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Why do blood glucose levels remain relatively constant despite the fact that a healthy person eats only occasionally during the day?the body has mechanisms to detect and respond to changes in blood glucoseComputations indicate 97% of gorilla DNA matches a corresponding sequence of chimpanzee DNA, but only 93% of the old world monkey matches the same sequence. What does this imply about how the three species are related to one another?Gorillas are more closely related to chimpanzees than old world monkeys areEvolution is a theme in biology that refers tothe branching tree of life that extends from the origin of life to the present.What problem associated with living on land do mycorrhizae help a terrestrial plant overcome?the need to absorb water and minerals from the soilWhich of the following detects body position?mechanoreceptorsAll of the following are parts of a terrestrial plant's shoot system EXCEPTrootsEntropy refers tothe total energy available to do workWhich of the following events would lead carbon to be transferred from one ABIOTIC to another ABIOTIC component of the environment?a volcanic eruption spews carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphereWhich of the following is the SMALLEST unit of life?cellWhere does undigested material within the alimentary canal exit the body?anusWhat is the primary function of a white blood cell?fight infectionsThe quadriceps is composed ofskeletal muscleWhat would happen if there were no decomposers?nutrients would accumulate in dead matter and never be recycledWhich of the following is true about the nucleotide base uracil?it may be used in the production of RNA, but not DNAWhich of the following cells has only half the number of chromosomes present in other cells of a typical human?gameteWhat is anatomy?the study of the structure of an organism's body partsDuring what stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated?interphaseDNA directs the synthesis of proteinsindirectly by using RNA copies of itself as a templateWhat does "RNA splicing" refer to?the removal of introns and the joining of exonsSome of the Archaea are know as "extremophiles" because?they thrive in habitats no other organism can surviveAll of the following could be used to refer to long chains of amino acids EXCEPTpolysaccharideWhich of the following best describes what happens to carbon in an ecosystem?carbon cycles back and forth between living and non-living componentsWhich of the following carbohydrates is an energy source that is stored in the liver?gylcogenWhich of the following represents a PRIMARY source?a peer reviewing journalWhich trophic level exhibits the MOST biological magnification?quaternaryOxygen by weight accounts for 65% of the human body. Oxygen is an example ofone of the four essential elements that make up the bulk of living cellsAll of the following eukaryotic cell structures evolved through inward folding of the external plasma membrane of an ancestral cell EXCEPTmitochondrionSmell, taste, hearing, touch and sight involve all of the following EXCEPTSmell, taste, hearing, touch and sight involve all of the following EXCEPTWhich of the following is NOT an appropriate estimate of the length of a typical human pregnancy?one yearAll of the following are typically multicellular EXCEPTbacteriaWhich of the following is true about constipation?it occurs when too much water is absorbed in the colonWhich part of terrestrial plants has an increased surface area to promote the absorption of water and minerals?root hairsThe brain and spinal cord are composed primarily of what kind of tissue?nervousWhich of the following refers to the movement of water from higher to lower concentrations?osmosisHow do terrestrial plants obtain oxygen?they obtain oxygen via stomata in the leavesWhich of the following events would lead energy to be transferred from one BIOTIC to another BIOTIC component of the environment?a rabbit eats a plantWhich of the following corresponds to the correct order of the cell cycle?growth -> duplication of chromosomes -> mitosis -> cytokinesisWhich of the following acts like an "energy shuttle"?ATPWhich of the following corresponds to the mRNA sequence that would be transcribed from the following DNA sequence: GAGATTCCT?CUCUAAGGAWhich of the following is a characteristic of science that distinguishes it from pseudoscience?Scientific investigations are open to outside review.Diabetes is considered a breakdown in homeostasis because in persons with the diseasethe body fails to properly regulate insulin levelsPhotosynthesis and cellular respiration can be considered "opposite" reactions for all of the following reasons EXCEPTcellular respiration produces sunlight, photosynthesis requires sunlightWhich of the following are required for cellular respiration?oxygen and sugarThe heart pumps bloodout through the arteries to all parts of the bodyWhat is the difference between a mineral and a vitamin?minerals are inorganic, vitamins are organicNatural selection operates at the level ofpopulationsAll of the following events would lead energy to be transferred from an ABIOTIC to a BIOTIC component of the environment EXCEPTan ice cube melts in a glass of waterWhat is the relationship between atoms and cells?Cells are composed of molecules, which are composed of atoms.Which of the following is true about the nucleotide base cytosine?it may be used in the production of both RNA and DNAWhich of the following mammal groups lays eggs?monotremesThe extracellular fluid refers toThe liquid environment outside the cellThe MyPlate guidelines suggest you should do all of the following EXCEPTadd sodiumWhich of the following is believed to be caused by a viral infection?bronchitisWhich of the following is a cell organelle that receives, refines and ships many cellular products?golgi apparatusEnzymes bind toreactantsWhy are producers of fundamental importance for ecosystems?producers are uniquely capable of converting solar energy into chemical energyImagine a food chain consisting of a snake that eats rats that eat insects that eat plants. In this chain, which organism is the herbivore?insectsWhich of the following prokaryotic cell structures is located outside of the cell membrane and serves a protective role under normal conditions?cell wallWhich of the following is the group from which all birds have evolved?dinosaursThe primary function of the blood protein hemoglobin istransportWhich of the following cell organelles evolved from a small, free-living prokaryote that was engulfed?mitochondrionA cloud "responds" to the wind by moving. Which of the following is one reason why a biologist would nevertheless NOT regard it as alive?Clouds are NOT composed of cells.When do the first bipedal hominins first appear in the fossil record?3.2 million years agoWhich of the following is an example of a disaccharide?sucroseWhich of the following is a density-dependent factor?competition for foodWhich of the following is an example of a mechanism a healthy human body uses to maintain homeostasis?the production of hormones that regulate glucoseBlood is composed of all of the following EXCEPTlymphHow many chromosomes does a diploid human cell have?46What typically happens to the energy contained in the organic molecules of a fungi body after it dies of natural causes assuming it remains above ground?the organic molecules of the fungi body are used as food by decomposersThe following are all true about a heart attack EXCEPTit occurs as a result of a clot traveling to the brainProkaryotes include the domains Bacteria and which of the following?archaeaAll of the following are examples of passive transport EXCEPTa protein in the bilayer moves a substance against its concentration gradientAll the following abiotic factors apply to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems EXCEPTwindWhich of the following is a density-independent factor?available sunlightAll of the following represent similarities between the male and female reproductive systems EXCEPTboth have an epididymisWhich of the following contraception methods prevents development of the egg in the ovaries?oral contraceptivesDuring a marathon, a runner's body temperature starts to rise. Which of the following represents a RESPONSE of the body to this change?sweat is producedWhere on the enzyme does a competitive inhibitor attach?active sitePhrenology is an ancient discipline of medicine that attempts to ascertain a person's personality with reference to measurements of their skulls. Which of the following is something that suggests phrenology is a pseudoscience?Phrenologists draw conclusions from observations of skull measurements without considering underlying causes.all of the following are true about transcription EXCEPT?both strands of the DNA double helix are used as templatesWhat is the main function of the circulatory system as a wholefacilitate the exchange of materials to and wastes from cells within the bodyWhich of the following represents a method of SEXUAL reproduction among plants?fertilization of an egg by a spermWhich trophic level exhibits the LEAST biological magnification?primaryWhich of the following bacterial pathogens is transmitted to humans by deer ticks?lyme diseaseWhich of the following adaptations made it possible for the first vertebrates to live an entirely terrestrial existence?lungsIn what way are elements ordered in the periodic table of elements?atomic number lowest to highestIn what way are roots in plants an adaptation to terrestrial life?they facilitate the absorption of water and minerals from the soilWhich is among the last organs of the fetus to develop during pregnancy?lungsWhat is work?The movement of an object after application of a forceAll of the following represent ways abiotic factors affect life EXCEPT?introduction of an invasive species of fish leads to the loss of native speciesWhat functions do organs perform?functions individual tissues are unable to carry out aloneWhich is a difference between essential minerals and essential amino acids?minerals are inorganic molecules, amino acids are organic moleculesWhich of the following is only found in plant cells?central vacuoleWhich of the following is an adaptation only found among cartilaginous fishes?electrosensorsWhich of the following aquatic organisms evolved from land-dwelling ancestors?cetaceansWhich of the following best describes a typical relationship between a pet and its owner?mutualismWho agreed with the ancient Greeks that species are unchanging?Judeo-Christian scholars during the Middle AgesWhich of the following tissue systems transports water and nutrients throughout the plant body?vascularAll of the following are functions of the plasma membrane EXCEPT?synthesize membrane proteinsWhich of the following is a correct statement about negative feedback mechanisms?they return the system back to normalWhat accounts for the fact that fish, reptiles, birds and humans all have gill slits during embryological development?descent from an ancestor that had gill slits during its embryological developmentWhich of the following properties do trans fats share with saturated fats?solid at room temperatureWhere did the first animals evolve?oceansAll of the following are sources of supporting evidence for evolution EXCEPTcomparative religionAt the synapse, electrical signals are conveyed from one neuron to the next by means of?chemical neurotransmittersAll of the following gases are exchanged between a terrestrial plant and the atmosphere EXCEPTmethaneOvulation results in the release ofan egg cellThermophiles are a group of Archaea that are known forthriving in high-temperature environmentsWhat does the "Darwinian fitness" of an organism refer to?its contribution to the gene pool of the next generation relative to othersOur ability to see involves the use ofelectromagnetic receptorsWhy is water particularly good at regulating temperature?It readily absorbs and releases heat.You are curious about whether excessive beer consumption might cause liver damage. Which of the following would suggest an article you find on the web is a reliable source?The author of the article relies heavily on primary sources.Imagine a sugar substitute that has the same shape of lactose (a sugar found in milk), but cannot itself be broken down. What effect would this have on the lactose enzyme?It would act as a competitive inhibitorWhat is the main function of the PULMONARY circuit?shuttle blood back and forth from the heart to the lungsWhat kind of tissue lines the digestive tract to form a protective barrier?epithelialThe bottom half of the heart (from the patient's perspective, i.e. the lower half) directs bloodto the lungs and to the rest of the bodyModern eukaryotic organisms include all of the following EXCEPT?archaeawhich of the following are required for photosynthesis?carbon diozide and waterThe movement of the Earth's tectonic plates has had all of the following effects on the long term evolution of life EXCEPTit led to a meteor colliding with the earth, causing a mass extinctionWhich of the following is a density-independent limiting factor for population growth?a dramatic reduction in temperature kills off many individualsWhere on the enzyme does a noncompetitive inhibitor attach?distant siteAn ecologist studies the cycling of phosphorus in an area downstream of a large tract of farmland where fertilizer is being used extensively. At what level is the study being conducted?ecysystemThe right half of the heart (from the patient's perspective, i.e. the half closest to the patient's right arm) directs bloodfrom the body to the lungsAll of the following are true about a benign tumor EXCEPTit can spread to other parts of the bodyWhich of the following is a function of nervous tissue?communicates signals between the brain and the rest of the bodyWhat mechanism randomly mixes and matches combinations of genes in a population's gene pool?sexual reproductionWhich of the following types of monomer is used to form proteins?amino acidsA nucleotide on a strand of DNA consists of a nucleotide base, a phosphate group anddeoxyriboseWhich of the following leads to an increased number of species?branching evolutionWhat is the primary function of a red blood cell?bind oxygen in the lungs and release it to body cellsAll of the following are ways a fossil might form EXCEPTthe remains of organisms are consumed by decomposersWhich of the following is a mechanism by which the transfer of pollen from one plant to another may occur?windWhich of the following adds fluid to the semen?prostateAn ecologist studies whether a species of fish in a lake will decline in numbers owing to increased water use by a local paper mill. At what level is the study being conducted?populationWhat is the primary function of the seed of a flowering plant?protect the developing plant embryoAll of the following might contained fossilized remains of dead organisms EXCEPTrock formed from magma or molten lava deep in the earthAt which level of organization can the human body be studied?all levelsWhich of the following is regarded as an advantage of an experimental approach using comparative observations when it comes to establishing causal claims?the investigator has control over the independent variableWhich of the following typically requires oxygen?cellular respirationWhich of the following is a structure that regulates the exchange of materials into and out of eukaryotic cells?plasma membranewhich of the following breaks just before child birth?amnionWhere do the newest fossils appear in sedimentary rock (assuming no geological events disrupt the order)?near the surfaceWhat determines whether an individual organism is a member of a population of a sexually reproducing species?it lives in the same location as other members and can potentially interbreedIf a codon has the nucleotide sequence UGA, what does the corresponding anticodon have as its sequence?ACUWhich of the following steps represents the start of protein production?transcription of a molecule of mRNA from DNAAll of the following are essential for life for EXCEPT?nickelIn what way is pollen in plants an adaptation to terrestrial life?it allows sperm to be dispersed in the absence of waterAt the end of which stage of the cell cycle are duplicated chromosomes divided and distributed to offspring cells?mitosisWhat is the primary difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?sexual reproduction requires the joining of gametes, asexual reproduction does notAll of the following human activities have led to forest destruction EXCEPT?clean air legislationWhich of the following cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions?Hydrogen gas (H2)Intelligent Design is often referred to as an alternative way of making sense of the apparent order we find in nature. Which of the following is something that suggests intelligent design is a pseudoscience?Adherents of intelligent design argue there are irreducibly complex phenomena in nature by denying alternative explanations are possible.Why are chromosomes in eukaryotic cells unraveled during most of the cell cycle?it makes genes accessible to cell machineryAll of the following are challenges that plants had to overcome to colonize land EXCEPTthere is a limit to how far sunlight can penetrate the surrounding waterIn what way is the cuticle in plants an adaptation to terrestrial life?it prevents water from being evaporated from the plant surfaceWhat is the reason why Botox is effective in reducing the appearance of wrinkles?it blocks signals between nerves and musclesWhich of the following adaptations to terrestrial life is uniquely found among some amphibians?moist skinWhich of the following represents a BIOTIC source of carbon?decomposerWhich of the following bases pairs up with Cytosine in a molecule of DNA?guanineAll of the following are true about mitochondria EXCEPTthey are where sugars are createdWhich domain do animals belong?eukaryaAll of the following are true about photosynthesis EXCEPTit require oxygenIn what part of a flowering plant is the seed formedovuleWhich is the following is NOT a required property according to our definition of life?sexually reproducesWhich of the following produces bile?liverThe average speed antelopes can run becomes faster over many generations after cheetahs migrate to the area and preferentially catch the slower antelopes. This is an example ofnatural selectionWhat role, if any, does the nucleolus play in the synthesis of proteins?it creates a precursor to ribosomes, the site of protein synthesisWhich of the following characteristics of life does a virus lack?composed of cellsIn addition to mutation, what other mechanism introduces genetic variation into a population's gene pool?sexual recombinationDuring a football game, a player's body starts to sweat. Which of the following represents the STIMULUS that led to this change?body temperature is above normal stateAnimals may have any of the following organ systems EXCEPTroot systemWhy is it likely that RNA preceded DNA as the original genetic material?DNA requires proteins to replicate, RNA does notWhich part of the brain controls the secretion of hormones and also regulates temperature?hypothalamusAccording to the Scientific Method, scientific investigations always start withobservationsWhat ultimately happens to the light energy captured by producers as it flows through ecosystems?it is lost as heatA single mutation results in multiple changes to a sequence of amino acids coded for by a gene. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation?this is an example of a frameshift mutationWhich of the following is one of the primary functions of the leaves of terrestrial plants?facilitate gas exchangeAll of the following represent misconceptions about evolution EXCEPTall living species are related to one anotherAll of the following are true about vertebrates EXCEPTthe skeletal elements are hardened by the presence of calciumWhich of the following adaptations provides for a long physical association between mother and developing offspring within her body?placentaIf a patient is diagnosed as having a benign cancer, which of the following treatment options is generally regarded as sufficient?surgery to remove itWhich of the following describes a strategy biologists use when experimentally testing a hypothesis?Change just one variable to clearly interpret the results.An amateur gardener decides to start using fertilizer in her small plot of tomatoes and notices that most of her tomato plants this year are larger than the ones grown last year using the same seed. This is an example ofa physiological responseWhich of the following is the path carbon dioxide takes once it is released by the mitochondrion?It exits the cell, enters the bloodstream, gets to the lungs and is exhaledWhat type of blood is found in the left ventricle of the heart?oxygen-rich from the lungsEarth's early atmosphere contained all of the following gases EXCEPToxygenWhat vital role do fungi play in ecosystems?decomposerWhich of the following is used by cells to transfer energy?ATPWhich of the following is the LARGEST?the nucleus of a eukaryotic cellWhich of the following is rare among biological systems?the use of positive feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasisWhere might you find bile in the human body?gall bladderWhich of the following is regarded as the cause of the KT mass extinction event that took place 65 million years ago?a large impact event (meteor or asteroid)Why to this day are some human babies born with vestigial tails?Because humans evolved from an ancestor that had a tail.Macromolecules are broken down as a result ofhydrolysis reactionsWhich of the following is a heterotroph?cowAll of the following species are limiting factors on the growth of a population of rabbits that eat clover EXCEPT?bacteria that use dead rabbits as foodSTDs are transferred bysexual contactAll of the following represent abiotic factors EXCEPT?bacteriaWhich of the following is an example of active transport?endocytosisAll of the following species have a survivorship curve characterized by animals having relatively few offspring, most of whom survive to adulthood EXCEPTrodentsWhich among the following is the most likely to have been present in the protists from which the first animals evolved?flagellumIn which of the following countries does the average citizen have the SMALLEST ecological footprint?ethiopiaProkaryotic cells have all of the following EXCEPTmitochondriaHow many chromosome pairs does a typical egg or sperm produced by a human have?0Which of the following correctly describes the nucleolus?it is the site of ribosomal RNA productionWhat does "form and function" refer to?how studying structure provides insights into what it does and vice versaAll of the following are examples of terrestrial plant organs EXCEPTnodesAll of the following would undermine the conclusions of Urey and Miller's experiment establishing organic molecules could have spontaneously formed on the early Earth EXCEPTdetermination that, with sufficient time, monomers on their own can form larger moleculesWhere is the codon located?mRNAThe primary function of keratin isstructureWhat percentage of chemical energy produced by plants from available sunlight is actually gained by herbivores (animals that eat plants) in that region?10DNA is an example of anucleic acidWhat does the "founder effect" refer to?how distinct the gene pool of a small colony can be compared to the original populationWhere is smooth muscle located?blood vesselsWhat happens to the energy contained in the organic molecules of a rabbit after it is eaten by an adult hawk?most of it will be used to keep the hawk aliveAll of the following are uniquely prokaryotic features EXCEPTflagellumWhat era began with the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and the diversification of mammals?Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to today)Which of the following types of organisms thrives in deep-sea hydrothermal vents?archaeaHow many sex chromosomes does a typical egg or sperm produced by a human have?1Porpoises use their forelimbs to swim, but bats use their forelimbs to fly. Why do their forelimbs nevertheless have many similar features?Because porpoises and bats both evolved from a common ancestor that had forelimbsA segment of DNA has the following sequence: GCGGAAGGG. Which of the following represents the complementary sequence of DNA?CGCCTTCCCWhich of the following is a function of connective tissue?provides support for other tissuesWhich of the following acts like an "energy shuttle"?ATPAll of the following are correct EXCEPTRNA uses thymine as a nucleotide base, DNA uses uracil as a nucleotide baseWhat is the role of the amnion during pregnancy?protect the embryoWhich of the following is believed to be the first self-replicating organic molecule?RNAWhat is the relationship between an organ and a cell?An organ is composed of tissues, which are composed of cells.Which of the following best distinguishes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?the somatic nervous system is mostly under conscious control, the autonomic is generally involuntaryTranslation refers to the process by which?proteins are synthesized using RNA as a templateWhich of the following correctly describes how the parts of your body are organized?cells form tissues, which form organs, which form organ systemsThe average speed of antelopes in a population increases gradually over time owing to the introduction of cheetahs who are more likely to prey on the slowest antelopes. What is this an example of?natural selectionManganese is essential for the formation of connective tissue, yet it accounts for only 0.000017% of the mass of the human body. Manganese is an example ofa trace essential element for living organismsA typical animal cell might have any of the following EXCEPTcentral vacuoleIf you were to compare the DNA of any two men chosen at random, about what percentage of their DNA would be identical?99The central vacuole may be used to store all of the following EXCEPTwaste gasesAll of the following conditions have led to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria EXCEPTthe ability of bacteria to develop resistance to penicillin because they need toWhat feature is characteristic of cnidarians (e.g. jellyfish) that distinguishes it from other animal phyla?radial symmetryWhich of the following protists are producers?algaeHow long did the Precambrian Era last as a percentage of the total history of the Earth?70%Which of the following extreme conditions are the Archaea LEAST likely to be found?oxygen richDepending where they are in the circulatory system, arteries may carryoxygenated and deoxygenated bloodWhich among the following contraception methods is the most effective in preventing STDs?condomWhich of the following is regarded as the most important abiotic factor affecting terrestrial ecosystems?sunlightchemoreceptors are used in BOTH our senses ofsmell and tasteWhen was Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species first published?1859All of the following are known to at least occasionally engage in anaerobic fermentation EXCEPThuman kidney cellsWhich of the following stores the MOST energy that can be used by cells?fatsAll of the following describe the first mammals EXCEPTtheir embryos developed in the mother's pouchWhich of the following is a membrane-bound organelle filled with nutrients or water?central vacuoleWhich of the following is an example of connective tissue?adipose tissueWhich of the following is the first step food must take in order to be converted to forms the body can use?physical and chemical break down of large pieces into smaller piecesWhich of the following would lead to a population having a clumped distribution?unequal distribution of food resourcesAll of the following are consumers EXCEPTplantsWhich of the following is the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce?binary fissionWhich of the following, from left to right, correctly states the path sperm travels as it leaves the male reproductive system?testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethraWhen did scientists first recognize that fossils might represent extinct, ancient forms of modern creatures?1700'sA mutation changes a codon that codes for cysteine into a different codon that codes for methionine. This is an example of amissense mutationWhich of the following from left to right correctly describes the stages of fetal development (earliest to latest) during the first two weeks?zygote -> blastula -> gastrulaAll of the following are statements are true EXCEPTDNA exists as a single helixNucleotides are composed of all of the following EXCEPTproteinWhich of the following best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?controls internal organ systemsHow many Americans are believed to be either overweight or obese?two thirdsAll of the following are steroids EXCEPTglycogenCommunities are composed of different types ofpopulationsWhat do modern day scientists regularly rely upon to report data?table and graphsWhich group of primates does Homo sapiens belong to?apesWhere does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?in the cytoplasmWhat is the difference between a primary and a secondary consumer?What is the difference between a primary and a secondary consumer?What are tissues composed of?cellsWhat type of bond forms BETWEEN two molecules of water?hydrogenWhich of the following types of prokaryotes living in the human digestive tract is claimed by yogurt manufacturers to promote a well-functioning immune system?probiotic bacteriaWhich of the following is a potentially effective way to treat impotence?take viagraWhich of the following represents the path that air follows during INHALATION?nasal cavity -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchiAll of the following are true statements about evolution EXCEPTevolution refers to how organisms changed in the past, not todayWhat eventually happens to most of the calories you consume?They are dissipated back into the environment as heatWhat is energy?the capacity to do workWhich of the following reactions is used by the cell to form polypeptide bonds?dehydration synthesisAll of the following are limiting factors on the growth of a population of plants EXCEPT?presence of insects that neither eat nor pollinate the plantsSurgical remedies exist for all of the following EXCEPTacid reflexWhich of the following senses relies on hair cells?hearingWhich of the following is an example of herbivory?a rabbit eats a cloverViruses in the herpes family cause all of the following illnesses or symptoms EXCEPTmeaslesTetrapods are distinguished from other vertebrate groups because they descend from an ancestor that hadfour limbs with digitsAll of the following are true about transcription EXCEPT?both strands of the DNA double helix are used as templatesWhy are women told to avoid tuna early in their pregnancies?tuna is a top level feeder and may have high concentrations of mercury in its tissuesWhich is a similarity between essential vitamins and essential amino acids?both are organic moleculesWhich group of primates is the most closely related to Homo sapiens?chimpanzeesWhy are water molecules attracted to one another?the negatively charged oxygen atom on one molecule is attracted to the positively charged hydrogens on anotherAll of the following adaptations distinguish bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes EXCEPTjawsA BASIC solution is one in which the concentration of H+ ions (relative to OH- ions) islowThe primary function of lactase iscatalyze reactionsWhat happens to the energy contained in the organic molecules of a dead hawk that are consumed by bacteria?most of it will be used to keep the bacterium aliveAll of the following represent distinctive primate adaptations EXCEPTmammary glandsWhich of each of the following molecules contains the most potential energy for use by the cell?glucoseThe plasma membrane referred to as a "fluid mosaic." Why is it regarded as fluid?the molecules that make it up can freely move past one anotherAfter death, rigor mortis results froma shortage of ATPWhich of the following is a PRODUCER?plantsWhich of the following best describes the organism that was eventually engulfed by the first eukaryotic cell and later became the chloroplast?photosynthesizing prokaryoteOur ability to smell involves the use ofchemoreceptorsAll of the following are true about elements EXCEPTthey may be broken down by means of chemical reactionsWhat is the relationship between a calorie and a kilocalorie?A kilocalorie contains a thousand caloriesAbout how large is the world's total human population at present?8 billionIf a codon has the nucleotide sequence GCA, what does the corresponding anticodon have as its sequence?CGUWhat does it mean to say that the replication of DNA is semi-conservative?the two new DNA molecules each have one strand from the original DNAWhich of the following algae can, when overabundant due to fertilizer runoff, produce a population explosion called a "red tide"?dinoflagellatesWhich of the following forms a series of tracks along which vesicles move within the cell?cytoskeletonWhich of the following is the MOST acidic?lemon juiceWhich of the following, if untreated, can quickly become so severe that it leads to death?choleraA pilius is all of the following EXCEPTused for locomotionAll of the following cell organelles are involved in the production of proteins EXCEPT:smooth erWhat does "RNA splicing" refer to?the removal of introns and the joining of exonsWhere did Homo sapiens originate?africaWhich of the following breaks just before child birth?amnionWhich of the following terms describes the developing infant during most of pregnancy?fetusWhere does all of the energy used by every organism on earth ultimately come from?the sunWhich of the following bacterial pathogens is prevented from causing disease by proper cooking of food?salmonellaIn what part of a flowering plant is the seed formed?ovuleWhat is the human body composed of at the MOST fundamental level?cellsWhen did the first mammals evolve?200 million years agoWhich of the following characterizes the process of peer review in science?Scientific claims are evaluated by anonymous experts.Fanciers of a rare breed of cat, over the course of decades of choosing among the cats that will be allowed to reproduce and which won't, develop a hairless variety. The gradual process by which breeders were able to accomplish this is an example ofartifical selectionWhich part of a terrestrial plant is used to obtain carbon dioxide?leavesWhat is chemistry?The scientific study of matterWhat on the surface of a red blood cell determines blood type?carbohydratesAll of the following are composed of eukaryotic cells exceptbacteriaEach of the following groups has representatives that lay hard shelled eggs EXCEPTamphibiansThe plasma membrane is referred to as a "fluid mosaic." Why is it regarded as mosaic?it contains a diversity of proteins that float within it"The scientific method" refers toa series of linear steps scientists use to solve problems.Which of the following represents an ABIOTIC source of carbon?volcanoThe bones of your body have all of the following functions EXCEPT?produce hormonesWhat eventually happens to the elements associated with ecosystems?elements cycle back and forth between biotic and abiotic componentsHow do producers obtain the energy they need to live?producers capture and convert solar energy into chemical energyDehydration reactions are reactions that result in therelease of waterWhat is biology?The study of life.Heat energy is regarded as lost energy becauseIt is hard for biological systems to recapture itAll of the following are true about cancer prevention techniques EXCEPTdietary choices cannot reduce the risk of developing cancerAll of the following are true about most animals EXCEPThave haploid cellsAll of the following are respiratory illnesses EXCEPTanemiaWhich of the following cell organelles transports material out of the cell?vesiclesBiologists study life atall levelsHow many chromosomes total does a typical egg or sperm produced by a human have?23The pH scale runs from 0-14. On this scale, 0 represents what kind of solution?acidicThe creation of a new plant can occur by means of all of the following mechanisms EXCEPTbinary fissionAll of the following adaptations enhance a bird's ability to fly EXCEPT?teethWhat does nervous tissue consist of?neuronsWhich of the following is true about PRODUCERS?the produce their own foodWhich part of a terrestrial plant is used to obtain water and minerals?root systemAll of the following can reduce the risk of hypertension EXCEPTantibioticsWhich of the following protists are decomposers?slime modsWhat type of blood does the heart contain?both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor bloodWhich of the following is a producer?plantsWhich of the following represents the order of mitosis from beginning to end?prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophaseWhich of the following is true about prokaryotic compared to eukaryotic cells?Prokaryotic cells are smaller.If you have type A- blood, this means you can donate to people withtype A or AB bloodA virus is a particle that contains a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a protein that is capable of reproducing itself when it infects a living cell. A virus should be classified asnon-livingWhich of the following viruses poses the greatest risk to humans?influenza virusWhen did the world's human population first start to dramatically increase in size?200 years agoAll of the following are true about plasma EXCEPTit is a red-colored liquidWhere in the human body does lactic acid fermentation occasionally take place?musclesPalm readers make predictions about what will happen to their clients based upon the lines on the palms of their hands. Which of the following is something that suggests astrology is a pseudoscience?Reading hands is largely an art, there is no method that governs what palm readers do.Why would the insertion of a nucleotide into an mRNA sequence be particularly harmful to the functioning of the protein it encodes?it would alter the triplet reading frameESP refers to extra sensory perception, or the possibility certain people have special gifts, such as foreknowledge about the future. Which of the following is something that suggests someone who claims to have documented ESP is engaging in pseudoscience?Attempts by others to duplicate the occasional success of individuals who claim to have documented ESP have been unsuccessful.How was Robert Chamber's account of evolution contained in his treatise Vestiges of Creation received by his contemporaries?It was met with ridiculeWhich of the following prokaryotic cell structures plays a role similar to a plant seed in protecting the cell from harsh conditions in its environment?endosporeWhich of the following was the very first kind of life to evolve on Earth?prokaryotesWhich of the following represents an intermediate form between unicellular and multicellular organisms?a colony of single-celled organismsWhich two particles have equal mass?protons and neutronsWhich of the following events would lead carbon to be transferred from a BIOTIC to an ABIOTIC component of the environment?a power plant burns coal (a fossil fuel) releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphereA leaf contains tissues from all of the following plant tissue systems EXCEPTmuscularWhat is the difference between the sense stand and the anti-sense strand?the anti-sense strand is used as a template for the synthesis of mRNAMetastasis refers tothe spread of cancer cells to other parts of the bodyWhat prevents food from being misdirected into the lungs?epiglotisAll of the following have the potential to cause cancer EXCEPTvitamins c and eThe placenta plays all of the following roles during pregnancy EXCEPTprotect the embryoWhat are all parts of the nervous system are composed of?neuronsWhich of the following could be part of either a typical prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell?ribosomeWhere do the elements associated with ecosystems come from?elements cycle back and forth between biotic and abiotic componentsChemical reactions that take place in the cell occur in the presence of all of the following EXCEPTinhibitorsWhat feature do sponges LACK that members of all other animal phyla have?body symmetryAll of the following are true about RNA EXCEPTis double strandedA nucleotide on a strand of RNA consists of a nucleotide base, a phosphate group andriboseWhich of the following is an example of an ion?an atom of chlorine with an extra electronWhich of the following enzymes builds the new DNA strand during replication?DNA polymeraseWhich of the following might be caused by a traumatic blow to the skull?concussionWhich of the following is an example of nervous tissue?neuronsWhat process moves food along the alimentary canal?peristalsisWhere does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells?mitochondrionWhich of the following is NOT a membrane bound organelle?cytoplasmWho is regarded as a co-discover of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?Alfred Russel WallaceAll of the following are correct about DNA and RNA EXCEPTDNA persists as a single stranded molecule, RNA is double strandedThermophiles are regarded as perhaps the most similar to the first living organisms becausethey thrive in conditions that are similar to what the Earth was like billions of years agoWhere would you find gastric juice in the body?stomachAll of the following are true about cancer EXCEPTthere are no effective ways to prevent or treat cancerA substance crossing a membrane is said to move along its concentration gradient whenthe substance moves from a higher to a lower concentrationEssential nutrientsinclude minerals, vitamins, essential fatty acids and essential amino acidsAll of the following species have a survivorship curve characterized by animals having relatively few offspring, most of whom survive to adulthood EXCEPTrodentsWhat information does the periodic table of the elements provide?atomic number, atomic weight, and symbolCarbon by weight accounts for 18.5% of the human body. Carbon is an example ofone of the four essential elements that make up the bulk of living cellsWhat do tissues represent?an integrated group of cells that perform a similar functionWhat part of a plant does the pollen of a flowering plant come from?anotherSome of the Archaea are know as "extremophiles" because?they thrive in habitats no other organism can surviveAll of the following are adaptations plants evolved to colonize land EXCEPTphotosynthesisWhich of the following is unique to plant cells?central vacuoleHow does the sequence of nucleotide bases on mRNA dictate the sequence of amino acids for a particular protein?triplets of nucleotide bases correspond to one or more individual amino acidsWhy is energy conversion in living systems so inefficient?the conversion of one form of energy always involves the loss of heat energyAll of the following are true about biofilms EXCEPTthey are movies about biological topicsMechanoreceptors allow you to detect all of the following EXCEPTtemperatureWhich part of the alimentary canal is responsible for the mechanical digestion of food?oral cavityHow do terrestrial plants obtain minerals?they absorb minerals from the soil via the root systemWhich of the following protects the brain?meningesWidespread burning of fossil fuels is considered dangerous to the health of oceans becauseoceans tend to absorb CO2, and as the gas dissolves it lowers their pHWhere does modification of protein after being translated take place?golgi apparatusBotox can be used to treat all of the following medical conditions EXCEPTSTD'sAll of the following conditions are regarded as necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPTindividuals are exposed to mutagens, such as radiationAll of the following are ways scientists determine the age of fossils EXCEPTbombarding the fossil with radiationWhich of the following is an example of KINETIC energy?A boulder rolls down a hill.which of the following is the SMALLEST unit that can evolve?populationWhat does sexual selection refer to?the spread of adornments and behaviors that increase success at attracting matesAll of the following events occur during interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle EXCEPTthe cell undergoes cytokinesisAll of the following are methods of contraception rely on interrupting the path of either sperm or egg EXCEPToral contraceptivesWhich of the following protists are consumers?protozoansA NEUTRAL solution is one in which the concentration of H+ ions (relative to OH- ions) isneutralWhere is cardiac muscle located?heartWhich of the following is evidence that the chloroplast evolved by means of endosymbiosis?chloroplasts have their own DNAPhotosynthesis and cellular respiration can be considered "opposite" reactions for all of the following reasons EXCEPTcellular respiration produces sunlight, photosynthesis requires sunlightWhich of the following is produced as a result of alcohol fermentation?breadPlacental mammals dominate every continent except Australia, which is known for marsupials. Why is this?Australia became isolated from other continents when the first placental mammals evolvedAccording to the Scientific Method, scientific investigations always start with:observationsDepending where they are in the circulatory system, veins may carryoxygenated or deoxygenated bloodWhich of the following processes leads to carbon being transferred from a BIOTIC to an ABIOTIC component of the environment?cellular respirationIn what era did the first anatomically modern humans appear?Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to today)Where are organic macromolecules formed from smaller units in the human body?inside of cellsWhich of the following describes a situation where exponential growth is taking place?a plant species colonizes an environment newly vacated by a fireWhere does oxygen-rich blood go directly after leading the right lung?back to the heartMethanogens are found in all of the following habitats EXCEPTthe surface of people's teethWhich of the following is a potentially effective way to treat a low sperm count?wear boxer shorts instead of briefsNucleotides consist of a nucleotide base, a sugar anda phosphate groupWhere in the alimentary canal would you find huge numbers of prokaryotic organisms?large intestinWhen during a twenty four hour cycle is a plant a net CONSUMER of oxygen?nightWhich of the following prokaryotic cell structures allows the cell to stick to surfaces?capsuleAccording to our reading, at the end of which month during pregnancy can the developing fetus first be described as looking like a miniature (but disproportionate) human being?thirdWhat type of chemical bond is formed when an electron is shared EQUALLY between two atoms?nonpolar convalentsWhich of the following enzymes peels apart the DNA strands during replication?DNA helicaseLife is carbon-based becausecarbon is able to bond with up to four other atomsWhich of the following is true about CONSUMERSThey eat plants or eat animals that eat plants or animals that eat animals that eat plantsSomeone with an A+ blood type can receive blood from all of the following blood types EXCEPTB+Which of the following is released as a waste product during cellular respiration?waterAll of the following are true about cell respiration EXCEPTIt releases oxygenWhich of the following is true about the nucleotide base thymine?it may be used in the production of DNA, but not RNANatural selection refers to the fact thatorganisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduceThe human leg is adapted to running, but a kangaroo's leg is used for hopping. Why do they have such similar structures?Because humans and kangaroos both evolved from a common ancestor that had legsWhich of the following features is unique to viruses?capsidHow do the roots of terrestrial plants obtain energy?they absorb sugars transported by the phloem
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