Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

BY 124 Lab Final

Terms in this set (227)

what happens to cells during embryonic development?
cells increase in number and undergo differentiation
what's differentiation?
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized cells that are ordered in the tissues and organs of the animal, morphogenesis, and organization
what's morphogenesis?
development of the animal's shape or body form
what's the animal pole?
where cell actively divides (dark colored)
what's the vegital pole?
where cell doesn't divide or divides very slowly, the yoke or nutrients for the animal pole (white part)
describe angle of first 3 cleavages and how many cells produced?
vertical (polar) cleavage (2 cells), polar (90o) cleavage (4 cells), and equatorial (horizontal) cleavage (8 cells)
list stages in order of early development
fertilization, cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis
what's fertilization?
union of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
what's a zygote?
fertilized egg
functions of fertilization?
to combine 2 haploid sets of chromosomes, contained in the gametes of 2 individuals, into a single diploid set (2n), and activates the egg
what does binding of the egg with the sperm cause?
chain of metabolic reactions within the egg that triggers the onset of development
describe eggs of females
females are born with all the eggs they'll ever have at birth at stage of prophase 1. with each menstrual cycle, an egg will develop up to stop at metaphase II; if not fertilized it will be lost in the menstrual flow
what's a cleavage?
rapid succession of cell divisions that produces a solid ball of cells from the zygote
what happens to the embryo during cleavage?
doesn't grow in size, the cytoplasm of the one large cell is partitioned off into many smaller cells called blastomeres
what's a morula and what's it produced by?
a solid ball of cells produced by continued cell division from cleavage
what's the blastocoel?
fluid filled cavity that forms in the center of the morula
when is the developing embryo at the blastula stage?
once the blastocoel cavity is completely formed
what does blue tissue of a cell model mean?
ectoderm
what does purple and pink tissue of a cell model mean?
mesoderm
what does yellow tissue of a cell model mean?
endoderm
what happens after the blastocoel is formed?
cells from the outer surface of the embryo begin to migrate inward toward the center through the blastopore
what's the blastopore?
opening through which the cells from the outer surface of the embryo migrate inward towards the center move after the blastocoel is formed
when is the archenteron formed?
as the cells move inward when the blastocoel is obliterated
what is the archenteron and fate of it?
new cavity formed after that blostocoel that becomes the digestive tract of the animal
what's the end result of gastrulation?
3 primary germ layers are formed: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
what all can the ectoderm produce?
nervous system, epidermis, and associated glands of the skin (sebaceous and sweat), inner ear, lens of the eye, and adrenal medulla
what all can the mesoderm produce?
notochord, lining of the coelom (body cavity), muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys and most of the circulatory system, lymphatic system, dermis of the skin and adrenal cortex
what all can the endoderm become?
lining of the digestive tract, organs that originate as outpocketings of the archenteron (such as liver, pancreas, and gall bladder), thyroid, parathyroid, lungs, thymus, and urinary bladder
what does neurulation involve?
this process involves outer, ectodermal cells flattening out and sinking downward forming a groove, the neural groove
what happens to the neural groove after formation?
the edges of either side of the groove eventually become elevated, forming neural folds
what is the neural tube and how does it form?
hollow tube that forms when neural folds come toward each other, eventually touching, then fuses
what's organogenesis?
formation of organs
when is organogenesis occurring?
as neurulation produces the neural tube
first organs to shape from organogenesis and what do they arise from?
neural tube (from dorsal ectoderm) and notochord (from dorsal mesoderm)
what does the neural tube give rise to?
big open end becomes the brain and smaller tapered end becomes the spinal cord
what does the notochord give rise to?
intervertebral discs between the vertebrae
what are somites formed by?
blocks of mesoderm condense, forming blocks
what do somites give rise to?
these blocks eventually form the vertebrae of the backbone
function of notochord?
embryonic support rod
compare speed of contraction for smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
smooth is slow, skeletal is fast
compare calcium effect for smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
smooth is slow, skeletal is fast
compare myosin ATPase for smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
smooth is low, skeletal is high
compare control for smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
smooth is involuntary, skeletal is voluntary
compare stimulation for smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
nerve impulses for smooth muscle, motor neurons for skeletal muscle
presence of sarcomeres in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, yes for smooth
presence of striations in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, yes for skeletal
presence of tropomyosin in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, yes for skeletal
presence of troponin in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, yes for skeletal
affected by hormones in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, no for skeletal
ANS control in cardiac and skeletal muscle
yes for cardiac, no for skeletal
order of contraction
sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber (cell), and muscle
function of chorion
outer membrane surrounding all other membranes, providing an overall enclosure for the young, used for gas exchange
function of amnion
thin walled nonvascular amnion surrounds and protects the embryo, provides embryo with a stable fluid environment of amniotic fluid that acts as protective cushion and provides a neutral, aquatic medium for the delicate developing fetal tissues
function of yolk sac
food for developing embryo here, reduces in size as embryo matures
function of allantois
inner membrane, large sac that grows outward from the fetus and houses metabolic wastes that the fetus produces while in the uterus
male or female and function of scrotum?
male, houses the paired testes
where do testes form during embryonic development?
form deep inside the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, migrate caudally, and eventually descend into the scrotum
male or female and function of cremaster muscles
male, pull testes closer to body to conserve heat when external temperatures drop too low
what are testes enclosed in?
enclosed within thin, membranous cremasteric pouches
contained in the spermatic cord?
vas deferens, spermatic artery and vein, and numerous nerves leading to the testis and epididymis located within the cremasteric pouch
male or female and function of epididymis
male, highly coiled system of tubules cupped around the side of each testis
where's sperm produced and stored?
within seminiferous tubules and stored along the length of the epididymis
location of new and older sperm?
new at the head of the epididymis and older located towards the tail of the epididymis
path of ejaculation
sperm leaves each epididymis and travel through each vas deferens towards the urethra
male or female and function of seminal vesicles
male, secrete a viscous fluid, highly alkaline to neutralize acidic environment of vagina and increase sperm survival, containing mucus to prevent sperm from drying out, large amounts of fructose for energy for the sperm, thereby promoting sperm motility and viability, and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions that assist in moving sperm along female's reproductive tract,
male of female and function of Bulbourethral glands
male, produce alkaline secretions that assist in lubrication during intercourse and also aid in neutralizing vaginal acidity
male of female and function of preputial gland
male, provide further assistance in lubrication and acidic neutralization
male of female and function of testes
male, produces sperm
male of female and function of epididymis
male, stores sperm
male of female and function of vas deferens
male, transports sperm to urethra
male of female and function of urethra
both, in males receives seminal secretions from the testes and accessory glands, also drains excretory products from urinary bladder and in females drains excretory products from the urinary bladder
male of female and function of penis
male, deposits semen in female reproductive tract; also expels urine from body (after birth)
male of female and function of ovary
female, produces eggs
male of female and function of oviduct
female, receives egg at ovulation, site of fertilization
male of female and function of uterine horns
female, site of implantation and embryonic development
male of female and function of vagina
female, receives penis during copulation; serves as part of the birth canal
male of female and function of vaginal vestibule (urogenital sinus)
female, common chamber formed by junction of urethra and the vagina that drains urine from the body and serves as part of the reproductive canal during copulation and birth
male of female and function of genital papilla
both, develops into clitoris in humans and other mammals in females
how does egg get into oviduct from ovary
no actual physical connection, small finger like projections of the oviduct generate movements that sweep each egg into the oviduct
male of female and function of uterine body
female, two uterine horns converge on the cervix
what is the genital papilla homologous to in males
penis, sends info about sexual stimulation to the brain
male of female and function of infundibulum
female, direct communication with ovary, opening of the oviduct, receives uggs open release from ovary
male of female and function of mesosalpinx
female, thin membranous sheet of connective tissue holds coils of the oviduct in place and provides a surface for the attachment of blood vessels that supply the oviductal tissues
each fetus is enclosed within what?
elongated dilated chorionic vesicle
male of female and what is and function of placenta
female, region where the wall of the chorionic vesicle and the uterine lining come together, and food gases and waste products diffuse between the chorioallantoic membrane and the uterine lining
fetal part of the placenta
chorioallantoic membrane
maternal part of the placenta
uterine lining
fate of urine collecting in bladder of fetus
passes through allantoic stalk and into allantois for storage
regions of kidneys divided outside inward
renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis
functional unit of mammalian kidney
nephron
function of renal artery
supplies blood to the kidney
function of renal vein
transports filtered blood away from the kidney to the vena cava
male of female and function of ureter
both, transport urine toward urinary bladder
male of female and function of urinary bladder
both, temporary storage of urine
male of female and function of kidney
both, filter blood from circulatory system, concentrate metabolic waste products and eliminate them from the body while conserving water and salts
male of female and function of uterus
female, pregnancy functions happen here
male of female and function of prostate
male, secrete alkaline fluid, constitutes 30% of semen volume
male of female and function of inguinal canal
both, two passages in anterior abdominal wall in males convey spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of uterus
male of female and function of Leydig/interstitial cells
male, produce testosterone in presence of Luteinizing hormone (LH)
all hormones released by the Anterior pituitary gland
Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Leteinizing hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, and Adrenocorticotropic hormone
function of growth hormone
stimulates growth and metabolic functions
function of prolactin
stimulates milk production and secretion
function of Follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates sperm and ova production
function of Luteinizing Hormone
stimulates testes and ovaries
function of thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid gland
function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete steroid hormones and endorphins
all hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary gland
oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone
function of oxytocin
stimulates contractions of the uterus and mammary gland cells, allows milk secretion
function of Antidiuretic hormone
promotes water retention in the kidneys
all hormones released by the Pineal Gland/Body
melatonin
function of melatonin
helps regulate circadian rhythm
all hormones released by the Thymus
Thymosin
function of Thymosin
stimulates immune system
all hormones released by the Thyroid
Thyroxine and Calcitonin
function of Thyroxine
controls metabolism and growth rates
function of Calcitonin
lowers blood calcium levels
all hormones released by the Pancreas
Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin
function of Insulin
lowers blood glucose levels
function of Glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
function of Somatostatin
Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
all hormones released by the Adrenal Cortex
epinephrine and norepinephrine, Corticosteroids, and Aldosterone
function of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
mediate responses to stressful situations
function of Corticosteroids
control carbohydrate and protein metabolism
function of Aldosterone
controls blood pressure
all hormones released by the Testis
Testosterone
function of Testosterone
maintains male sexual characteristics, sperm production and sex drive
all hormones released by the Ovary
Estrogen and Progesterone
function of Estrogen
Induces maturation of oocytes and ovulation; initiates thickening of uterine lining
function of Progesterone
increases thickening of uterine lining, causes negative feedback that promotes disintegration of corpus lueteum
all hormones released by the Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone
function of Parathyroid hormone
raises blood calcium levels
function of Posterior Pituitary gland
stores and releases hormones produced by the Hypothalmus
do males have oxytocin and if so function?
yes, released at ejaculation to stimulate contractions of reproductive tract to aid sperm release
function of hypothalamus with Anterior Pituitary gland
stimulates the release of Anterior Pituitary gland hormones by secreting releasing hormones
do males have prolactin and if so function?
yes, hypersecretion of prolactin in males leeds to decreased sexual desire, infertility, reduction of testosterone and erectile dysfunction
why don't all eggs ovulate at the same time?
If they don't get entire message from Follicle Stimulating Hormone, they won't make it all the way
function of luteinizing hormone in females?
causes ovulation on day 14
what can cause release of Melanocyte stimulating hormone?
UV radiation
how do opioids work?
Endorphin is naturally morphine pain killer, opioids have similar chemical structure to endorphin, so binds to same receptor
compare thymosin and thyroxine
distinguished by number of binded iodine, thymosin (T3) more potent, Thyroxine (T4) more prevalent
what causes Goiter?
not enough iodine, swollen thyorid gland
where does Somatostatin come out of in the Pancreas?
Islet of Langerhans
compare protein and steroid hormones
protein hormones act faster, steroid hormones last longer
some secondary male sex characteristics caused by testosterone
thickening and lengthening of vocal chords, upper muscular development, body hair, Bigger Genitalia
secondary female sex characteristics caused by Estrogen?
fat laid behind breasts, hair pattern, thickening of uterine lining, thicken pelvic bone, induces maturation of oocytes and ovulation, (lack of testosterone keeps voice high)
testosterone in females function?
sex drive
another name for oviduct?
Fallopian tube
what type of animals have uterine horns?
animals that give birth to litters
compare female and male urethra length
female is an inch, male is 6-7 inches
3 layers of Adrenal Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasiculata, and Zona Reticularis
function of Zona Glomerulosa
secrets mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
function of Zona Fasiculata
secretes glucocorticoids (cortisone)
function of cortisone
minimizing the inflammation response, also plays a role with glucose utilization (from lipid and protein stores)
function of Zona Reticularis
secretes androgens (testosterone)
what are all the receptor types?
Mechanoreceptors, Pain receptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and proprioceptors?
what are the mechanoreceptors?
Pacinian corpuscles, Messiner's corpuscles, and Merkel's light discs
describe Pacinian corpuscles and function
onion shaped structures, used for sustained pressure touch, felt over a larger area than normal touch
function of Messiner's corpuscles
light touch
function of Merkel's light discs
light touch
another name for Merkel's discs
tactile discs
what are the pain receptors
Nociceptors
describe and function of Nociceptors
naked/free dendrites in the epidermis of the skin; responds to pain
where are prostaglandins secreted and function
from seminal vesicles, contract smooth muscle (uterus) and cause pain receptors to be more present
how are receptors grouped
by what stimulates the specific receptor
all the chemoreceptors
Gustatory and Olfacction
function of Gustatory
taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
function of Olfaction
smell sensations
all thermoreceptors
End bulb of Krause and Ruffini's end organ
function of End bulb of Krause
cold sensations
function of Ruffini's end organ
heat sensations
where are proprioceptors found?
scattered throughout entire body
function of Proprioceptors
gives sensations of body positions and movement, located in muscles, joints, and inner ear
what's the sclera
tough, white outer covering of the eye
what's the cornea
front of the eye where the sclera becomes transparent
what is the first thing light hits?
Cornea
what is Conjunctiva
a delicate layer of epithelial cells that cover the sclera
function of Conjunctiva
helps keep eye moist
what's iris
pigmented outer layer of the eye which surrounds pupil
function of iris
gives eye its color
what's the pupil
hole in the center of the eye
what's the lens
a hardened structure located behind the cornea
function of the lens
helps focus light
function of ciliary body
produces a clear watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens
what is the Aqueous humor and where is it
clear watery fluid produced by the ciliary bodies, fluid occupies the space between the cornea and lens
what's the Vitreous humor
jellylike material that occupies the area behind the lens; fills up the majority of the volume of the eye
what's the retina and what's it contain
innermost layer of the eyeball that contains 2 types of photoreceptors: rods and cones
characteristics of cones
one of 2 photorecptors of the eye, takes more light to stimulate, less numerous in humans, most numerous in fovea
characteristics of rods and location
one of 2 photoreceptors of the eye, gives night (black and white) vision, gives periphreal vision, more numerous in the eye, located more on the periphery of the retina, completely absent in the fovea
what is the fovea and characteristics
center of visual field, has densest concentration of of cones, point where humans see the sharpest (directly in front of viewer)
what's the receptors and what does it contain
point on the retina whereby the optic nerve leaves the eye, contains no photoreceptors
what's conjutivitus?
pink eye, inflamed conjunctiva
unique about lens
only transparent protein in body
color of cones
red lens, green lens, and blue lens
region ear is divided into
outer, middle, and inner
in outer ear
Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
another name for Pinna
Auricle
what is Pinna
external surface
whats is Auditory canal
passage from outside to eardrum
what is Tympanic membrane
membrane which vibrates in response to sound waves
another name for Tympanic canal
eardrum
where is earwax located
auditory canal
what's in middle ear
Malleus, Incus, stapes, and Eustachian tube
another name for Malleus and what is it
hammer, 1st in series of ossicles directly attaches to eardrum
another name for Incus and what's it
anvil, 2nd in series of 3 ossicles, lies betwixt malleus and stapes
another name for stapes and what's it
stirrup, 3rd and last in series of ossicles, attaches to the oval window (membrane leading to inner ear)
what is Eustachian tube and function
canals that connect the middle ear with the pharynx (back of throat) when open, equalizes pressure of the middle ear with that of atmosphere (popping)
whats in the Inner ear
Utricle, semicircle canals, Saccule, Cochlea, vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and Organ of Corti
whats utricle, location and function
one of two chambers in vestibule behind oval window, opens into 3 semicircular canals which are responsible for equilibrium, gives body sense of forward to backward movement
what are semicircular canals, location and function
series of 3 structures which are located in 3 spatial planes, used to detect position of head
what is Saccule, function
one of 2 chambers in vestibule, gives body sense of up or down movement
whats Cochlea and function
coiled (snail) chaped structure which contains hair cells that are used for detection of sound
what's Vestibular canal
upper canal of cochlea
what's Tympanic canal
lower canal of cochlea
function of Organ of Corti
contains the receptor cells, hair cells whose hair project into the cochlear duct of the ear
what is Cerebrum
largest region of the brain divided into several lobes
lobes of Cerebrum
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobe
function of Frontal lobe
primary motor area and thought center
function of Parietal lobe
primary sensory area, areas for speech and reading and taste
function of temporal lobe
hearing and olfaction
function of Occipital lobe
vision
what is the Corpus callosum and function
area along the internal, mid-line of the cerebrum, only area where the two hemispheres of the cerebrum connect, acts as a relay center betwixt the two sides
what is Cerebellum and function
smaller, more compact than cerebrum, coordinates movements and balance
how does Cerebellum run?
all horizontal
function of pons
helps medulla oblongata with its functions
Function of Medulla Oblongata
controls autonomic/homeostatic functions: swallowing, breathing, digestion, heart rate, vomitting,
what does medulla oblongata combine with pons to make
brainstem
function of lymbic system
contains areas which govern emotions such as laughter, crying, sexuality, feeding, and aggression
Other sets by this creator