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Campbell Biology 10th edition chapter 5

Terms in this set (53)

polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
macromolecules
four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
dehydration reaction
monomers connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis
process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction
carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars
monosaccharides
carbohydrate monomers
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
polysaccharides
macromolecules joined by glycosidic linkages
glycogen
polymer of glucose
cellulose
major component of tough cell walls that enclose plant cells
chitin
carbohydrate used by arthropods to build exoskeletons
starch
a storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose
lipids
one of the macromolecules, not a true polymer, mixes poorly with water
fat
composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
fatty acid
a long carbon skeleton, with usually 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon
triacylglycerol
a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride
saturated fatty acid
fatty acid with no double bonds, "saturated" with hydrogens
unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid with one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature
trans fats
fats that result when hydrogen is added to liquid oil to make it more solid
phospholipid
similar to fat molecule but has only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than 3
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
cholesterol
type of steroid, common component of animal cell membranes and precursor for other steroids
catalysts
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
protein
biologically functional molecule made up 1+ polypeptides
amino acids
organic molecule with both an amino group and carboxyl group
primary structure
protein's sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
coils and folds of proteins, result of hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone
alpha helix
one of two major forms of secondary protein structure; associated with a spiral shape along a stretch of a polypeptide chain and maintained by hydrogen bonds
beta pleated sheet
one of two major forms of secondary protein structure; the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure
overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the r groups of the other amino acids
hydrophilic interaction
interactions between polar or ionized groups and water on the surface of the tertiary structure
disulfide bridges
covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein
quaternary structure
overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the peptide units
sickle cell disease
inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid for the normal one at a particular position in the primary structure
denaturation
weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed, protein looses its native shape
chaperonins
protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
gene
a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
ribonucleic acid
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
gene expression
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
polynucleotides
polymer consisting of nucleotides
nucleotides
composed of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base and 1+ phosphate group(s)
pyrimidine
nucleotide with 1 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
purine
larger nucleotides with a 6 member ring fused to a 5 member ring (adenine and guanine)
deoxyribose
sugar in DNA- has 1 more oxygen than ribose
ribose
sugar in RNA
double helix
DNA molecules that wind around an imaginary axis
antiparallel
the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (5' -> 3')
genomics
study of genes
proteomics
study of proteins
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