Cognitive Psychology quiz 14 & 15

Kristin is getting dressed for an interview when she drops one of her lucky earrings and it rolls out of reach. She tries her best to retrieve it, but she cannot reach it. Ultimately she must leave for the interview without her earring. The fact that she did not realize she could use the wire hanger on which her blouse had hung to reach the earring best represents:
a. mental set
b. lack of analogy use
c. availability heuristic
d. functional fixedness
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Kristin is getting dressed for an interview when she drops one of her lucky earrings and it rolls out of reach. She tries her best to retrieve it, but she cannot reach it. Ultimately she must leave for the interview without her earring. The fact that she did not realize she could use the wire hanger on which her blouse had hung to reach the earring best represents:
a. mental set
b. lack of analogy use
c. availability heuristic
d. functional fixedness
d. functional fixedness
While working in a lab, you encounter a problem with your experiment. You spend days trying to figure out what is wrong, and finally, it pops into your head that the temperature in the room is incorrect, causing fluctuations in your results. The way you found the solution is an example of ______.
a. a heuristic
b. an insight
c. trial and error
d. an algorithm
b. an insight
The tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object's function is called:
a. narrow focus
b. functional fixedness
c. mental stickiness
d. mental set
b. functional fixedness
Why are psychologists who study problem solving interested in trivial puzzles and games?
a. Problem solving phenomena occur only when people are engaged in these kinds of puzzles and games.
b. How people try to achieve goals in these puzzles and games applies for complex and consequential problems as well.
c. Psychology is hard work, so it's important to relax and play games every so often.
d. The companies that make puzzles and games pay for all this research.
b. How people try to achieve goals in these puzzles and games applies for complex and consequential problems as well.
Herbert solved the "tumor" problem by using an analogy with the "general and fortress" problem. In doing this, he realized that "tumor" corresponds to "fortress," "radiation" corresponds to "attacking army," and so on. The process of determining these correspondences is called:
a. analogizing
b. translating
c. parsing
d. mapping
d. mapping
______ is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas ______ is using the same solution for two different problems with the same underlying structure.
a. A mental set; functional fixedness
b. A mental set; analogical transfer
c. Functional fixedness; mental set
d. Analogical transfer; a mental set
b. A mental set; analogical transfer
It was starting to rain, and Marcus did not have an umbrella or a hat. To keep dry, he held his psychology textbook over his head. In this case, Marcus:
a. has better defined his problem-solving set
b. has solved the problem using the hill-climbing heuristic
c. has solved the problem by using functional fixedness
d. has managed to overcome functional fixedness
d. has managed to overcome functional fixedness
If you are trying to help a friend use analogies in problem solving, which piece of advice should you NOT give?
a. Try to see the mapping between problems you already know and test problems.
b. Attend to the deep structure of the problem.
c. Search your memory for content related to the deep structure of the problem, not surface details.
d. Focus on exactly how the problem is phrased; this will often suggest what the problem solution will be.
d. Focus on exactly how the problem is phrased; this will often suggest what the problem solution will be.
In many studies, participants fail to use analogies as an aid to problem solving. Of the following, which is the MOST PLAUSIBLE explanation of this fact?
a. Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies.
b. Participants do not understand the value of analogies, so they do not bother searching for them.
c. Participants seem unable to use analogies even when explicitly instructed to do so.
d. Participants pay too much attention to the deep structure of a problem, and so they fail to see the features that lead to analogy.
a. Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies.
In the nine-dot problem presented below, participants have to connect all nine dots by drawing only straight lines, and no more than 4 such lines, without lifting their pencil from the page. Why is this problem so hard for people to solve?

a. the binding problem
b. problem-solving set or mental set (einstellung)
c. analogical mapping
d. functional fixedness
b. problem-solving set or mental set (einstellung)
Dr. Miranda has created a new test that she claims can measure intelligence with only 15 questions. Dr. Miranda administers this test to Jin three times, and each time Jin scores only 35% on the test. Other tests of intelligence, however, suggest that Jin is quite intelligent. Which of the following is most likely true of this new test? a. The test is not a reliable measure, but it is a valid measure of intelligence. b. The test is neither a reliable measure nor a valid measure of intelligence. c. The test may be a reliable measure, but seems not to be a valid measure of intelligence. d. The test is both a reliable measure and a valid measure of intelligence.c. The test may be a reliable measure, but seems not to be a valid measure of intelligence.People who score above average on tests of mathematical ability are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal ability. This result is most consistent with the idea of: a. a general intelligence factor (g) b. dual processing c. multiple independent intelligences d. standardizationa. a general intelligence factor (g)Which of the following is INCORRECT about the role of Alfred Binet in the origins of intelligence testing? a. Alfred Binet believed that intelligence could be cultivated. b. Using the intelligence test that they created, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon introduced the concept of general intelligence, or the g factor. c. Alfred Binet was tasked to create a measure to identify children who were falling behind in school, after the French government made school mandatory for children between ages 6-14. d. Alfred Binet compared a child's score to the average score of children from the same age to then calculate an intelligence quotient.b. Using the intelligence test that they created, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon introduced the concept of general intelligence, or the g factor.Which of the following would be a reason to use Raven's Progressive Matrices instead of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to measure the intelligence of an individual? a. The participant has low reasoning ability b. The participant has never taken an intelligence test before c. The participant is not a native English speaker d. The participant is already known to be quite intelligentc. The participant is not a native English speakerReliability refers to the extent to which a measure is ________, and validity refers to whether a measure is ________. a. accurate; consistently measuring what it is supposed to measure b. consistently able to predict related outcomes; accurate c. correlated with other measures; able to predict related outcomes d. consistent; accurately measuring what it is supposed to measured. consistent; accurately measuring what it is supposed to measureWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of a growth mindset? a. Considering challenges as an opportunity to learn b. Believing that people can get smarter c. Seeing effort as an important part of learning and improvement d. Thinking that trying hard for something implies you aren't good at itd. Thinking that trying hard for something implies you aren't good at itWhich of the following statements does NOT support the notion that the environment influences intelligence scores? a. Intelligence scores are more similar among identical twins than among non-identical twins. b. Changing the environment can lead to an improvement in intelligence score. c. There has been an observed increase in intelligence scores over time (about 3 points per decade). d. Intelligence scores are lower overall among children who come from impoverished environments.a. Intelligence scores are more similar among identical twins than among non-identical twins.What is the difference between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and Raven's Progressive Matrices? a. Raven's consists of many more subtests than WAIS. b. Raven's minimizes the influence of verbal skill and background knowledge compared to WAIS. c. WAIS contains less cultural bias on test items than WAIS. d. WAIS is a more reliable measure of intelligence than Raven's.b. Raven's minimizes the influence of verbal skill and background knowledge compared to WAIS.All of the following statements are true. Which of them best illustrates the reliability of intelligence tests? a. IQ tests are administered the same way (e.g., amount of time) for everyone of a given age group. b. IQ scores correlate positively between identical twins. c. IQ scores correlate positively within the same person across different ages. d. IQ scores correlate positively with success in work and school.c. IQ scores correlate positively within the same person across different ages.Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for: a. non-identical twins raised together. b. identical twins raised apart. c. non-identical twins raised apart. d. identical twins raised together.c. non-identical twins raised apart.