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Anatomy - Exam 4

Terms in this set (42)

kidney
simple cuboidal epithelium
- secretion and reabsorption
- produce
- located: retroperitoneal
- functional unit: nephron
ureter
transport
urinary bladder
transitional epithelium- female
stores
renal cortex
cortical nephron
- renal corpuscle, proximal/distal convoluted tubule, descending/ ascending limb, upper 1/3 of collecting duct
juxtamedullary nephron
- renal corpuscle, proximal/distal convoluted tubule, upper 1/3 of collecting duct
renal medulla
cortical nephron
- nephron loop, lower 2/3 collecting duct
juxtamedullary nephron
- descending/ ascending limb, nephron loop, lower 2/3 collecting duct
three major portions of kidney
renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
blood pressue
renal artery: 90 mmHg
glomerulus: 10 mmHg
renal corpuscle
bowman's capsule and glomeruli
- simple squamous epithelium
filtrate
proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorption 100%
- nutrients: glucose, water, and protein
- microvilli
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- osmolarity: 300
descending limb of nephron loop
thin: simple squamous
- permeable to water and angiotensin (cause kidneys to reabsorb Na)
- impermeable to everything else
- osmolarity: 1200
- less water -> more concentration
ascending limb of nephron loop
thin: simple squamous
- permeable to Na Cl
- impermeable to water
- osmolarity: 100
- water follows Na
distal convoluted tubule
secretion
- little microvilli
- simple cuboidal
- absorb: water, Na, Ca
- secrete: K and H
- act upon ADH
- osmolarity:
-anti-diuretic hormone -> increase - osmolarity, increase water absorption, pee concentration, and low volume urine
collecting duct
reabsorbing
- simple cuboidal
- microvilli/none
- reabsorb and secrete whatever is necessary
- osmolarity: 1200
no anti-diuretic hormone
ex: alcohol or caffeine
- osmolarity: 50
cortical nephron
peritubular capillaries
- vasa recta (most 80%)
vasa recta
concentrated and low volume urine
- countercurrent mechanism - medium that filtrates and blood (opposite direction)
- osmolarity - measure concentration
ex: 100 vs 1200 (more concentrated)
juxtamedullary nephron
- vasa recta (20%)
filtration
- glomeruli filtration rate: 180 Liters or 125mL/min
- everything but anything larger than a red blood cell
- RBCs and plasma proteins
overall filtration
favoring filtration: +50
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) -> driving force for filtration
opposing filtration: -40
- glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) and capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) -> opposite way
overall filtration: +10
- net filtration pressure
- JGA -> controls bp and new filtration pressure
glomeruli filtration rate: 180 Liters or 125mL/min
down to 115mL/min
- increase GFR by vasodilating afferent and vasoconstriction efferent
up 135mL/min
- decrease GFR by vasoconstriction afferent and vasodilate efferent
hypertension:
- a force of blood vasodilate afferent which causes the rate to go up
- too high pressure: glomeruli will blow up and cannot heal itself
high blood pressure
liver: angiotensin (inactive)
granular cells of juxtamedullary complex: produce renin
lungs: angiotensin converting enzyme
- angiotensin now active
drop in blood pressure
heart: adrenal medulla -> norepinephrine (sympathetic) -> SA node -> increase heart rate -> increase bp
arterioles: vasoconstriction -> increase peripheral resistance -> increase bp
posterior pituitary: release ADH -> distal convoluted tubule -> produce smell amounts of concentrated urine -> adrenal cortex -> release angiotensin -> absorb Na and water follows
hypothalamus: thirst center
micturition
parasympathetic -> vagus nerve (10)
involuntary: efferent fibers stimulate detrusor muscle to contract, and internal urethral sphincter relaxes
- full -> pons
voluntary: brain allows external urethral sphincter to relax
total body water
60% of body weight
- intracellular fluid (most 40%)-> cytoplasm (cytosol) is made of water
- extracellular fluid (20%):
- interstitial fluid -> most of ECF (20%)
- plasma -> least of ECF (20%)
electrolyte composition
Na: ECF (most)
- outside of cell (go into cell))
K: ICF
- inside of cell (go out of cell)
Ca: ECF
- outside of cell (go into cell)

Cl, HCO3
average intake
metabolism -> ATP (10%)
foods
beverages (60%)
average output
poop (4%)
urine (60%)
insensible -> awake, alert, conscious
female = male
vagina = penis
ovaries = testes
clitoris = corona
prepuce = foreskin
labia majora = scrotum
labia minora = shaft
epididymis
produce sperm -> FSH
testosterone -> LH
- the amount of sperm you produce
- seminiferous tubule - not mobile until they go to testes -> epididymis (storage) -> ductus deferens ->
- seminiferous tubule (fructose) and prostate
- nitric oxide hormone release during erection (parasympathetic) -> oxytocin release during ejaculation (sympathetic) -> prolactin released when blood leaves penis
basal lamina
stem cell: type A daughter cells (only mitosis)
- diploid (46 chromosomes)
type B daughter cells: primary spermatocyte (meiosis)
secondary spermatocytes (meiosis 1 complete)
- haploid (23 chromosomes)
spermatids (meiosis 2 complete)
1 stem cell = 4 sperm cells
balls drop
before birth
- goober macellum - grab to descend
- inguinal remine -
spermatic cord: cremaster muscle (contract/relax -> raise and lower testes), pampiniform venous plexus (allow radiation -> cool blood), ductus deferens (contraceptive -> vasectomy)
sperm
average: 3 days
up to: 5 days
uterus layers
perimetrium
myometrium - smooth muscle
endometrium
cervix
external os - opening
vagina
stratifies squamous epithelium
- greater vestibular gland produces lubrication
contraction
organism or menstrual cycle
- oxytocin
childbirth
- oxytocin and relaxin
fallopian tube
fimbriae -> infundibulum (catch egg and bring to fallopian) -> ampulla (fertilization occurs/ upper third) -> isthmus (narrowing)
- 4 cell -> 2 days
implantation
day 7
egg yolk
- primary germ layers - ectoderm (skin and spinal cord), endoderm (organs), myoderm (muscle)
ovary
primordial follicle -> prophase 1 (have all before birth), primary follicle -> secondary -> ovulation -> corpus ludeum (ready body for pregnancy)
childbirth
dilation (10cm), expulsion (see crown), delivery of placenta
breech birth -> upside down
episiotomy
incision into the vulva to enlarge perineum
ovarian cycle
proliferative phase - estrogen
secretory phase - progesterone
the peak of LH and FSH- estrogen
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