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BIOLOGY 2 FINAL PRACTICE EXAM

Terms in this set (217)

Which question is one of Tinbergen's four questions?

A. What is the cause of a certain behavior?
B. What is the evolutionary history of a behavior?
C. How does a certain behavior develop (i.e., through learning or genes)?
D. Does a behavior have any adaptive function?
E. All of these choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct
From the moment that a behavior appears in a population, that behavior is always used for a certain function or purpose.

True or False
False
A researcher is trying to determine the role that genes play in social grooming in apes (where one individual will pick insects or parasites off another). This researcher is asking a question under which of Tinbergen's classifications?

A. Evolutionary history
B. Development
C. Causation
D. Adaptive function
Development
If bird song promotes an individual's ability to attract a mate and reproduce, then the song has a(n) _____ function.

A. Mechanistic
B. Assumptive
C. Historical
D. Adaptive
E. Causative
Adaptive
Which of the mechanisms are causal explanations for bird song?

A. Air passing through a bird's specialized singing organ, the syrinx, vibrates the surrounding organs.
B. Songs are used by males to attract a mate.
C. Young males learned their song from their fathers.
D. The ritualization of the vocalization became species-specific.
Air passing through a bird's specialized singing organ, the syrinx, vibrates the surrounding organs
Instinctive behaviors that are carried out regardless of earlier experience are called _____ behaviors and are a product of an individual's genotype.

A. Habituated
B. Nurtured
C. Innate
D. Operant
E. Learned
Innate
In the silkworm moth of the genus Bombyx, pheromones are released by:

A. the male so he can follow his trail back to the same female multiple times.
B. the female so a male can follow the trail to find a mate.
C. the female so she can follow the trail back to where she lives.
D. the male so that females can follow the trail to find a mate
the female so a male can follow the trail to find a mate
Many female birds establish a pair bond with a single male with whom they build a nest and rear young. Many of those females, however, also copulate with other males outside the pair bond; the young they raise are fathered by more than one male. If we want to understand how this behavior originated and how it may have changed over time, we want to understand its:

A. Causation
B. Genetic basis
C. Evolutionary history
D. Development
E. Adaptive function
Evolutionary history
Behavioral variation between species may be attributed to differential responses to the same hormone.

True or False
True
Courtship displays are behaviors that will not be performed if members of a species have been raised in isolation.

True or False
False
Which of the sentences best supports the claim that natural selection has shaped a species-specific behavior?

A. An individual avoids certain locations or substances associated with negative experiences.
B. Threatening silhouettes provoke defensive, crouching postures in chicks.
C. Humans acquire a specific language.
D. A male responds to a female-produced pheromone.
A male responds to a female-produced pheromone
Which of the statements about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in Prairie Voles and Montane Voles is correct?

A. The regulatory sequence and ADH coding region of the Prairie Vole was inserted into a promiscuous mouse species which then became more promiscuous.
B. The ADH gene with its distinct regulatory region was taken from the Prairie Vole and inserted into a promiscuous mouse species. The mouse then became monogamous.
C. The receptor for ADH is found in the kidney where it contributes to water conservation but only in the brain of Prairie Voles where it influences behavior.
D. The ADH receptor is the same between the Prairie Vole and the Montane Vole.
The ADH gene with its distinct regulatory region was taken from the Prairie Vole and inserted into a promiscuous mouse species. The mouse then became monogamous
The ability to process information from the environment:

A. is a trait unique to multicellular organisms.
B. requires a brain and spinal cord.
C. is characteristic of all types of organisms.
D. is a trait unique to eukaryotes.
E. is unique to primates.
is characteristic of all types of organisms
_____ behaviors are instinctive and carried out regardless of earlier experience.

A. Learned
B. Imitated
C. Innate
D. Imprinted
Innate
Some types of fish can generate an electric field around their body to communicate with other individuals of the same species (like vocalization in birds). The electric field is generated by cells called electrocytes, which are modified muscle cells. This reflects that:

A. physiological mechanisms are the basis of behaviors.
B. behaviors are influenced by the environment.
C. there is no genetic basis for behavior.
D. behaviors develop over time.
physiological mechanisms are the basis of behaviors
_____ is the process by which experience leads to a change in behavior.

A. Learning
B. Evolution
C. Genetics
D. Selection
E. Nature
Learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome such as reward or punishment is called _____ learning.

A. Classical
B. Operant
C. Imitation
D. Non-associative
E. Associative
Non-associative
Reduction or elimination of a behavioral response due to a repeatedly presented stimulus is called:

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Habituation
D. Sensitization
E. Imitation
Habituation
Enhancement of a response to a stimulus by first presenting a strong or novel stimulus is called:

A. Sensitization
B. Habituation
C. Classical conditioning
D. Imitation
E. Operant conditioning
Sensitization
Conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link two events and is also called ______ learning.

A. Non-associative
B. Habituation
C. Connected
D. Sensitization
E. Associative
Associative
If a stimulus that leads to a behavior is paired with a stimulus that is neutral and does not evoke a particular behavior, and the animal is repeatedly exposed to the two paired stimuli, the animal's behavior will be evoked by the neutral stimulus alone. This is called _____ conditioning.

A. Operant
B. Habituation
C. Classical
D. Sensitization
E. Imitation
Classical
Newly hatched goslings and ducklings rapidly learn to treat any animal they see shortly after hatching as their mother. This is called filial _____ and is an adaptive behavior.

A. Imitation
B. Habituation
C. Sensitization
D. Conditioning
E. Imprinting
Imprinting
Which statement describes associative learning?

A. Habituation is an example of learning that results in a reduction or elimination of a behavioral response after repeated presentation of the stimulus.
B. Sensitization is a form of learning that results from presenting a strong or novel stimulus first so that the response to another stimulus is enhanced.
C. Learning occurs in the absence of a particular outcome, such as reward or punishment.
D. Conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link or associate two events.
Conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link or associate two events
Choose the statement that accurately characterizes non-associative learning.

A. a form of conditioning in which two stimuli are paired
B. operant conditioning
C. linking or associating a behavior with a reward
D. pairing a stimulus that leads to a specific behavior with a neutral stimulus that initially had nothing to do with the specific behavior
E. learning that occurs in the absence of reward or punishment
learning that occurs in the absence of reward or punishment
_____ is a form of learning typically seen in young animals and involves acquiring specific behaviors in response to key experiences during critical times called sensitive periods.

A. Learning
B. Conditioning
C. Imprinting
D. Imitation
Imprinting
A behavior that depends on experience has been:

A. Determined by nerve action alone
B. Learned
C. Determined by genotype
Learned
In the classic fable of "the boy who cried wolf," a shepherd boy repeatedly cries that a wolf is attacking while he is tending the sheep, though it is not. Initially the villagers would respond by running to help the boy. Eventually, some villagers stopped coming when the boy cried wolf. The villagers who stopped listening to the shepherd boy who kept lying and telling them that a wolf was attacking the sheep were exhibiting the form of learning called:

A. Habituation
B. Imprinting
C. Sensitization
D. Initiation
Habituation
Trial-and-error learning is also called _____ conditioning.

A. Imprinting
B. Operant
C. Imitation
D. Classical
Operant
Movement in a specific direction in response to a stimulus is called a:

A. Stimulus
B. Taxis
C. Kinesis
Taxis
Which statement about the circadian clock is accurate?

A. Physiological or behavioral aspects of an animal are controlled by their environment.
B. Circadian clocks regulate daily rhythms such as feeding, sleeping, hormone production, and core body temperature.
C. Circadian clocks are completely dependent on the movement of the sun.
D. Circadian clocks are dependent solely on day length.
E. A circadian clock is a set of molecular mechanisms that cycle with input from other environmental cues and keep a regular rhythm.
Circadian clocks regulate daily rhythms such as feeding, sleeping, hormone production, and core body temperature
Which statement about behavior shaped by experience is correct?

A. Behavior shaped by experience typically involves no change in strength of neuronal connections.
B. Animal nervous and endocrine systems, but not experience, are integrated to generate adaptive behaviors.
C. The central nervous system of even simple animals is capable of information processing.
D. Behaviors shaped by experience are primarily genetic and are inherited.
The central nervous system of even simple animals is capable of information processing
A woman hears cicadas chirping outside of her window. The last time she heard this noise, she was a teenager in middle school (about 13 years ago). The fact that these insects emerge every 13 years is due to the fact that cicadas have _____ clocks.

A. Annual
B. Daily
C. Photoperiod
D. Lunar
E. Orientation
Annual
A teacher has set up a demonstration in her class. She blindfolds some of her students and puts a space heater in the corner of the classroom. She tells the blindfolded students to find the warm spot in the class. Most of her students move randomly before (eventually) finding the space heater. The movements of the blindfolded students represent:

A. Taxes
B. Kineses
Kineses
Imagine that you are in the middle of WWI and are with a group of Allied forces trapped behind enemy lines. You and your group are stranded, and the only way to get help is to send a homing pigeon to your base. How will the homing pigeon find its destination?

A. The pigeon will likely use only landmarks or map information to return to the base.
B. The pigeon may fly back to the base using only the sun and stars as compasses.
C. The pigeon may use only olfactory cues to fly back to the base.
D. The pigeon may be able to fly back to the base using only the Earth's magnetic field.
E. The pigeon will use all of these things in its flight back to the base.
The pigeon will use all of these things in its flight back to the base
Which statement about communication in the White-Crowned Sparrow is true?

A. The White-Crowned Sparrow's song is learned by imprinting, a sensitive period that takes place about 10-50 days after hatching.
B. During the learning phase, the White-Crowned Sparrow's subsong is a sequence of multiple adult male songs from other species.
C. If a tape of another species' song, for example the Swamp Sparrow, is played during the sensitive period, the male White-Crowned Sparrow will ignore that song.
D. If deprived of hearing the adult male's song during the early sensitive period, the White-Crowned Sparrow will take longer to learn its species-specific song.
E. The White-Crowned Sparrow's song is an indicator of foraging ability.
If a tape of another species' song, for example the Swamp Sparrow, is played during the sensitive period, the male White-Crowned Sparrow will ignore that song
Which statement about honeybee communication is true?

A. Returning foragers pass samples of collected food to other workers that immediately take it to developing larvae.
B. The workers use olfactory cues to go out and find food once given a sample by returning foragers.
C. Returning foragers use the waggle dance to provide information about the direction of the food source in relationship to the sun.
D. The hive is like a giant organism, fixed in location and sending out workers in a different direction each day to forage.
Returning foragers use the waggle dance to provide information about the direction of the food source in relationship to the sun
Which type of communication would not be considered an advertisement display?

A. The croaking of frogs
B. The waggle dance of bees
C. All of these choices are correct
D. The singing of birds
E. The chirping of crickets
The waggle dance of bees
Which scenario is an example of communication?

A. the waggle dance of bees to inform other members of the colony as to the location of a food source
B. two male elk standing next to one another, evaluating one another's antlers and stature
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. the bright red flowers of a poinsettia and the pollinators it attracts
E. pheromones produced by a termite queen that attract workers in the colony
All of these choices are correct
Which scenario is a step in the ritualization of a behavior?

A. making a behavior less obvious or "hiding" a behavior
B. using the behavior for two different purposes (e.g., to attract a mate and to signify that a predator is in the area)
C. a bird that displays a specific set of exaggerated movements from a perch in a tree
D. increasing the variation of a behavior—such as a bird having many different types of mating dances
E. completely eliminating a behavior
a bird that displays a specific set of exaggerated movements from a perch in a tree
Consider a female firefly that produces pheromones, which in turn cause males of the same species to fly toward her. In this scenario, the male would be the _____ and the female the _____.

A. receiver; sender
B. ritualizer; communicator
C. communicator; receiver
D. advertiser; receiver
E. sender; receiver
Receiver; sender
Altruism occurs when an individual reduces his or her own direct fitness and increases the fitness of another individual.

A. True
B. False
True
Individual behavior that includes sacrifices made for the good of others is called:

A. Habitation
B. Sensitization
C. Altruism
D. Obbjectivism
E. Selfishness
Altruism
A form of natural selection favoring the spread of alleles that promote behaviors that help close relatives is called _____ selection.

A. Group
B. Sexual
C. Kin
D. Reciprocal
E. Intrasexual
Kin
_____ allows populations to adapt to the abiotic and biotic conditions where they live.

A. Competition
B. Reproduction
C. Predation
D. Natural selection
Natural selection
Many species of fish are found in schools, large groups of conspecifics all swimming with one another. Which of the terms best describes the distribution of schooling fish?

A. Uniform
B. Random
C. Clumped
Clumped
If an ecologist does a field count of the number of mice in a space that is six hectares, the ecologist is calculating the:

A. Population size
B. Population distribution
C. Population density
D. Population cycle
Population density
Which of the choices is not one of the defining features of a population?

A. Population range
B. Population sex-ratio
C. Population density
D. Population size
Population sex-ratio
A _____ consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place.

A. Species
B. Population
C. Range
D. Family
Population
An environment can only support a certain number of individuals of a given species at any one time. This number is referred to as the _____ of that environment.

A. Carrying capacity
B. Population size
C. Population density
D. Growth rate
Carrying capacity
Which of the choices would be considered density-independent factors that could affect the growth of a population?

A. Resources
B. Droughts
C. Disease
D. Parasitism
E. Predation
Droughts
Which of the following would be considered a density-dependent factor that could affect population growth?

A. Severe weather
B. Resources
C. Frost
D. Fire
E. Droughts
Resources
The _____ of box turtles in the United States includes all of the individual box turtles that could mate and reproduce within the 50 states.

A. Density
B. Population
C. Carrying capacity
D. Growth rate
Population
Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the carrying capacity (K value) of the habitat for that species.

A. Logarithmic
B. Extrinsic
C. Logistic
D. Exponential
E. Intrinsic
Logistic
Which of the statements is true regarding the mark-and-recapture method?

A. It is used to estimate the size of a population of interest.
B. It can be represented by the equation: N = (C/R) × M.
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. It assumes that the size of the population of interest remains constant between the initial mark and subsequent recapture measurements.
E. It can rely on members of a species being identified by physical characteristics (such as fin markings on whales).
All of these choices are correct
Large, even distances typically separate individual panda bears from each other. What type of population distribution do pandas exhibit?

A. uniform distribution
B. random distribution
C. sinusoidal distribution
D. clustered distribution
E. logistic distribution
Uniform distribubtion
A population can increase in size as a result of which of the processes?

A. an increase in emigration and death rate
B. an increase in immigration and birth rate
C. an increase in emigration and immigration
D. an increase in immigration and death rate
E. an increase in birth rate and death rate
An increase in immigration and birth rate
A scientist is researching a population of blue jays in her city. In order to completely define this blue jay population, she must determine:

A. the predators and parasites of the blue jay population.
B. whether the blue jays are r- or K-strategists.
C. the climates in which the blue jays can survive.
D. the typical life history for an individual blue jay.
E. the size, range, and density of the blue jay population.
the size, range, and density of the blue jay population
Imagine that a population of meerkats exhibits exponential growth. What does this tell you about the intrinsic growth rate r of the meerkat population?

A. The growth rate is steadily decreasing.
B. The growth rate has remained constant.
C. The growth rate increased at first, but then decreased.
D. The growth rate is fluctuating.
E. The growth rate is steadily increasing.
The growth rate has remained constant
The maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support is the environment's _____ for that population.

A. effect on the exponential growth rate
B. population size
C. effect on the intrinsic growth rate
D. carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
A severe drought is an example of a density-_____ factor that can influence population size. The availability of nest sites is an example of a density-_____ factor.

A. independent; dependent
B. dependent; dependent
C. independent; independent
D. dependent; independent
Independent; dependent
When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will be:

A. Both geometric and exponential
B. Exponential
C. Geometric
D. Logistic
E. Both geometric and logistic
Exponential
The human age-structure histogram of India is shaped like a pyramid. What does this tell you about India's population? Refer to the figure shown.

A. It is growing.
B. It is shrinking.
C. It is relatively constant.
D. It is currently growing but will decrease over the next few years.
E. It is currently shrinking but will increase over the next few years.
It is growing
_____ describes the number of individuals in a species that survive from one life cycle stage to the next.

A. A cohort
B. The intrinsic growth rate of a population
C. A population pyramid
D. Survivorship
Survivorship
If a scientist recorded the size, birth rate, and age structure of an owl population over the last 20 years, he is most likely a(n):

A. Mathematician
B. Botanist
C. Demographer
D. Emryologist
E. Evolutionary biologist
Demographer
Which type of survivorship curve can be depicted as a straight line, where mortality rates are roughly equivalent at all life stages?

A. Type III
B. Type II
C. Type I
Type II
K-strategists tend to inhabit "unpredictable" environments and also have population densities near the carrying capacity of an environment.

True or False
False
Mice produce several offspring that do not normally survive into adulthood, and mortality rates are highest during the first few months of life. These animals exhibit a:

A. Type I survivorship curve
B. Type III survivorship curve
C. Type II survivorship curve
Type III survivorship curve
A population that is decreasing in size will have an age-structure histogram shaped like a(n):

A. rectangle, with a roughly equal number of individuals in each age group.
B. inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals.
C. diamond, with a wide center depicting a large number of individuals that have reached reproductive maturity.
D. pyramid, with a wide base at the bottom representing a large number of young individuals.
inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals
Which of the following organisms would likely be a K-strategist?

A. Frogs
B. Salmon
C. Humans
D. Pine trees
E. Grasshoppers
Humans
Which of the organisms would likely be an r-strategist?

A. Whales
B. Owls
C. Kangaroos
D. Humans
E. Pine trees
Pine trees
The common mud turtle experiences relatively uniform mortality rates throughout its life. It exhibits Type _____ survivorship.

A. II
B. III
C. I
Type II
_____ is the proportion of individuals of an initial cohort that survives to each successive age or stage of the life cycle.

A. Age structure
B. Survivorship
C. Mortality
D. Demography
Survivorship
A town has several lakes connected by small streams or creeks. All the trout within a single lake are considered a(n) _____. The trout in all of the lakes constitutes a(n) ______.

A. equilibrium population; corridor population
B. corridor population; equilibrium population
C. metapopulation; corridor population
D. local population; metapopulation
E. corridor population; metapopulation
F. metapopulation; local population
Local population; metapopulation
Which of the answer choices best describes a species' niche?

A. with whom it reproduces
B. what it eats
C. all of the climatic conditions to which it is adapted
D. where it lives
E. its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat
its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat
Niche and habitat have the same meaning.

True or False
False
Niche and habitat have the same meaning.

A. Habitat
B. Abiotic environment
C. Realized niche
D. Resource partitioning
E. Fundamental niche
Realized niche
G. Evelyn Hutchinson's definition of a niche is unique in that:

A. it describes the niche in terms of how an organism functions in its environment.
B. it describes the niche only in terms of an organism's habitat.
C. it describes the niche as a combination of an organism's habitat and how that organism functions in its environment.
it describes the niche as a combination of an organism's habitat and how that organism functions in its environment
A woman observes a hawk perched in the branches of a pine tree. Suddenly, the hawk swoops down and catches a chipmunk that has been eating sunflower seeds at the woman's bird feeder. The hawk returns to its nest, which is in a nearby oak tree. Through this scenario, what can you tell about the niches of the organisms involved?

A. All of these choices are correct.
B. Oak trees or pine trees can serve as suitable shelter for hawks.
C. Chipmunks feed on seeds in their environments.
D. Chipmunks serve as food sources for hawks.
E. Hawks prey on chipmunks.
All of these answer choices are correct
The role played by a species in its environment is called its:

A. Hutchinsonian niche.
B. realized niche.
C. ecological niche.
D. multidimensional niche.
E. fundamental niche.
Ecological niche
A species' _____ niche comprises the full range of climate conditions and food resources that permit the individuals in a species to live.

A. Ecological and fundamental
B. Realized
C. Ecological
D. Ecological and realized
E. Fundamental
Fundamental
In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its _____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community.

A. fundamental; realized
B. realized; multidimensional
C. ecological; multidimensional
D. realized; fundamental
E. multidimensional; fundamental
Realized; fundamental
Competition can only occur between members of the same species.

True or False
False
Competition can occur over resources such as space, mates, and nesting sites, not just over food.

True or False
True
Which of the answer choices is a type of interaction in which both parties are harmed?

A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. amensalism
D. competition
E. predation
Competition
Depletion of a resource by one species, which lowers the availability of that resource to other species, is an example of:

A. Predation
B. Niche divergence
C. Direct competition
D. Parasitism
E. Indirect competetion
Indirect competition
Which of the answer choices is most likely to lead to resource partitioning?

A. Mutualism
B. Predation
C. Commensalism
D. Niche overlap
E. Parasitism
Niche overlap
Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

A. reduction in the size of the fundamental niche.
B. resource partitioning.
C. an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area.
D. increased population growth.
E. species evolving similar adaptations over time.
Resource partitioning
Which of the answer choices is expected to reduce competition among individuals of different species?

A. a decrease in the carrying capacity of an environment
B. the disappearance of a predator from an area
C. resource partitioning
D. a shortened mating season
E. destruction of habitat space
Resource partitioning
Which of these factors might be expected to increase as a result of predation?

A. extinction of prey species due to competitive exclusion
B. the availability of resources
C. competition among prey species
D. niche divergence
E. prey population densities
The availability of resources
Which factors contribute most to intraspecific competition?

A. predation and parasitism
B. predator population size
C. a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment
D. mutualistic relationships
E. a species' fundamental niche and abiotic surroundings
a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment
Recall that instead of expending energy fleeing or hiding from coyotes, foxes will instead settle in "coyote-poor" environments. This is not:

A. an example of intraspecific competition.
B. an example of antagonism.
C. an example of interspecific competition.
D. the result of competitive exclusion.
an example of intraspecific competition
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction definitely involves one individual gaining and one individual losing?

A. Commensalism
B. Competition
C. Facultative mutualism
D. Predation
E. Obligate mutualism
Predation
Interactions that involve a gain for both participants are called:

A. Mutualisms
B. Commensalisms
C. Parasitisms
D. Antagonisms
E. Competitions
Mutualisms
When a male lion competes with another male lion for mating rights in a pride, this is an example of _____.When a lion pride competes with hyenas for food sources in a habitat, this is an example of _____. Both can affect the size of the lion population.

A. Intraspecific competition; interspecific competition
B. Interspecific competition; intraspecific competition
Intraspecific competition; interspecific competition
Close interactions that have evolved over time between species are called:

A. Symbioses
B. Resource partitioning
C. Niches
D. Metapopulations
E. Interspecific competition
Symbioses
An interaction that benefits both participants is called a:

A. Mutualism
B. Predation
C. Niche overlap
D. Commensalism
E. Parasitism
Mutualism
An interaction in which one partner benefits with no effect on the other is called a:

A. Parasitism
B. Commensalism
C. Competition
D. Mutualism
E. Antagonism
Commensalism
Symbiotic relationships between species do not change over time.

True or False
False
The evolution of flowers and sweet-tasting fruits in response to animal pollinators and dispersers are examples of _____ relationships.

A. Competitive
B. Parasitic
C. Antagonistic
D. Commensal
E. Mutualistic
Mutualistic
Which type of interaction is not antagonistic?

A. Amensalism
B. Competition
C. Predation
D. Commensalism
E. Parasitism
Commensalism
Barnacles on the bellies of whales or on the shells of mollusks are examples of:

A. Mutualism
B. Parasitism
C. Commensalism
D. Predation
E. Amensalism
Commensalism
Small, photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae inhabit organisms such as corals and anemones and provide these organisms with food while acquiring a protected environment in which to live. This is an example of:

A. Predation
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism
D. Interspecific competition
E. Commensalism
Mutualism
A species that is involved in a facultative mutualism with another:

A. is reliant on the relationship for survival.
B. can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism.
C. should quickly develop adaptations in direct response to the other species.
D. can only interact with that particular species.
Can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism
Some bacteria in the human intestine aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, while utilizing these nutrients themselves as well. This is an example of:

A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Parasitism
D. Predation
Mutualism
When both participants in a species' interaction develop adaptations in direct response to one another, this could progress into all of the outcomes except:

A. Resource partitioning
B. Coevolution
C. Intraspecific competition
D. Competitive exclusion
E. Extinction of one species
Coevolution
The sum total of populations of different species that live in a given area is called a(n):

A. Ecosystem
B. Community
C. Habitat
D. Interaction
Community
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on a community is called a(n) _____ species.

A. Producer
B. Linchpin
C. Keystone
D. Engineer
E. Central
Keystone
Sea stars, otters, and beavers, through their influence on prey populations and habitat modification, are considered __________ species.

A. Replaceable
B. Competitive
C. Keystone
D. Ecological
Keystone
Severe physical impacts on a habitat are called:

A. Competitions
B. Keystone species
C. Ecosystem engineers
D. Successions
E. Disturbances
Disturbances
Following a disturbance, the process by which species replace each other over time is called:

A. Disturbance compensation
B. Succession
C. Competition
D. Ecosystem engineers
E. Keystone species
Succession
The sequence of types of species that colonize a recently disturbed area through succession is unpredictable.

True or False
False
Predator/prey relationships are always linear, with one species affecting only one other in the community.

True or False
False
The Arctic has been a key research area for the study of predator/prey dynamics in the community because:

A. there are more predator/prey examples in the Arctic.
B. predator/prey interactions work differently in the Arctic than in other types of habitats.
C. there is a greater number of species in the Arctic.
D. Arctic communities are generally smaller in size.
E. the Arctic has only one species of predator.
Arctic communities are generally smaller in size
Disturbances :

A. are extremely rare.
B. involve interactions such as competition and predation.
C. affect populations differently according to their density.
D. usually only affect one particular species in a community.
E. can influence the diversity of species in a community.
can influence the diversity of species in a community
An area that experiences very little change in species composition:

A. is likely comprised of mostly plant species.
B. is a long way from reaching the climax community.
C. is likely comprised of mostly K-strategists.
D. is likely comprised of mostly r-strategists.
E. has probably been recently disturbed.
is likely comprised of mostly K-strategists
An ecological _____ is the set of all populations of all species found in a given area.

A. Population
B. Community
C. Ecosystem
D. Interaction
E. Metapopulation
Community
According to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography, both the land area of an island and the _____________________ contribute to species diversity.

A. rock composition of the island
B. proximity of the island to the equator
C. depth of the water surrounding the island
D. distance of the island from neighboring land masses
E. climate of the island
Distance of the island from neighboring land masses
Species' extinction rates on an island are dependent on two things: how large the island is and the location of the island in relation to other land masses.

True or False
False
GRAPH

Why does the number of species on an island level off at S (equilibrium)?

A. resources become scarce as more species colonize an island
B. extinction rates increase as more species colonize an island
C. colonization rates eventually decrease
D. All of these choices are correct.
E. predation increases as more species colonize an island
All of the answer choices are correct
The equation 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 represents the process of:

A. Respiration
B. None of the answer choices are correct
C. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Because the products of photosynthesis are used as the reactants of respiration, photosynthesis and respiration are considered:

A. Supplementary
B. Symbiotic
C. Complementary
D. Antagonistic
E. Tangential
Complementary
The equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O represents the process of:

A. Respiration
B. None of the answer choices are correct
C. Photosynthesis
Respiration
Which of the processes is responsible for the change scientists observed in atmospheric concentrations of 12C, 13C, and 14C over the last 200 years?

A. Volvanism
B. Subduction
C. The clearing of forests
D. Chemical weathering
E. The burning of fossil fuels
The burning of fossil fuels
Which of the statements is true regarding CO2?

A. CO2 is released as a product of respiration.
B. CO2 is a greenhouse gas.
C. CO2 can be produced by natural and man-made processes.
D. All of these choices are correct.
E. CO2 plays a vital role in maintaining Earth's temperature.
All of these choices are correct
Nearly 150 years ago, man-made CO2 was introduced into the atmosphere primarily through _____. Currently, _____ is the main contributing factor to increased levels of human-produced CO2 in the atmosphere.

A. the burning of fossil fuels; deforestation
B. deforestation; the burning of fossil fuels
C. respiration; deforestation
D. deforestation; respiration
E. the burning of fossil fuels; the burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation; the burning of fossil fuels
Over the last several decades, what have researchers discovered about atmospheric CO2 levels?

A. They have decreased
B. They increased for a period but have now stabilized
C. They have increased
D. They have remained the same
They have increased
Recall that in the northern hemisphere, atmospheric CO2 levels are highest in early spring and lowest in early fall. What accounts for this seasonal fluctuation in atmospheric CO2 levels?

A. Human activities
B. Biomineralization
C. Photosynthesis
D. Respiration
E. Plate tectonics
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis _____ the atmosphere, whereas respiration _____ the atmosphere.

A. introduces CO2 to; removes CO2 from
B. removes CO2 from; introduces CO2 to
removes CO2 from; introduces CO2 to
The rate of respiration _____ throughout the year.

A. Varies significantly
B. Remains more or less constant
Remains more or less constant
The majority of carbon stored in abiotic reservoirs is in the form of:

A. CH4
B. CO2
C. H2CO3
D. C6H12O6
E. CaCO3
CaCO3
Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which introduces CO2 back into the atmosphere?

A. Photosynthesis
B. Carbonate precipitation
C. Chemical weathering
D. Respiration
E. Volcanism
Volcanism
Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A. Volcanism
B. Chemical weathering
C. Photosynthesis
D. Bacteria-based oxidation
E. Respiration
Chemical weathering
The movement of Earth's crust, plate tectonics, contributes to the long-term carbon cycle through all of the answer choices except:

A. Subduction
B. Mountain lifting
C. Volcanic activity
D. Photosynthesis
E. None of these answer choices
Photosynthesis
The rate of exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the oceans represents a carbon:

A. Sink
B. Flux
C. Biomass
D. Reservoir
E. Precipitation
Flux
The _____ cycle deals with geological processes and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up or take place over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _____ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily and/or seasonal basis.

A. short-term carbon; rapid carbon
B. long-term carbon; short-term carbon
C. long-term carbon; intermediate carbon
D. short-term carbon; long-term carbon
Long-term carbon; short-term carbon
Decomposers are vital components of a food web because they:

A. immediately provide tertiary consumers with usable forms of carbon.
B. serve as primary producers.
C. return carbon (as CO2) to the atmosphere.
D. incorporate the carbon contained in atmospheric CO2 into C6H12O6.
Return carbon (CO2) to the atmosphere
Cyanobacteria, milkweed plants, and oak trees are all considered:

A. Decomposers
B. Secondary consumers
C. Primary producers
D. Primary consumers
E. Tertiary consumers
Primary producers
A _____ takes into account the diverse interactions between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers. It depicts the flow of carbon through an environment as interdependent of primary producers, consumers, and decomposers.

A. Biomass pyramid
B. Food chain
C. Biogeochemical cycle
D. Food web
Food web
Which of these organisms is considered a primary consumer?

A. Toadstool
B. Algae
C. Grasshopper
D. Holly bush
E. Cougar
Grasshopper
Carbon moves through ecosystems on both short- and long-term scales. Which of the statements best describes the movement of carbon through short-term time scales of the food chain?

A. Primary producers fix atmospheric carbon into compounds that will be oxidized by secondary consumers.
B. Primary producers oxidize carbon compounds that were previously reduced by decomposers.
C. Once carbon is fixed by primary producers, it will not enter the atmosphere again until broken down by decomposers.
D. Partially reduced carbon compounds from primary producers are completely reduced by decomposers.
Primary producers fix atmospheric carbon into compounds that will be oxidized by secondary consumers
A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies are known together as a(n):

A. Population
B. Ecosystem
C. Species
D. Community
Ecosystem
A heterotrophic organism that consumes primary consumers is called a(n):

A. Predator
B. Decomposer
C. Primary producer
D. Herbivore
E. Detritivore
Predator
To which group do herbivores belong in a food web?

A. Primary consumers
B. Tertiary consumers
C. Decomposers
D. Secondary consumers
E. Primary producers
Primary consumers
Which group in a food web is responsible for returning inorganic compounds back to the environment?

A. decomposers
B. primary consumers
C. tertiary consumers
D. secondary consumers
E. primary producers
Decomposers
Approximately _____ of the energy and biomass available at one trophic level is passed to the next.

A. 25%
B. 100%
C. 50%
D. 10%
E. 90%
10%
Organisms in an ecosystem are linked to their physical environment through the cycling of _____ and the transfer of _____.

A. nutrients; water
B. nutrients; energy
C. nutrients; sunlight
D. energy; nutrients
E. sunlight; nutrients
Nutrients; energy
Nutrient cycling through ecosystems can be depicted using a(n):

A. Calvin cycle
B. Ecosystem
C. Food chain
D. Trophic pyramid
E. Food web
Food web
Energy flow through ecosystems can be depicted using a(n):

A. Food web
B. Food chain
C. Ecosystem
D. Calvin cycle
E. Trophic pyramid
Trophic pyramid
Organisms that take up inorganic nutrients and convert them to organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are called:

A. Primary producers
B. Predators
C. Consumers
D. Herbivores
E. Heterotrophs
Primary producers
What is generally true about biomass and energy as we move from one trophic level to the next?

A. Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
B. They both increase.
C. All of the energy stored initially in organic molecules by the primary producers will be available to the secondary consumers.
D. Organisms at one trophic level always consume all of the resources from the level below them.
Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level
The broadest level in a trophic pyramid is primarily composed of:

A. Primary consumers
B. Tertiary consumers
C. Secondary consumers
D. Primary producers
Primary producers
A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy.

A. Food web; niche
B. Food web; trophic pyramid
C. Niche; food web
D. Trophic pyramid; food web
Food web; trophic pyramid
A(n) _____ is a community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies.

A. Community
B. Matapopulation
C. Ecosystem
D. Interaction
E. Population
Ecosystem
Deserts caused by a rain shadow occur on the east side of the Sierra Nevada range in California. Why does the desert exist on the east side, but not the west side of the range?

A. Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert.
B. The air cools as it goes over the mountain and the dry air pulls moisture from the ground on the east side of the mountain.
C. Lakes on the east side of the mountain keep enough moisture in the air to prevent moist air from releasing its water when it moves to the east side.
D. The cold soil at the top of the mountains causes all the water to freeze in the soil thereby preventing it from evaporating into the air to be carried down the east side of the mountain.
Warm, moist air coming off the ocean rises as it encounters the mountain range and releases all its water as it moves up the mountain and the air cools. Dry air moving down the other side of the mountain causes arid desert
If winds did not move away from the equator to the poles:

A. the oceans would release more heat into the atmosphere.
B. temperatures at the poles would be lower.
C. ocean currents would be stronger.
D. temperatures at the equator would be lower.
temperatures at the poles would be lower
Temperature differences on Earth are caused primarily by:

A. the amount of ice covering the landmass at each latitude.
B. the different seasons at each latitude.
C. the amount of moisture in the air at each latitude.
D. the amount of solar energy received per unit area at each latitude
the amount of solar energy received per unit area at each latitude
Seasons are caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit around the sun.

True or False
False
Sunlight hits the Earth most directly:

A. at higher latitudes rather than at lower latitudes.
B. at either of the poles rather than at the equator.
C. at the equator rather than at either of the poles.
D. at lower latitudes rather than at higher latitudes.
at the equator rather than at either of the poles
What would happen if the Earth were not tilted on its axis?

A. The seasons would be longer.
B. The seasons would be more extreme.
C. There would be no seasons.
D. The seasons would be shorter.
E. The seasons would be less extreme.
There would be no seaons
Which of the choices would you expect to observe as you go from the base to the top of a mountain?

A. the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from low to high latitude
B. the same biome, but varying climate as you hike up the mountain
C. the same climate and biome from the base to the top of the mountain
D. the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from high to low latitude
the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from low to high latitude
Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air.

A. More; more
B. Less; less
C. Less; more
D. More; less
Less; more
On land, _____ are broad, ecologically uniform areas, recognized by their characteristic vegetation that reflects adaptation of form and physiology to climate.

A. Latitudes
B. Continents
C. Countries
D. Biomes
Biomes
Sunlight is able to penetrate the region in the ocean known as the:

A. Littoral zone
B. Benthic zone
C. Photic zone
D. Neritic zone
Photic zone
Broad, ecologically uniform areas with stable and distinctive collections of species are called:

A. Habitats
B. Biomes
C. Communities
D. Interactions
E. Ecosystems
Biomes
Which biome is situated around the equator and boasts the greatest biodiversity of any biome?

A. Savanna
B. Deciduous forest
C. Temperate grassland
D. Tropical rainforest
E. Chaparral
Tropical rain forest
Which ratio provides a good estimate of vegetation type within biomes?

A. evaporation to transpiration
B. temperature to biomass
C. evaporation to precipitation
D. elevation to precipitation
E. potential evapotranspiration to precipitation
Evaporation to precipitation
Certain regions on the deep sea floor can achieve constant and high species density near:

A. fallen whale carcasses.
B. communities of bioluminescent organisms that generate enough light for photosynthesis.
C. pockets of warm water to support enzymatic reactions of metabolism.
D. hydrothermal vents.
Hydrothermal vents
Microorganisms are important to the carbon cycle because without them:

A. there would be no chemoautotrophs.
B. organic carbon in oxygen-free environments could not be cycled.
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. primary producers would be limited by nitrogen availability.
All of these choices are correct
Autotrophs remove _____ from the air and fix this into tissues providing _____ for secondary consumers.

A. Nitrogen; energy
B. Carbon dioxide; inorganic molecules
C. Carbon dioxide; energy
D. Nitrogen; amino acids
Carbon dioxide; energy
Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through:

A. decomposition of detritus by fungi.
B. storage of carbohydrates in animals.
C. photosynthesis in marine algae.
D. photosynthesis in plants.
Decomposition of detritus by fungi
Which of the groups of biomes is listed in order of least to greatest species diversity?

A. savannah, taiga, rain forest
B. savannah, rain forest, taiga
C. taiga, savannah, rain forest
D. rain forest, savannah, taiga
E. taiga, rain forest, savannah
Taiga, savannah, rain forest
Which is not a hypothesis that attempts to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient?

A. Tropical areas have larger population sizes for a given species
B. Temperate communities have fewer species due to the need to adapt to a wider range of weather conditions.
C. Tropical areas generally have more parasites that may attack particular types of trees, thereby affecting their distribution.
D. Species in tropical habitats have had longer to evolve and diversify.
E. A given species in tropical habitats may be more spread out, leaving room in between for others.
Tropical areas have larger population sizes for a given species
The "Anthropocene Period":

A. refers specifically to the period of time following the industrial revolution.
B. refers to the period when the earliest primate ancestors appeared in the fossil record.
C. is so named to reflect the impact of humans on the planet.
D. is Latin for "modern era."
E. is so named to reflect increasing global surface temperatures.
is so named to reflect the impact of humans on the planet
An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to:

A. the total amount of food consumed by that individual.
B. the total amount of carbon emissions from that individual's car.
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. the total amount of energy used by that individual.
E. the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.
the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual
Which of the options would result in a decrease in the size of your ecological footprint?

A. only purchasing clothing that was made overseas
B. purchasing produce from local farmers instead of produce shipped from overseas
C. setting the thermostat to 68 degrees in the winter instead of 66 degrees
D. constructing a new home from brick and stone.
E. None of the other answer options is correct.
purchasing produce from local farmers instead of produce shipped from overseas
What is one "low-tech" method currently available to actively remove CO2 from the air?

A. None of the answer options is correct.
B. using iron and other supplements to fertilize the ocean (increase phytoplankton biomass)
C. capturing CO2 in smokestacks (using smokestack scrubbers)
D. expansion of rice farming
E. reforestation of previously cleared landscapes
reforestation of previously cleared landscapes
Greenhouse gases:

A. prevent average surface temperatures from dropping below freezing.
B. make life on Earth's surface possible
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. include carbon dioxide and methane.
E. absorb heat energy and emit it in all directions.
All of these choices are correct
Which of the choices is a cause of increased levels of greenhouse gases?

A. thawing of the permafrost in the tundra
B. burning of fossil fuels
C. expansion of rice paddies
D. All of these choices are correct.
E. increasing cattle populations
All of these choices are correct
Approximately how long would it take for CO2 levels to return to nineteenth century levels if we cut emissions by 90% immediately?

A. 6-12 mo
B. 10 years
C. Hundreds of thousands of years
D. 100 years
E. 1 mo
Hundreds of thousands of years
Which of the choices will help slow the rate of increase of atmospheric CO2?

A. All of these choices are correct.
B. using nuclear power to reduce the cost of energy production
C. turning off the light in an empty room
D. using solar power instead of fossil fuels to help conserve finite natural resources
E. driving more fuel-efficient cars
All of these choices are correct
Which of the statements about global warming and the greenhouse effect is correct?

A. Global warming and the greenhouse effect are not related.
B. Global warming and the greenhouse effect describe the same phenomenon.
C. The greenhouse effect can lead to global warming.
D. The greenhouse effect refers to heat that escapes Earth's atmosphere, whereas global warming refers to heat that is trapped by Earth's atmosphere.
E. None of the answer options is correct.
The greenhouse effect can lead to global warming
Which of the statements about ocean acidification is false?

A. Ocean acidification makes it more difficult for corals to secrete their skeletons.
B. Increasing levels of CO2 in the ocean cause a decrease in the pH of seawater.
C. Ocean acidification is predicted to get worse as atmospheric CO2 levels rise.
D. The pH of surface oceans has dropped by 0.1 units in the past 40 years.
E. Ocean acidification increases the availability of carbonate ions in seawater.
Ocean acidification increases the availability of carbonate ions in seawater
In response to global climate change, it is likely that some plant species will survive while others will go extinct. All of the statements are explanations of this pattern except:

A. plants differ in their abilities to respond physiologically to persistent environmental change, and some will survive increased temperatures.
B. greenhouse gases are toxic, so increasing levels of these gases will cause some plants to go extinct.
C. temperatures may increase more rapidly than some species can adapt, which will lead to their extinction.
D. some plants are able to migrate more effectively than others and can move into areas with more favorable conditions for survival.
greenhouse gases are toxic, so increasing levels of these gases will cause some plants to go extinct
Imagine that you are at dinner with a group of friends. The topic of climate change comes up, and one of your friends insists that climate change is a myth. What evidence would you provide to convince your friend that climate change is actually occurring and that humans play a role in this process?

A. The world's oceans have become more acidic, the direct result of excess human-produced CO2 being released into the environment.
B. The mean temperature of the world's oceans has increased, while the mean surface temperature of Earth has remained constant over the last several decades.
C. An increase in CO2 levels first occurred during the 1940s, coinciding with the events of WWII.
D. All of these choices are correct.
The world's oceans have become more acidic, the direct result of excess human-produced CO2 being released into the environment
Nitrogen runoff leads to large increases in the populations of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and oceans in a process known as:

A. Global warming
B. The greenhouse effect
C. Ocean acidification
D. Eutrophication
Eutrophocation
How can crop yields be increased?

A. All of these choices are correct.
B. increasing the use of fertilizers to replenish nutrient-depleted soil
C. using genetically modified crops that are more resistant to disease
D. increasing the use of machinery to harvest crops
E. converting more land to agricultural fields
All of these choices are correct
Eutrophication describes:

A. the increased production of crops using fertilizer.
B. the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations, eventually causing oxygen availability to decline.
C. the death and decomposition of algal blooms.
D. the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer that leaves agricultural fields as surface runoff.
the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations, eventually causing oxygen availability to decline
All of the processes contribute to the formation of dead zones except:

A. Eutrophication
B. Fertilizers
C. Decomposition
D. Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification
Which of the statements about agricultural fertilizers is false?

A. Nitrate and phosphate runoff cause eutrophication in different communities.
B. Global nitrate and phosphate resources are in decline.
C. Large amounts of fertilizers are necessary to maintain high crop yields year after year.
D. If the human production of fixed nitrogen stopped, the amount of fixed nitrogen added to the biosphere each year would only be about half of what it is now.
E. Phosphates are obtained exclusively through mining.
Global nitrate and phosphate resources are in decline
Increased phosphate levels in the Everglades has led to:

A. eutrophication followed by declines in fish and alligator populations.
B. expansion of native plants into adjacent ecosystems.
C. displacement of native plants by phosphate-loving introduced plants.
D. increased plant growth and diversity.
E. declining populations of low-phosphate adapted cattails.
displacement of native plants by phosphate-loving introduced plants
Which of the processes is the direct cause of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico?

A. fertilizer runoff from agricultural fields
B. ocean acidification
C. increased growth of algal populations
D. decomposition of algal blooms by aerobic bacteria
decomposition of algal blooms by aerobic bacteria
A dead zone has been documented off the coast of Oregon. Which of the options could contribute to the formation of the dead zone?

A. high nitrogen levels in the area
B. low phosphate levels in the area
C. high oxygen levels in the area
D. high carbon dioxide levels in the area
High nitrogen levels in the area
Which of the nutrients is responsible for eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico?

A. Oxygyen
B. Water
C. Carbon
D. Nitrogen
Nitrogen
An invasive species:

A. is any species that has a negative impact on community diversity.
B. is any species that has been genetically modified by man.
C. is any species that causes disease and death in host organisms.
D. is always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem.
E. is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.
is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem
Which of the statements is accurate?

A. It is not possible to eradicate a disease.
B. The evolution of drug-resistant pathogens has remained level for the past 100 years.
C. Global travel spreads pathogens more quickly than ever before.
D. Failure to follow treatment regimens has no effect on the evolution of drug resistance.
Global travel spreads pathogens more quickly than ever before
If a scientist wanted to determine if a forest environment had been polluted, which group of organisms typically would be the best indicator for the presence of pollutants?

A. Insects
B. Amphibians
C. Fish
D. Birds
E. Mammals
Amphibians
Which of the choices is responsible for the loss of amphibian populations around the world?

A. Habitat loss
B. Pesticides
C. Fungal diseases
D. Herbicides
E. All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Which of the statements regarding the loss of biodiversity is false?

A. There will be fewer species at the end of the 21st century than there are now.
B. Habitat degradation is one of the most important threats to biodiversity.
C. Loss of biodiversity may result in less productive and resilient communities.
D. Loss of biodiversity results in the loss of novel compounds with potential medical applications.
E. Earth is losing 2.5 percent of its species annually.
Earth is losing 2.5 percent of its species annually
Which of the statements about invasive species is accurate?

A. Humans are responsible for dramatic decreases in the number of invasive species.
B. Invasive species enhance community diversity through displacement, competition, and predation.
C. Introduction of invasive species is less common on islands because of the smaller size of islands compared to the mainland.
D. The effect of invasive species on natural communities is always a reduction in diversity.
E. Invasive species often thrive in new areas because they have few natural predators.
Invasive species often thrive in new areas because they have few natural predators
Which of the statements correctly describes antibiotic resistance?

A. Once evolved, antibiotic resistance cannot be passed between different species of bacteria.
B. Antibiotic resistance occurs when the use of antibiotics selects for the absence of mutations in bacteria.
C. Some diseases, such as tuberculosis, have strains that are so antibiotic resistant that they are essentially untreatable.
D. Failure to complete a course of antibiotics selects for pathogens that are most susceptible to antibiotics.
Some diseases, such as tuberculosis, have strains that are so antibiotic resistant that they are essentially untreatable
Which of the factors are responsible for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

A. patients forgetting to take all of the doses of antibiotics
B. the inability of patients to pay for the full regimen of antibiotics
C. overprescription of antibiotics, especially for non-bacteria associated ailments
D. All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Diversity can be described at many different levels. All of the choices are a level of diversity considered by conservation biologists except:

A. genetic diversity within an individual.
B. genetic diversity within a population.
C. species numbers within an ecosystem.
D. species numbers within a community
Genetic diversity within an individual
How do corridors increase the effectiveness of refuges?

A. They permit migration between individual refuges.
B. All of these choices are correct.
C. They increase the effective area that may be inhabited by a population.
D. They permit larger populations sizes, increasing chances of survival for a species.
All of these choices are correct
Genetic variation within species is important to conservation because:

A. genetic variation provides a means by which natural selection can "act" when the environment changes.
B. low levels of genetic variation may make hybrid species more likely, so neither species will go extinct.
C. species with low genetic variation go extinct.
D. high levels of genetic variation will result in more populations speciating, so biodiversity will be maintained.
genetic variation provides a means by which natural selection can "act" when the environment changes
Conservation biologists are interested in protecting biodiversity hotspots because biodiversity hotspots have high numbers of endemic species and maintain almost all the area of the original habitat.

True or False
False
All of the choices are examples of an ecosystem service except:

A. the ability of tree roots to stabilize the soil and reduce erosion
B. decomposition of dead organisms by bacteria
C. All of these choices are considered ecosystem services.
D. plants that sequester heavy metals in their tissues
E. bivalves that filter contaminants from coastal areas
All of these choices are considered ecosystem services
Captive breeding programs in zoos could be important for biodiversity in the wild because:

A. a threatened species with low population sizes can be bred in zoos to increase their total global population size.
B. individuals raised in zoos could be released into the wild in order to reestablish natural populations.
C. even if a species goes extinct in the wild, there will still be members of the species in zoos.
D. endangered species in zoos provide a way to preserve genetic diversity for the species.
individuals raised in zoos could be released into the wild in order to reestablish natural populations
Leopards require large amounts of space in order to maintain viable population numbers. If conservation biologists establish reserves that are large enough to preserve populations of leopards, then:

A. other species that are prey for leopards will decline in number.
B. other species will have to adapt to new predators.
C. other species, endangered or not, will also be protected in that same area.
D. other large predators should be removed from the preserve so the leopards can survive.
other species, endangered or not, will also be protected in that same area
Habitat corridors can be useful additions to separated reserves because:

A. they reduce the overall area of edge habitat for the reserve.
B. they reduce connectivity between useable habitat for protected species.
C. they provide a means to increase the functional size of a reserve.
D. they provide area for invasive species so the invasive species doesn't colonize the reserve.
they provide a means to increase the functional size of a reserve
Reserves in Africa that span large areas and are connected by corridors will also help with species' conservation because:

A. tourists will be able to view more wildlife.
B. the larger reserve sizes allow for "normal" migratory behavior.
C. animals will have more area where they can enter a reserve during hunting seasons.
D. animals in reserves will be more protected during certain seasons of the year.
the larger reserve sizes allow for "normal" migratory behavior
Some companies that harvest specific trees in the United States will plant one tree of the same species for every tree that is cut down. This is a common practice to ensure:

A. Sustainable development
B. Habitat restoration
C. Reserve design
D. Overharvesting
Sustainable development
Reserves help to establish and maintain more diverse communities. This is important because:

A. less diverse communities do not provide ecosystem services.
B. more diverse communities will have species that grow exponentially.
C. more diverse communities are more resilient to disturbance.
D. less diverse communities facilitate extinction.
E. diversity increases rates of speciation.
more diverse communities are more resilient to disturbance
Sustainable harvest practices in fish populations ensure that:

A. only certain areas of the ocean are fished while other areas are left untouched.
B. populations of fish are able to grow and reproduce to replace what is caught.
C. fish species that are farmed will provide most of the fish available to consumers.
D. a small portion of many species is taken so that any one species isn't overfished.
populations of fish are able to grow and reproduce to replace what is caught
All human impact on the environment is negative.

True of False
False
Regardless of profession, knowledge of biology is important for making informed, environmentally responsible choices.

True or False
True
We often think that biologists are primarily responsible for coming up with solutions to climate change. How could engineers also help to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?

A. by developing new ways to harness "alternative energy," such as developing smaller or more efficient wind turbines
B. by developing new strategies to ship food products, effectively increasing crop yield
C. by developing more efficient gas-powered engines, limiting our consumption of fossil fuels
C. All of these choices are correct.
D. by developing better ways to heat or cool our homes, creating more energy-efficient houses.
All of these choices are correct
Which of the choices are problems that future scientists, engineers, and doctors will have to address?

A. Species extinction
B. Climate change
C. Drug-resistant pathogens
D. Invasive species
E. All of the choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
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