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MASC101 Finals Study Guide

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About how much lower was sea level during the last glacial maximum than at present?
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Terms in this set (93)
About how much lower was sea level during the last glacial maximum than at present?
About 125m lower than today
Approximately how long ago did it stop rising so quickly, when sea level reached about modern day levels?
About 6000 years ago
Know how to define eustatic and isostatic sea level change.
Eustatic Sea level change refers to the change in sea level due to melting of water in glaciers and ice sheets on land.

Isostatic Sea Level change refers to the sea level due to change in mass on continents.
What are the basic morphological features of erosional and depositional shorelines?
Erosional: Wave-cut Cliffs, beaches, breakers, wave cut terrace.

Depositional: Dunes, Berms, beach Scarp, longshore bar, barrier islands.
How does wave action lead to formation of cliffs and arches?
The waves erode the rocks at sea level to form cliffs and arches.
What are river deltas, and what processes influence their shape?
River deltas are areas of large sediment deposit at the mouth of rivers extending seawards. The shape is influenced by the river.
Where are barrier islands found?
They are typically found along low-relief coastlines.
What processes/features allow barrier islands to migrate landward?
Process 1: Overwashes. They occur when the storm waves overcome the height of the sand dunes and deposit sand on the inshore areas of the barrier island.

Process 2: Tidal Inlets. They accumulate sediments landwards when the inlet shifts or when they are trapped within ebb or flood deltas.
What is longshore drift; in particular what drives it?
It is a surface wave which moves sediments along the beach. It is driven by the dominant wave direction along coasts.
What sand bodies are associated with tidal inlets, and how are they related to longshore drift?
Flood tide deltas. The ebb tidal delta can trap sand moving along the beach and make inlets hard to navigate.
How does the relative importance of waves and tides relate to the number of tidal inlets along a shoreline?
Tidal currents at inlets are responsible for the continual removal of sediment dumped into the main channel by wave action. Longshore currents displace the inlet in the direction of the littoral drift and may even result in the inlet being closed
Would you expect a broader beach at high tide in the summer or winter? Why?
The sea will be broader in summer. Wave heights are typically larger in winter than summer. Smaller waves promote onshore movement of sand and larger waves promote offshore movement of sand.
What is a berm?
Berms are sand ridges on the foreshore and backshore.
What are groins and how do they modify shoreline shape?
Groins are hard structures installed perpendicular to the coastline to "trap" some of the longshore transport. It leads to accretion updrift of the groin and erosion downdrift.
What are the three main domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya