Which two hormones promote an increase in water reabsorption?

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
If ATP is needed, ______ may occur to release _______ into the bloodstream.

gluconeogenesis ; fatty acids
lipolysis; proteins
glycolysis ; amino acids
lipolysis; fatty acids
lipolysis; fatty acids
The primary hormone that triggers the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile is:

Gastric inhibitory peptide
Cholecystokinin
Motilin
Somatostatin
Cholecystokinin
If the urinary excretion rate of a drug such as penicillin is greater than the rate at which it is filtered at the glomerulus, how else is it getting into the urine?

Active transport
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Tubular secretion
Why are LDLs considered "bad cholesterol"?

They take cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

They deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

They often end up in arterial plaques.

Both B and C are correct.
Both B and C are correct.
What is the correct flow of blood through the liver to the inferior vena cava?

hepatic artery > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein > hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein

hepatic artery > central vein > hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > hepatic vein

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein > liver sinusoids > central vein > hepatic vein
Juxtamedullary nephrons can conserve water effectively by producing concentrated urine. The system that increases the concentration of solutes and ions within the interstitial environment in a medullary osmotic gradient is called:


Facultative absorption
Obligatory water reabsorption
Countercurrent multiplier
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Countercurrent multiplier
Which statement regarding nutrition is true?

Water is not needed for metabolic reactions

Micronutrients do not provide the same amount of caloric energy as macronutrients, but they do provide some

All vitamins are water-soluble

Fiber is needed for GI tract motility
Fiber is needed for GI tract motility
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