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Motivation, Emotion, and Health M/C Exam

Terms in this set (40)

Which of the following are humans biologically predisposed to fear?

- fear of snakes
- fear of water
- fear of cars
- fear of flowers
- fear of flying
- fear of snakes

Human fears are biologically predisposed to what was useful in the survival of our ancestors.
Our inner response system that allows us to deal with danger is called the ____________ response.

- survival
- fight or flight
- fear
- stress
- endurance
- fight or flight

Fight or flight is our inborn response that occurs when we are threatened.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages in the generala adaptation syndrome?

- stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction
- alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
- stage of resistance, alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion
- alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion, alarm reaction, stage of resistance
- alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

The correct sequence for the adaptation syndrome is: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.
According to Yerkes-Dodson law:

- no arousal is best when trying to concentrate.
- a high level of arousal is best to succeed on an easy task.
- low arousal is best for easy tasks.
- a moderate level of arousal is best to succeed on a difficult task.
- an optimal level of arousal is only good for easy tasks.
- a moderate level of arousal is best to succeed on a difficult task.

Yerkes-Dodson law states that their is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal helps performance up to a point. If it is too high it will cause the opposite to happen.
The following statement best describes which theory of motivation? "Adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem."

- Evolutionary Theory
- Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory
- Incentive Theory
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy

Abraham Maslow was a humanist who proposed the existence of a hierarchy of needs. The fundamental survival needs must be met first.
Scientific evidence has linked homosexuality and:

- relationship problems with parents.
- the age of first sexual activity.
- atypical prenatal hormones.
- sociocultural influences.
- late sexual maturation.
- atypical prenatal hormones.

Some studies have found a correlation between the hormone levels of both mother and child during prenatal development and homosexuality.
What is the difference between a drive and a need?

- Drives are stronger than needs.
- Needs are learned; drives are inherited.
- Needs are stronger than drives.
- The two motivate behavior similarly.
- Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
- Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.

Needs tend to our physiological and drives tend to our psychological.
A pirate sets sail on his next great adventure hoping to secure his next big treasure. Which of the following theories of emotion best explains his why he set off on this adventure?

- incentive theory
- sociobiological theory
- drive theory
- ethological theory
- cognitive dissonance theory
- incentive theory

Incentive theory states that motivation driven by reinforcement.
"We feel happy when we smile" represents which of the following theories of emotion?

- James-Lange
- Schachter
- Plutchik
- James
- Cannon-Bard
- James-Lange

According to the James-Lange theory the physical response to a stimuli comes first followed by the emotion
In which of the following scenarios would you expect to see a weakness in your immune system?

- after closing on your first house
- during AP exams
- during a trip to Disney World
- after receiving your college acceptance letter
- after running your first marathon
- during AP exams

Stressful situations such as the weeks of AP testing decrease immune responses.
Bulimia nervosa involves:

- obesity
- obsessions with being thin
- inadequate food intake
- excessive weight loss
- binging and purging.
- binging and purging.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder usually characterized by periods of binging - or excessive overeating - followed by purging.
Both the instinct and drive reduction theories of motivation emphasize _____________ factors.

- psychological
- environmental
- cognitive
- sociocultural
- Biological
- Biological

The instinct and drive reduction theories examine the physiology of motivation.
As a young boy Thomas loved the game of golf and would play for fun. As he became older he started playing golf professionally and the stress of his career has overshadowed his natural love of the sport. Psychologists would explain this is a result of:

- intrinsic motivation.
- overjustification effect.
- hindsight bias.
- extrinsic motivation.
- confirmation bias.
- overjustification effect.

The overjustification effect says that when the extrinsic reward becomes too large it can stifle intrinsic motivation.
Smiling and feeling happy simultaneously is representative of which of the following theories of emotion?

- Ekman
- Schachter
- Cannon-Bard
- James
- James-Lange
- Cannon-Bard

According to the Cannon-Bard theory physical response and feeling or emotion occur simultaneously.
Which of the following theories of emotion imply that every emotion is associated with distinctive physiological reactions?

- Instinct theory
- Cannon-Bard theory
- Common Sense theory
- James-Lange theory
- Schachter Two Factor theory
- James-Lange theory

The James-Lange theory claims emotions are triggered by physiological reactions, then each emotion must be associated with a unique physiological reaction.
The way in which we perceive and respond to threats and challenges is called:

- stress.
- burnout.
- bio.
- psychophysiological illness.
- spontaneous remission.
- stress.

Stress is your body's way of responding to any kind of demand or threat.
Which of the following physiological mechanisms are most responsible for triggering our appetite and cuing us to the fact that we are full, respectively?

- insulin; ghrelin
- the hippocampus; the amygdala
- the lateral hypothalamus; the ventromedial hypothalamus
- the hypothalamus; the amygdala
- the pancreas; the hypothalamus
- the lateral hypothalamus; the ventromedial hypothalamus

There are two areas of the hypothalamus that control hunger. The lateral hypothalamus if stimulated causes you to feel hunger. The ventromedial hypothalamus when stimulated makes you feel full.
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for emotional arousal?

- central nervous system
- somatic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for bringing on arousal. The parasympathetic works to calm after the initial arousal.
The Schachter Two Theory of emotion is different from other emotional theories because of its emphasis on:

- subjective well-being.
- physiological arousal.
- overt behavior.
- cognitive appraisal.
- Catharsis.
- cognitive appraisal.

The Schachter-Singer Theory adds a cognitive component to emotion. It proposes that one can interpret identical physical sensations according to the context in which they occur.
Which of the following describes one of the main problems with the drive reduction theory?

- It does not explain weight gain.
- It cannot explain any motivating behaviors.
- It does a poor job of explaining homeostasis.
- Motivated behaviors are not always based on physiological needs.
- It places too much emphasis on the need to achieve.
- Motivated behaviors are not always based on physiological needs.

The Drive Reduction Theory does not explain many psychological motivators such as curiosity or achievement.
Homeostatic theories of motivation emphasize the importance of:

- external incentives.
- motivation being driven by instinct.
- seeking internal physiological balance.
- the need to achieve.
- changing rewards.
- seeking internal physiological balance.

The Drive Reduction theory best describes our need to maintain homeostasis, therefore the motivation to create that balance.
Seth is in his junior year of high school. He is taking 3 AP courses, works, and is applying to college. To deal with his hectic schedule he regularly runs and mediates. Seth's strategy is an example of:

- holistic coping.
- problem-focused coping.
- emotion-focused coping.
- Hypochondriasis.
- managing rather than coping.
- managing rather than coping.

Seth is using aerobic exercise and relaxation strategies to manage his hectic schedule and stress.
Robin has always been obese and never been successful with dieting. She is now convinced that a new low calorie diet with help her solve her weight loss problems. She is still likely to have difficulty losing weight on this new diet primarily because:

- fat cells can be lost only with vigorous exercise.
- he has an unusually low set point for body weight.
- fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.
- his resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt him to overeat.
- the number of calories a person consumes daily has no effect on body weight.
- fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.

Since fat tissue can be maintained by very few calories it is difficult to lose weight on a low calorie diet alone.
One of the effects of stress hormones is to:

- reduce stress.
- promote the buildup of plaque on the artery walls.
- reduce one's metabolism.
- divert blood away from the muscles of the body.
- lower the level of cholesterol in the blood.
- promote the buildup of plaque on the artery walls.

Stress hormones accelerate the buildup of plaques, on the artery walls. This likely occurs because during arousal, blood is diverted from internal organs such as the liver, which removes cholesterol from the blood to the muscles of the body.
Which of the following characteristics describe the eating disorder anorexia nervosa?

- Consistent weight gain well above the normal range.
- Major changes in levels of dopamine and insulin.
- Regular eating cycles with intermittent periods of binge eating.
- Frequent cycles of binge eating and purging.
- Self starvation and the inability to maintain a body weight of 85% of the normal range.
- Self starvation and the inability to maintain a body weight of 85% of the normal range.

Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.
An increase in insulin will cause which of the following to take place?

- Lowered blood sugar and the triggering of hunger.
- A rise in blood sugar and a trigger in hunger.
- A raising of blood sugar and a feeling of fullness.
- Lowered blood sugar and an increase in epinephrine.
- Lowered blood sugar and a feeling of fullness.
- Lowered blood sugar and the triggering of hunger.

Increases in insulin increase hunger indirectly by lowering blood sugar or glucose.
According to the sociocultural perspective, eating disorders are influenced by:

- the universal idealization of thinness.
- bouts of depression and anxiety.
- a natural wariness of unfamiliar foods.
- mass media standards of appearance.
- instincts and internal drives.
- mass media standards of appearance.

The sociocultural perspective explains behavior in terms of societies influence on them.
When we are emotionally aroused the adrenal glands secrete ____________ into the bloodstream.

- glucose
- testosterone
- norepinephrine
- insulin
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress.
Your ___________receives messages from a quick and unconscious emotion process pathway that helps us to defend ourselves. It is activated when we are presented with a dangerous situation.

- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- reticular activating system
- thalamus
- amygdala

The amygdala processes unconscious information and is often linked with fear.
The Schachter Two-Factor theory of emotion emphasize that emotion involves both:

- physical arousal and a cognitive label.
- the presentation of emotion plus a stimulus.
- verbal and nonverbal expression.
- the activation of both parts of the ANS.
- universal emotional experiences.
- physical arousal and a cognitive label.

According to the Schachter Two-Factor theory all emotions involve: 1) physical arousal and 2) conscious interpretation of the arousal.
Motivation can best be described as a state that:

- energizes an organism to act.
- pushes an organism to achieve.
- reduces a drive.
- energizes and directs behavior.
- aims at satisfying spiritual needs.
- energizes and directs behavior.

Motivation is a process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal oriented behavior.
Anger is to rage as fear is to:

- terror.
- disgust.
- guilt.
- shame.
- pain.
- terror.

Anger is an emotion of rage and fear an emotion of terror.
Flashbulb memories are stored in ____________ memory.

- sensory
- iconic
- short-term
- long-term
- explicit
- long-term

Flashbulb memories are very vivid and detailed and stored in long term memory.
Which of the following in NOT a factor in automatic processing?

- conscious awareness
- sensory memory
- semantic encoding
- iconic memory
- long-term potentiation
- conscious awareness

Automatic encoding does not require conscious awareness.
When one changes their stereotypes in response to newly learned information they are illustrating the concept of:

- accommodation.
- habituation.
- assimilation.
- imprinting.
- attachment.
- accommodation.
Freud called the meaning behind the story-line of a dream the ___________ content.

- latent
- paradoxical
- delusional
- manifest
- dissociated
- latent

Manifest content describes the story line of a dream while the latent content describes the meaning behind it.
A stimulus or outcome that decreases a behavior is called:

- secondary reinforcer.
- punishment.
- delayed reinforcer.
- conditioned stimulus.
- observational learning.
- punishment.

Punishment is designed to weaken or eliminate behaviors or responses.
In order to teach an animal to perform a trick it is best to use:

- partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
- immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
- classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.
- negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.
- latent learning rather than shaping.
- immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

Immediate reinforcement provides instant gratification and produces a quick change in behavior.
Joaquin needs some help getting back on track academically. Which of the following professionals would most likely be able to help Joaquin?

- neuroscientist
- industrial/organizational psychologist
- Psychiatrist
- developmental psychologist
- counseling psychologist
- counseling psychologist

Counseling psychologists help people cope with challenges by recognizing their strengths and providing them with resources to overcome weaknesses.
___________ receptors are responsible for converting incoming stimulus into electrochemical signals.

- frequency
- feature
- sensory
- perceptual
- stimulus
- sensory

Stimuli is converted through sensory receptors through a process called transduction.
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