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A&P II Final Study Guide

Terms in this set (79)

Rusty was diagnosed with COPD and he has a really hard time breathing. Which of the following may result from his decreased oxygen intake?
High levels of erythropoietin
Leukocytes tend to flock to areas of infection. Which granulocyte is responsible for attracting other leukocytes to the area?
Basophil
Each hemoglobin molecule is capable of binding four oxygen molecules. Which of the following is responsible for the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
Tissue with low oxygen concentration
Which layer of the blood vessel contains significant amounts of smooth muscle and elastin fibers and allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
tunica media
It is critical that our heart beats in a rhythmic and controlled manner. Tetanus of cardiac muscle would almost certainly be fatal. Which of the following helps to prevent tetanus in cardiac muscle?
Slow movement of Ca²+
Some of your hemoglobin has become broke down and ratchet. What would ultimately happen to the globin portion of the hemoglobin?
Released into the blood
Sally was running and has scraped her knee. Blood keeps pouring out of her and her wound will not clot. What protein is Sally missing that is needed for the blood to clot and stop the bleeding?
Fibrinogen
Which of the following is NOT one of the places deoxygenated blood enters the heart?
pulmonary veins
Mitral valve prolapse can result in a heart murmur. Which part of the heart sound would be affected if this valve is damaged?
Lub (The first sound)
Your Aunt Edna is having surgery to put in a pacemaker. Which part of her heart will be affected by this surgery, if the goal is to have this implanted device make up for the failing innate pacemaker of her heart's intrinsic conducting system?
Right atrium
Your heart is just fine, but for some reason your nervous system is unable to modify the pace of the heart. Damage to which of the following could prevent your heart from speeding up during a time of stress?
Medulla oblongata
A heart block is an abnormal rhythm that causes the heart to beat very slowly. One type is caused when the electrical signal in the heart cannot move between the atria and ventricles. Where do you think the lack of communication is occuring?
Between the AV node and the AV bundle
Where is the highest velocity of blood flow located in the body?
aorta
When examining an electrocardiogram tracing, which deflection results from ventricular depolarization AND atrial repolarization?
QRS Segment
You just got off the phone with your mother and it was another one of those conversations. You can feel your eye twitching and your blood pressure up. What is one way your body can deal with this short-term elevation in blood pressure?
Decrease heart rate
You have a rare disease that affects your fenestrated capillaries. Which part or parts of your body would most likely be affected?
Kidneys and Small intestines
Which of the following best describes the extrinsic innervation of the heart?
Modifies the heart rate by sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic impulses.
Susie just had a child. The doctor's inform her that her newborn infant has a much lower blood pressure than a normal adult does. Which answer explains this best?
The infant's total blood vessel length is shorter than an adults.
Coronary circulation provides pulsating blood flow when the heart is in diastole. What area of the heart receives the most blood?
Left ventricle
Your friend stacey's boyfriend broke up with her last night, and she said that "all that boy did was pull on my heart strings." You being the anatomy genius you are, you started to explain to her what "heart strings" really are. What is the term that correctly describes "Heart strings"?
chordae tendineae
Chemoreceptors in your liver have detected elevated levels of carbon dioxide. In response, your arterioles dilate to increase blood flow. What do we call this?
Metabolic autoregulation
Due to a freak incident, your cardiac skeleton has become damaged. Which portion of the heart is most likely to be affected?
The entrance of the SVC into the right atria, and the valves
Autoregulation is critical in keeping the tissues of our body healthy. Where is autoregulation for the liver regulated?
Arterioles of the liver
Frequent urination is often a symptom of prolonged high blood pressure. What may explain this?
Kidneys increase filtration to decrease blood volume
The isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is short, but easy to identify. What is the key characteristic of this phase?
All heart valves are closed
While watching the dye move through the lymphatic system, you see it slow down periodically. In which location would we expect the lymphatic fluid to move the slowest?
Lymph node
If daisy was prone to an autoimmune disease, which T-cell would help prevent an autoimmune reaction in her body?
Regulatory T cells
A small pathogen is trapped in the mucus in your nasal cavity. The pathogen is destroyed by chemicals in the mucus. What is responsible?
Defensins and lysozyme
During a hands-on lesson, I swabbed different surfaces around the building to determine what pathogens were present. I found a large number of pathogens that were unable to reproduce unless a host cell was present. What type of pathogen did I find?
virus
You observe a cell with an inferferon bound to a receptor on the cell surface. Which of the following is/are also occuring?
Protective proteins are produced in the observed cell against viral replication
We know the thymus gland differs in function as we age. What would be affected in a child who has their thymus gland removed?
T cells becoming immunocompetent
You are given a B cell and need to determine if it is immunocompetent. What would you look for?
IgD antibody present on the surface
You went to the doctor for a sore throat and discover you have strep. You have never had it before, and your doctor says your body should be producing antibodies. Which class of antibodies will be made FIRST?
IgM
Which choice describes a mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells kill their target?
They secrete perforin and granzymes, ultimately resulting in apoptosis of the target cell
While minding its own business, a cytotoxic T cell sees fragments of a foreign antigen being presented on MHC II. How will the cytotoxic T cell respond?
Go find other cells with this antigen on MHC I
A B bell encounters an antigen and binds for the first time. What would then occur?
Plasma and memory B cells are made
You observe a natural killer cell in action. Which of the following would you observe?
Induction of apoptosis in a cancer cell
Mucus plays a lot of roles in your body. Which tissue type is most likely to produce mucus?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The whole point of the respiratory system is to move oxygen into the tissues. How does oxygen move during external respiration?
Diffusion from lungs to blood
Your friend just passed out on the floor after drinking too much at girls' night. With your knowledge of how the epiglottis works, how should you help her?
Turn her on her side as the epiglottis cannot function while she is unconscious.
Of the following, which antibody will stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial cell surfaces?
IgA
One of the key portions of this education process is that T cells must be self-tolerant. How is this tested?
Must NOT recognize self-MHC/self-antigen combo
There is a significant decrease of oxygen to a cluster of alveoli in the lung. What effect will this have on the capillaries surrounding this alveolar sac?
Vasoconstriction
Prof. Sanders tells us that when bacteria needs to be marked for death, it can be a little tricky for the phagocytes to do their phagocytizing business. What can these bacterial boys get covered in to give the phagocytes "handles" to grab onto?
opsonins
Eric is hiking when he is suddenly bitten by a snake. He is rushed to the hospital and is given a shot containing exogenous antibodies (antivenom). The antivenom Eric was given will provide him with which of the following?
Artificial passive immunity
One summer, your mom made you clean out the dirty attic. It was so dusty, you began sneezing and coughing. This response was due to what kind of reflex?
pulmonary irritant reflex
Under which of the following conditions would we observe bicarbonate being converted to carbonic acid?
Low blood pH
Why is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system so important?
Prevents wide swings in pH
Brad has recently had trouble breathing. His breaths have been shallow and slow and he feels like it's hard to get a good breath in. His wife has noticed that while he is sleeping, his breathing seems to stop and start repeatedly. What can we conclude is wrong with brad?
Brad's PCO2 is low and it needs to rise in order to stimulate respiration
A brain injury has left you unable to breathe in a rhythmic pattern. What area of the brain is most likely affected?
Ventral respiratory group
The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body. Which of the following is true of only the capillaries of the glomerulus?
No gas exchange occurs
If systemic blood pressure is high, which of the following would result?
Increased GFR and increased urine production
You were in a skiing accident and damaged what your doctor calls "a retroperitoneal organ". What is true about this organ?
Posterior to peritoneum
We know that diabetics can have urine with high levels of glucose. Why would this occur?
Reached transport maximum
Many of the carbohydrates we consume are ultimately converted to glucose which is used to make ATP. Where might you find other sugars that you consume in your diet
Nucleic acids
A patient's mean arterial pressure drops, causing extrinsic controls of the kidneys to take over. Which hormonal changes will occur to increase the patient's BP?
An increase in renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone will increase Na+ and H2O reabsorption
You are given a tissue slide that represents a portion of the alimentary canal. It's function is to produce mucus and absorb nutrients. In which layer would you find this tissue?
Mucosa
The buccal swallowing phase is critical in getting food into the alimentary canal. Damage to which of the following would have the biggest effect on the buccal swallowing phase?
Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
A layer of mucus is critical to protecting the lining of the stomach from its own acidic contents. What substance makes this mucus alkaline?
Bicarbonate
You have been having consistent digestive problems and your doctor says your pancreas is to blame. She tells you that you are only releasing bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice. What is responsible for this release?
Secretin
John is looking at a microscope slide in lab when he notices deep crypts and identifies the tissue as simple columnar epithelium. He changes the slide to one that looks further into these crypts and notices lots of goblet cells. What is John looking at?
Large intestines
Pyloric stenosis is a condition seen most often in infants. In these babies, the pyloric sphincter is so thick that it will not let chyme into the small intestine. What layer is involved in this thickening?
Circular muscle layer
You just drank a big lemonade and notice your chest starts to burn uncomfortably from the acid. What is malfunctioning?
Gastroesophageal sphincter
When food reaches the stomach, the gastric phase is initiated. This phase takes 3-4 hours and provides most of the gastric juice released. What initiates the gastric phase?
Stomach distension, increased stomach pH, and presence of proteins
You are in such a rush that you forgot to pack your lunch for school. Later on, your stomach begins to rumble so loud it disrupts the class. What anatomical structure of the stomach is responsible for the rumbling noise?
rugae
Which of the following nutrients can serve as an energy source?
Carbohydrates and amino acids
What is the primary role of the enteric nervous system?
Regulates digestive activity
Salivation and peristalsis are critical to the function of the digestive system. Which of the following would inhibit salivation and digestive activity?
Sympathetic nervous system
Mechanical breakdown in the digestive system preps for enzymatic digestion. Which of the following is NOT specifically involved with mechanical breakdown?
Haustral contractions
Your little brother just discovered that even girls poop. What is our poop mostly made up of?
water and indigestible fiber
Hydrochloric acid is critical in maintaining function of the stomach. Which of the following substances can induce the release of HCL in the stomach?
Histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine
In the stomach, the hydrogen ion is used to make hydrochloric acid. This means that the bicarbonate ions are left over. What happens to the bicarbonate ions?
goes into venous blood, making it basic
As a kid, John took gummy vitamins and sometimes enjoyed the flavors. His mom got on to him for trying to eat too many and told him they were not candy. Which of the following is NOT a concern for John's mom?
Some vitamins are water-soluble.
This occurs in the renal corpuscle and produces cell- and protein- free filtrate as hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes through the membrane. Which of the three steps of the formation of urine is being described
glomerular filtration
Your doctor removes your gall bladder during emergency surgery. What function(s) will be most affected?
Ability to store bile
Which of the following situations would a positive nitrogen balance be seen?
After periods of illness or injury
This molecule is usually associated with metabolic wastes excreted out of the body via urine output, but it also contributes to water conservation when the kidney recycles this molecule to help form the medullary gradient. What is this molecule?
urea
The stomach contains muscular layers that enable the stomach to mix, churn, move food along the digestive tract, and physically break down stomach contents. These muscular layers are:
longitudinal, circular, and oblique
Your anatomy professor loves cats and showed you a trick to remember that a catabolic reaction breaks things down because her cats love to break things. Which of the following would be considered a catabolic reaction?
cellular respiration
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