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Psych Quiz#7 LAST ONE HELL YEAH

Terms in this set (56)

Mary Cover Jones
"mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits; pioneer in systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias
systematic desensitization
clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
cognitive behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Thorazine
Antipsychotic medication
Lithium
used to treat bipolar disorder
flooding
a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
Diathesis-stress hypothesis
A hypothesis about the cause of certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, that suggests that genetic factors predispose an individual to a certain disorder, but that environmental stress factors must impinge in order for the potential risk to manifest itself.
Group and Family Therapy
A method of therapy which views a relationship as a system. The therapist guides the clients to improve communication among people in their life.
Eclectic approach to therapy
drawing on multiple theories and approaches to therapy to tailor treatment for a client
fundamental attribution theory
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
ex: erika crashed her car because she's a terrible human being
dispositional attribution
assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones
situational attribution
attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck
Fritz Heider
father of attribution theory
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
ex: erika attributed her 100 on one psych test to her genius IQ, but her 70 on the next to Ms Leah Greene
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
just-world hypothesis
the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ex: blaming the victim
halo effect
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
Leon Festinger
Studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Solomon Asch
Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Stanley Milgram
obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
Compliance
Conforming to a request or demand
Phillip Zimbardo
social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play
Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Kitty Genovese
Murdered outside apartment- prompted to investigate bystander effect due to diffusion of responsibility
John Darley
social psychologist, studied diffusion of responibility and bystander effect
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social inhibition
The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others
Norman Triplett
first official social psychology experiment on social facilitation; cyclists performed better when paced by others
group polarization
tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
ex: riots
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
in group bias
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group
out-group bias
the tendency to have negative views about people that are not part of one's own group
Muzafer Sharif & Robbers' Cave experiment
disproved the contact hypothesis by showing that conflicting groups could lessen their feelings of hostility and prejudice if given a superordinate goal to work toward
Reciprocity norms
the expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who have helped us
social norms
expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior
Prisoner's Dilemma
a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
learned helplessness
A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.
ex: wife doesn't leave abusive husband
Martin Seligman
researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology
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