Sports psych final

Research by Landers et al., using biofeedback techniques to train elite marksmen to shoot between heartbeats, is a good example of a...
psychophysiological orientation
cognitive-behavioral orientation
cognitive-affective orientation
physiological-environmental orientation
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Terms in this set (175)
Research by Landers et al., using biofeedback techniques to train elite marksmen to shoot between heartbeats, is a good example of a...
psychophysiological orientation
cognitive-behavioral orientation
cognitive-affective orientation
physiological-environmental orientation
psychophysiological orientation
An individual who is trained primarily in the areas of physical education and exercise science is most likely to become this type of sport psychologist:
educational sport psychology specialist
motor development sport psychologist
clinical sport psychologist
developmental psychologist
educational sport psychology specialist
The two main objectives of sport psychology include the interaction of these two components:
team dynamics and personality traits
physical functioning and psychological functioning
environmental factors and psychological factors
motivation and locus of control
physical functioning and psychological functioning
Which statement about exercise psychology as a current and future profession is FALSE?
Concepts of sport psychology are being applied to music, arts, and business models.
Technology is expected to continue to impact the world of sport psychology.
There are many full-time sport psychology jobs and not enough qualified people to fill them.
Ethics and competence among sport psychologists is receiving significant emphasis.
There are many full-time sport psychology jobs and not enough qualified people to fill them.
What is true about the art and science of coaching?
Anyone can learn the scientific principles behind a sport and behind coaching, but the art of coaching cannot be taught.
The science of coaching deals with the knowledge base behind the sport and coaching techniques while the art of coaching is knowing how and when to apply such principles.
The science of coaching is more important than the art of coaching in terms of producing successful athletes.
The art of coaching is more important than the science of coaching in terms of producing successful athletes.
The science of coaching deals with the knowledge base behind the sport and coaching techniques while the art of coaching is knowing how and when to apply such principles.
Who is known as the father of American sport psychology and also established the first sport psychology lab.
Dorothy Yates
Babe Ruth
Coleman Griffith
David Tracy
Coleman Griffith
From the ABC's of psychology, we know that affect, behavior, and __________ are influenced by one's environment in a dynamic way.
capacity
conscience
character
cognitions
cognitions
In the late 1800's, the first social psychology and sport psychology experiment was conducted, and it featured this type of athlete:
baseball players
rowing (or crew)
football players
cyclists
cyclists
Which development, related to the growth of sport psychology, came first?
Interest in the development of character through sport
Standards and licensing requirements for sport psychologists
The scientific development of research programs in sport psychology
Measuring athletes for aspects of their personality
Interest in the development of character through sport
Which research question is least likely to be explored by a sport and exercise psychologist?
What is the role of self-efficacy in adherence by wounded warriors to physical therapy?
What is the most common type of motivation among adolescents?
How does a coach's punishment of the team affect team cohesion?
Does participation in high school athletics enhance character development?
What is the most common type of motivation among adolescents?
Dorothy Yates was a prominent female sport psychologist in the mid 1900's. She is most known for her work with softball players dancers jockeys boxersboxersThe objective of sport and exercise psychology can best be identified as: Both how psychological factors affect physical performance and how physical activity affects psychological factors. How physical activity affects psychological factors. How psychological factors affect physical performance.Both how psychological factors affect physical performance and how physical activity affects psychological factors.Professionals specializing in sport psychology have three roles which include: intervention, teaching, and consulting teaching, researching, and consulting teaching, intervention, and research teaching, administration, and consultingteaching, researching, and consultingWhich individual was interested in sport psychology from a philosophical perspective and incorporated that interest into the founding of the modern Olympic games? Alan Kronspan Michael Wilbon Al Oerter Pierre de CoubertinPierre de CoubertinWhich of the following statements about the focus of sport psychology is true? Sport psychology is concerned with both sport and exercise settings. Sport psychology places a primary focus on competitive sport among young athletes. Sport psychology places a primary focuses on recreational athletes. Sport psychology places a primary focus on the concerns of the elite athlete.Sport psychology is concerned with both sport and exercise settings.Sport psychology is best defined as the study of ____________ within sport and exercise participation. mental processes and behaviors feelings and beliefs attitudes and traits personality and cognitionsmental processes and behaviorsIn addition to the United States, Japan, and Germany, what other country has played a large role in the development of sport psychology over the last half century? China Brazil Russia EnglandRussiaWhat is true about Division 47? It is the branch of the American Psychological Association that is dedicated to health psychology. It is a covert government agency dedicated to psychological studies. It is the code of conduct (47 points) recognized by sport psychologists. It is the American Psychological Association branch dedicated to sport and exercise psychology.It is the American Psychological Association branch dedicated to sport and exercise psychologyAlthough the phenomenological approach to understanding personality is popular among sport psychologists, the majority of sport psychologists will settle on which approach? situational approach psychodynamic approach trait approach interactional approachinteractional approachAlthough the psychodynamic approach to understanding personality is not highly applicable to sport psychology, the psychodynamic approach is important in that it identifies that: the id, the ego, and the super-ego all act in harmony social influences can affect one's personality the way one perceives their own personality also influences behavior not all behavior is under conscious controlnot all behavior is under conscious controlThe approach to understanding personality that focuses on the interpretation of one's self and their environment is: the phenomenological approach the situational approach the trait approach the interactional approachthe phenomenological approachMost coaches who have taken a sports psychology course are adequately qualified to interpret personality scores. True FalseFalseThe situational approach to personality assumes that if the situation is strong, one's personality traits will dominate the situation individuals behave similarly across situations individuals behave differently across situationsindividuals behave differently across situationsConsidering the structure of personality, which structure is the most foundational component of personality and least likely to change over time? All three components are as likely to change as any of the others. typical responses role-related behavior psychological corepsychological coreWhich of the following statements about perfectionism is true? Adaptive perfectionism is positively related to individual sport athletes. Perfectionists are at greater risk for psychological problems if they have poor coping skills. Maladaptive perfectionism is related to team sport athletes.Perfectionists are at greater risk for psychological problems if they have poor coping skills.Which personality trait is the most studied characteristic in sport psychology? anxiety perfectionism self-discipline extraversionperfectionismWhich approach to understanding personality is most connected to environmental factors? Phenomenoligical approach Trait approach Interactional approach Situational approachSituational approachThe research investigating the personality profiles of athletes and nonathletes has found that athletes have higher levels of anxiety than non-athletes athletes are more introverted than non-athletes no specific personality profile distinguishes athletes from non-athletes athletes have higher levels of aggression than non-athletes athletes have higher levels of self-esteem than non-athletesno specific personality profile distinguishes athletes from non-athletesA gymnastics coach should consider using a personality test for athletes that will measure tendencies for disordered eating. True FalseFalseWhat percentage of Morgan's personality trait assessment tool actually accounted for the difference that was noticed between successful and non-successful athletes? 50% more than 75% 25% less than 1%less than 1%Although they are not personality traits, these highly related skills have been shown to contribute to athletic success: Cognitive skills Communication skills Leadership skills(***WRONG ANSWER***) Communication skillsThe trait approach to personality assumes that most athletes can be very different on-the-court from who they are off-the-court personality does not change much over time people behave differently depending on the situationpersonality does not change much over timeWhich is the appropriate use of personality tests for athletes? Compare the change in an athlete's anxiety level over the course of a season. Use the tests to determine who makes the cut for an athletic team. Project the likelihood that a young individual will become an elite athlete based on their personality test. Compare the athlete's score for mental toughness to the others on the team.Compare the change in an athlete's anxiety level over the course of a season.Morgan's (1980) model for measuring personality traits of athletes was actually more of a measure of: Mental toughness Self-esteem Mental health PerfectionismMental healthWhen one is administering psychological tests to athletes, which of the following guidelines should be followed? Explain to athletes how the test will be used. None of the listed guidelines is appropriate for administering psychological tests. Give clinical as well as sport-specific tests. Identify the level that must be achieved in order for the athlete to secure a spot on the team.Explain to athletes how the test will be used.Morgan (1980) successfully predicted 10 out of 16 U.S. rowing finalists using his personality test (profile of mood states). Because of his success in this area he subsequently promoted this test for use in selecting national teams. True FalseFalseMotivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. This is consistent with which view of motivation? individual situational trait-centered interactionaltrait-centeredFrom a motivation perspective, which group of athletes would be the best choice for being part of a relay team? Strong athletes holding a social approval orientation Strong athletes holding a social rejection orientation. Weaker athletes as long as they hold to a social rejection orientation. The best athletes one can find.Strong athletes holding a social approval orientationThe interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction between which two factors? personality and goals goals and coach's style personality and needs person and situationperson and situationWhich is TRUE of high achievers? Attribute failure to stable and internal control factors Demonstrate low motivation for avoiding failure Adopt primarily outcome or entity goals Demonstrate low perceived competenceDemonstrate low motivation for avoiding failureFor low achievers, which situation provides the LEAST incentive for engaging in achievement behaviors? 10% chance of success 25% chance of success 75% chance of success 50% chance of success50% chance of successWhich of the following is NOT an attribution category? persistence control stability causalitypersistenceWhich of the following statements regarding motivation is true? Outcome goals should be used more often than task goals. Lack of ability, rather than lack of effort, should be emphasized after a failure. Feedback to athletes should emphasize attributing their success to high ability and high effort.(***WRONG ANSWER***) Lack of ability, rather than lack of effort, should be emphasized after a failure.What is critical in affecting the performance and behavior of sport and exercise participants? physiological factors factors of biomechanics sociological factors motivational factors all factors listed here can affect performanceall factors listed here can affect performanceAn athlete is more motivated when she plays against competitors who are better than she is than when she plays against competitors who are weaker than she is. This is an example of which approach to motivation? interactional trait-centered individual situationalsituationalA study by Sorrentino and Sheppard on motivation of swimmers found that approval-oriented swimmers demonstrated faster times in the group situation than in the individual situation approval-oriented swimmers demonstrated faster times in the individual situation than in the group situation rejection-oriented swimmers swam faster in the group situation than in the individual situation rejection-oriented swimmers swam similar times regardless of being in the group or individual situationapproval-oriented swimmers demonstrated faster times in the group situation than in the individual situationWhich type of motivation is the most powerful predictor of long-term behavior? Amotivation Intrinsic motivation Competitiveness Extrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivationWhich of the following is a FALSE statement concerning need achievement theory? Low achievers often become preoccupied with thoughts of failure. Low achievers have high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure. High achievers enjoy evaluating their abilities.Low achievers have high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure.Ability is considered a(n) _____________ and ____________ attribute. unstable; external unstable; internal stable; external stable; internalstable; internalWhich is the most widely endorsed view of motivation taken by sport psychologists? individual interactional trait-centered situationalinteractionalTheories of achievement motivation are based on comparisons of: athletes v. non-athletes women v. men high v. low achievers locus of control v. locus of causalityhigh v. low achieversU.S. figure skater, Tonya Harding, broke this rule of achievement goal theory when she tried to "take out" her main competitor. Motivational climate influences achievement motivation. The goal of achievement motivation is to move to the integrated stage of development. One cannot control the success of others. Competence and motivation are linked.One cannot control the success of others.While it is suggested that athletes experience recreational activities during their training, recreational activities are not suggested for elite athletes (such as a professional football team that goes bowling as a team). False TrueFalseA study concerning the motives for participants in an exercise group demonstrated that: reasons for continuing in the exercise group were different from reasons for joining the exercise group reasons for joining the exercise group were primarily for social factors reasons for continuing in the exercise group were primarily fitness and health-related motives motives for joining and continuing in an exercise group change very little over timereasons for continuing in the exercise group were different from reasons for joining the exercise groupParticipant motivation is usually the result of the history of success or failure parental expectations a combination of personal and situational factors personal factors situational factorsa combination of personal and situational factorsWhich is an example of a mastery approach goal? "I don't want our team to lose to Bryan College this year." "I don't want to have a hitting percentage that is lower than last year's hitting percentage." "I want to improve my hitting percentage." "I want our team to win all games against Bryan College this year.""I want to improve my hitting percentage."Bill is always concerned both with winning and with comparing his ability to that of others. Thus, Bill has... a mastery goal orientation an achievement goal orientation an outcome goal orientation an attribution goal orientationan outcome goal orientationThe sport-specific form of achievement motivation is called: outcome orientation mental preparation confidence competitivenesscompetitivenessThere is a positive correlation between one's level of trait anxiety and state anxiety arousal and stress cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety state anxiety and somatic anxietytrait anxiety and state anxietyThe key to understanding the power of somatic state anxiety is to recognize that it is based on: the personality of the individual perceived arousal high cognitive arousal worries of the individualperceived arousalA coach provides a pre-game speech that psyches up his team prior to a big game; the speech is worthy of a Golden Globe award. This coach is tapping into the realization that higher levels of arousal will allow his players to perform at a higher level possibly setting up some of his athletes for failure based on over-arousal principles aware of the various levels of arousal needed by different members of his team giving his team its best shot at victory by increasing arousal levelspossibly setting up some of his athletes for failure based on over-arousal principlesThe inverted-U hypothesis predicts that: as arousal increases, performance decreases top performance occurs at the high and low levels of arousal performance drops off quickly once the threshold for arousal has been passed arousal that is either too low or too high can negatively affect performancearousal that is either too low or too high can negatively affect performancePhysiological reactions occur in which stage of the stress process? Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 4Stage 3Increased arousal affects attentional focus in which of the following ways? increased scanning techniques narrowing of focus broadening of focusnarrowing of focusAnxiety is associated with arousal of the body and has this other important quality: a positive emotional state either a negative emotional state or a positive emotional state (depending on the circumstance) a neutral emotional state a negative emotional statea negative emotional stateA principle derived from social facilitation theory is When a person is learning a new skill, the presence of an audience will detract from the learning When performing a well-rehearsed skill, the presence of an audience has no effect on the performance Learners of a new skill should be evaluated immediately so that corrections can be made to their skill performance Well-learned tasks are immune to influence when others are watchingWhen a person is learning a new skill, the presence of an audience will detract from the learningWhich statement about anxiety is TRUE? Athletes who perceive their anxiety as facilitating rather than harming their performances exhibit higher levels of performance. Performance is best reached at the middle of the anxiety scale. The intensity of anxiety is more important than the direction. Increased anxiety is always debilitating to performance.Athletes who perceive their anxiety as facilitating rather than harming their performances exhibit higher levels of performance.The importance placed on an event and the uncertainty that surrounds the actions of that event are sources of arousal somatic anxiety situational stress trait anxietysituational stressA moment-to-moment change in one's perceived physiological activation is referred to as cognitive trait anxiety trait anxiety cognitive state anxiety somatic state anxietysomatic state anxietyArousal refers to the... intensity dimension of motivation frequency of motivated behavior direction dimension of motivation interaction of physiological and psychological activation(***WRONG ANSWER***) intensity dimension of motivationWhich of the following is NOT symptomatic of heightened state anxiety? profuse sweating sleeping difficulties increased muscle tension slowed breathingslowed breathingWhich sport is less likely to attract athletes who suffer from social physique anxiety? ballet sumo wrestling sand volleyball soccerSoccerWhich theory predicts a linear relationship between arousal and performance? catastrophe theory drive theory inverted theory reversal theorydrive theoryWhich theory of arousal and performance best illustrates the example Professor Rangel shared about playing the piano in front of a church crowd? drive theory inverted-U hypothesis reversal theory catastrophe theorycatastrophe theoryWhile group membership can instill positive character development within members of the group, which of the following is a possible negative outcome of group membership? conformity social loafing All of the characteristics listed can result from negative group membership. groupthink None of the characteristics listed are the result of negative group membershipAll of the characteristics listed can result from negative group membership.One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to eliminate decision-making and feedback from the team members so that there is no confusion as to the norms dictate exactly what norms are expected from each athlete without any exceptions enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples allow the team to identify the need for norms as the season progresses and deficiencies are identifiedenlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examplesWhich of the following group roles is considered to be negative to group functioning? The comedian All of these roles are negative to group functioning. The malingerer The nonverbal informal leaderThe malingererWhich is NOT a defining characteristic of sport teams? a collective sense of identity specific leadership styles norms structured modes of communicationspecific leadership stylesFor which sport does individual performance have the least effect on team performance due to the number of interactions that occur between teammates? basketball softball volleyball soccerSoftballA level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a norm role sanction standardNormHigh school athletes recruited to join college teams are likely to struggle with this particular aspect of college athletics. Social loafing Role acceptance Groupthink Humanities 101Role acceptanceTeam climate can be defined as a representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members a representation of how the team is collectively seen by others, especially in the media a pattern of behavior that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group the coach's portrayal of what is to be expected from each playera representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team membersA coach wishing to understand the team's climate should consider holding a team meeting and allowing all team members to speak having the team captain(s) flesh out the climate for the coach treating members of the team unfairly to see how the rest of the team reacts using an anonymous questionnaireusing an anonymous questionnaireWhich type of group is more likely to exhibit the cyclical perspective of group dynamics? A professional sports team Elderly individuals who meet for coffee once a month A fall fitness class at a health clubA fall fitness class at a health clubTeam cohesion is unlikely to impact coactive sport teams (sport teams where there is little interaction between members during competition). False TrueFalseAn indication of cohesion can be viewed as it relates to the half-life of a team. A team's half-life is defined as the number of years before players on a team feel that they can challenge administration without fear of losing their position the years that represent the average career for a given sport the number of years before a player on a team begins to really feel part of the team the number of years before half of the core (usually the starting core) of the team changesthe number of years before half of the core (usually the starting core) of the team changesThe key ingredient in Steiner's model of productivity is the amount of potential productivity a group has, independent of the actual productivity the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivity the actual amount of productivity a group has the actual productivity minus the losses due to faulty potential productivity plus the losses due to potential productivitythe losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivityWhich of the following is NOT an antecedent to cohesion according to Carron's model? envrionmental factors communication factors personal factors leadership factorscommunication factorsWhich is an example of a way in which to develop social cohesion? description of the team communication structure team engagement in a challenge course (ropes course) team goal setting session team social norms sessionteam engagement in a challenge course (ropes course)From class, what is the prerequisite to team building? developing team cohesion developing team communication structures developing team values developing team rolesdeveloping team valuesThe phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the Ringelmann effect Steiner effect weakest-link principle New York effectRingelmann effectCollective efficacy is best identified as A group's belief in the roles prescribed to them by the coach. A group's belief that they have the tools and control to accomplish a specific task. A group's efficient meeting of task goals. A group's inefficient collective effort attributed to social loafing.A group's belief that they have the tools and control to accomplish a specific task.Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate? social support similarity distinctiveness proximityProximityWhich of the following sports require the highest level of task cohesion? basketball and ice hockey golf and archery swimming and tennis baseball and wrestlingbasketball and ice hockeySocial loafing is increased under which of the following conditions? The task is perceived as high in meaningfulness for those involved. The individual's contribution to the performance is not easily evaluated. The individual's teammates are viewed as being low in ability. The individual believes the competition is superior to their team/group.The individual's contribution to the performance is not easily evaluated.Role clarity refers to the acknowledgement by team members of the roles of others on the team understanding exactly what your role is for the team accepting and being willing to carry out your specific role for the team understanding one's role on a team and being willing to carry out that role(***WRONG ANSWER***) the acknowledgment by team members of the roles of others on the teamIn the linear perspective for group development, what is the correct progression of stages? forming, storming, norming, performing forming, performing, norming, storming forming, performing, storming, norming forming, norming, storming, performingforming, storming, norming, performingWhat is true of the interaction between cohesion and performance? Cohesion and performance have not been shown to be linked in a meaningful way. Cohesion is negatively related to performance. The relationship between cohesion and performance is circular. Cohesion has a stronger effect on performance than performance has on cohesionThe relationship between cohesion and performance is circular.Which of the following teams is most likely to have the greatest level of cohesion based on size and level of competition? college football team high school football team college volleyball team high school volleyball teamhigh school volleyball teamThe example of Asch's experiment (the line example we did in class) demonstrates that 1/3 of individuals will conform to the norms of a group... only if they are certain the group is right even when a friend avoids the group norm unless they are allowed to provide an anonymous response even when they believe the group is wrongeven when they believe the group is wrongWhich of the following statements is FALSE? There is a negative relationship between cohesion and satisfaction. Therefore, as one aspect increases the other decreases. More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high. There is a positive relationship between cohesion and conformity. As one increases, the other also increases. Higher team cohesion is related to higher resistance to disruption.There is a negative relationship between cohesion and satisfaction. Therefore, as one aspect increases the other decreases.You are a tennis coach and are assembling your doubles teams. From the standpoint of creating doubles teams that function well, which combination is not recommended? pairing two very strong players pairing two weak players pairing a very strong player with a weak player pairing two moderately skilled playerspairing a very strong player with a weak playerA sociogram can best be described as a waste of time a measure of social indebtedness experienced in a group a representation of the socio-economic status differences in a group a pictorial representation of group dynamicsa pictorial representation of group dynamicsWhich dynamics of team cohesion will position a team to engage in their worst (or lowest) possible performance? high group norm for productivity and high cohesion high group norm for productivity and low cohesion low group norm for productivity and high cohesion low group norm for productivity and low cohesionlow group norm for productivity and high cohesionWhat is true about social media? Athletes are unlikely to engage in social media. The trend in social media has been to increase what one can say about one's self. All of these statements about social media are true. The trend in social media, over time, has been to limit the space in which we can express ourselves (from "MySpace" down to 140 [now 280] characters on Twitter).The trend in social media, over time, has been to limit the space in which we can express ourselves (from "MySpace" down to 140 [now 280] characters on Twitter).What is true of non-verbal communication? It can be expected that nonverbal communication will play a greater role in competition than in practice. Most of us are fully aware of the use of nonverbal communication cues. Because the communication is nonverbal, it's easy for one to hide how one truly feels. In normal communication, nonverbal aspects account for about 20% of the communication.It can be expected that nonverbal communication will play a greater role in competition than in practice.What lesson can be learned from the script used for Harry Potter? As child actors get older, they tend to do a better job of utilizing facial expressions in their acting. Never trust a wizard who can talk to snakes. Deliver your own messages (communicate directly), rather than going through another person (or an owl). There are no secrets; if something is supposed to be private, everyone will find out about it.Deliver your own messages (communicate directly), rather than going through another person (or an owl).Which statement best describes the relationship between intrapersonal communication and interpersonal communication? Interpersonal and intrapersonal communication are not related to each other Solid intrapersonal communication must be learned before effectively engaging in interpersonal communication Intrapersonal communication can influence interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication can influence intrapersonal communicationInterpersonal communication can influence intrapersonal communicationThe example used in class in which four classmates demonstrated their understanding of the triple jump motion is an example of the ability to decode written messages based on one's learning style the ability to send effective messages the ability to send and receive messages based on one's learning style the ability to decode visual messages based on one's learning stylethe ability to decode written messages based on one's learning styleWhich body part is known to be the most expressive when it comes to communication? hands legs arms facefaceAn example of intrapersonal communication is... An athlete who tells himself, "I need to get this next serve in" while playing tennis An athlete who berates herself after missing a free throw during a game. An athlete who encourages herself with thoughts of "almost there" at the end of a cross-country race. All of these examples represent forms of intrapersonal communication.All of these examples represent forms of intrapersonal communication.The first systematic mental skills training program occurred in which country? China England Soviet Union Unites StatesSoviet UnionWhich statement best represents the relationship between Olympic training and PST? A strong mind may not win an Olympic medal, but a weak mind will lose you one. The success is in competing, rather than winning. Survival of the fit. Mental training effectively replaces physical training.A strong mind may not win an Olympic medal, but a weak mind will lose you one.How much time spent in deliberate practice is said to be required by someone reaching an expert (professional) level of performance? no less than 2 hours per day 5 years 10,000 hours There is no known time-frame for this10,000 hoursThe studies investigating the effectiveness of PST in enhancing performance have generally found that PST enhances the performance of collegiate athletes that PST enhances the performance of young athletes, recreational athletes, and collegiate athletes. that PST enhances the performance of recreational athletes that PST enhances the performance of younger athletesthat PST enhances the performance of young athletes, recreational athletes, and collegiate athletes.What is true of expert athletes versus non-expert athletes in regards to eye fixations and processing of cues? Expert eye fixations are of shorter duration than non-expert eye fixations. There is no distinction between eye fixation for expert v. non-expert performers. Experts have fewer eye fixations. Experts have shorter "quiet eye" periods.(***WRONG ANSWER***) There is no distinction between eye fixation for expert v. non-expert performers.Which of the following is FALSE concerning psychological skills training? PST has developed a knowledge base using elite athletes. PST is for athletes of various abilities. PST is primarily for problem athletes. PST will not provide quick solutions to problems.PST is primarily for problem athletes.When is it generally best to implement a PST program? during the off-season or preseason before important competitions after a problem is identified anytime, but primarily before easy competitionsduring the off-season or preseasonIdeally, a psychological skills training program should be planned, implemented, and supervised by a certified sport psychology consultant coach and athlete parent coachcertified sport psychology consultantAfter a PST program has been put in place, what is the recommended amount of time an athlete needs to continue to practice their mental skills? 6 months 1 year For as long as they continue to compete. 5 yearsFor as long as they continue to compete.What is the length/frequency of a typical PST program? 10-15 minutes, 3-5 days per week 5 minutes, most days of training 20 minutes, daily as needed10-15 minutes, 3-5 days per weekFrom a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is self-esteem mental preparation self-regulation self-efficacyself-regulationWhich strategy was endorsed by both athletes and coaches as appropriate ways to build mental toughness? intense, competitive practices tapping into sibling rivalries identifying appropriate attributions for success and failure coping with failureintense, competitive practicesWhich psychological skill was not identified by athletes and coaches as one of the most useful PST tools? imagery arousal regulation challenge training concentrationchallenge trainingWhich is NOT an appropriate aspect of a good coaching pep talk? provide a plan be truthful with the team use "pep talks" that have worked with you as a player use humoruse "pep talks" that have worked with you as a playerOst has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in 20 to 30 seconds 5 to 7 minutes 1 minute 10 to 12 minutes20 to 30 secondsRelaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as sport specific and general cognitive and appraisal cognitive and somatic state and traitcognitive and somaticWhich of the following is NOT among the interventions for cognitive anxiety reduction? systematic desensitization breath control relaxation response autogenic trainingbreath controlWhich is NOT a tip for learning to relax when on-site at a competition? slow down; don't allow yourself to get rushed focus on your past training smile have fun(***WRONG ANSWER***) slow down; don't allow yourself to get rushedWhich anxiety-reducing technique is considered a somatic technique? relaxation response systematic desensitization autogenic training progressive relaxationprogressive relaxationBefore one can expect to control their arousal levels, they must first be able to become aware of arousal levels concentrate on their feelings experience intrinsic motivation set goals for arousal controlbecome aware of arousal levelsEffective breathing is based on focusing on engaging this part of the body: diaphragm nose upper chest central chestdiaphragmWhich of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension? Stay focused in the present Smile when the pressure is coming on All strategies listed are options for reducing tension on-site Slow downAll strategies listed are options for reducing tension on-siteThe suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is 3:1 1:5 5:1 1:21:2Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as classical conditioning biological mapping systematic desensitization biofeedbackbiofeedbackThe "yips" refers to an entire team feeling the pressure and thus "choking" a condition usually seen in individual sports characterized by a loss of attentional focus and an increase in physiological arousal a condition most often associated with golf that includes involuntary tremors and jerking of the hands caused by excessive anxiety a condition associated with losing confidence when sailinga condition most often associated with golf that includes involuntary tremors and jerking of the hands caused by excessive anxietyAn athlete is heard yelling or shouting during warmups to a competition. This athlete is primarily trying to increase their arousal level blow off steam to reduce arousal increase the arousal levels of his/her teammates intimidate the competitionincrease their arousal levelWhich statement about coping strategies is true? emotion-focused coping should be used when the individual has no control over the stressor multi-modal strategies should be used in most cases of stressful situations problem-focused coping should be used when the individual has no control over the stressor emotion-focused coping should be used when the individual has a good amount of control over the stressoremotion-focused coping should be used when the individual has no control over the stressorWhat is true of hypnosis as it relates to anxiety control? the effectiveness of hypnosis is dependent more on the therapist's skills than on the athlete's efforts only weak-minded athletes can benefit from hypnosis positive suggestions are beneficial to performance one is either under hypnosis or not under hypnosis; there are no levels or degrees of hypnosispositive suggestions are beneficial to performanceWhich type of imagery has been shown to produce more muscular electrical activity? cognitive imagery external imagery motivational imagery internal imageryinternal imagerythletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery? motivation controllability coordination vividnessvividnessAn athlete tries to image shooting a free-throw under pressure, but during the image, the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of experimental control controllability coordination commitmentcontrollabilityThe only study directly testing the relationship between imagery and personality used which personality trait? narcissism perfectionism extraversion opennessnarcissismWhich of the following is NOT a use of imagery? controlling emotional responses building confidence improving concentration reducing the amount of physical practice time needed to increase performancereducing the amount of physical practice time needed to increase performanceWhich sense is the most important sense used in visualization by athletes? kinesthetic auditory sight smellkinestheticBasic imagery training involves relaxation and awareness vividness and relaxation controllability and awareness controllability and vividnesscontrollability and vividnessWhich sense is NOT involved in effective visualization practice? kinesthetic tactile all senses may be useful to visualization olfactoryall senses may be useful to visualizationWhat is true of youth athletes and imagery training? youth can only engage effectively in auditory imagery imagery is not considered effective for use with any youth sports kinesthetic imagery is effectively used with all youth ages visual and auditory imagery are effectively used with all youth agesvisual and auditory imagery are effectively used with all youth agesThe primary times during which athletes utilize imagery skills is after practice and after competition during practice and during competition before practice and before competition during practice and before competitionduring practice and before competitionAn important aspect of setting team goals is: Allowing members of the team an opportunity to strike down any goal for which they do not agree. Assuring that all members of the team have a say in the rewards that will be applied to achieving the goal. Developing team-efficacy for the goal. Not getting bogged down in the goal-writing process by including members of the team in the conversation.(***WRONG ANSWER***) Assuring that all members of the team have a say in the rewards that will be applied to achieving the goal.Which of the following goal types would produce the best performance? A combination of performance, process, and outcome goals. Outcome goals Process goals Performance goalsA combination of performance, process, and outcome goals."Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of An action step for reaching a larger goal stated as "Lower my handicap by 3 strokes." An inflexible strategy for attaining a larger goal because it is too specific. A goal that is too general to be effective. A performance goal that is both specific and realistic.An action step for reaching a larger goal stated as "Lower my handicap by 3 strokes."Which of the following is NOT one of the four ways in which goal setting is theorized to have a direct affect on one's performance? Goal setting can mobilize one to focus their effort on the performance. Goal setting can help the individual to develop new learning strategies. Goal setting can help to reduce anxiety. Goal setting can direct attention to the important elements of a skill.Goal setting can help to reduce anxiety.The second "S" in the SMARTS acronym for writing goals stands for: Satisfactory outcome Self-determined Singular focus SpecificSelf-determinedAccording to the text, goals should be... set the same for everyone on the team (i.e., same times, distances, etc.) so that no one person is singled out set high enough that only 10% of the team can achieve the goal easy enough that nearly everyone gets a boost in self-esteem difficult enough to be a challenge but realistic enough that they can be achieveddifficult enough to be a challenge but realistic enough that they can be achievedWhich aspect of goal-setting was found to be a deficit for both athletes and coaches? Writing down their goals The inability to set realistic goals Utilized outcome goals almost exclusively Routinely set goals that they could not achieve(***WRONG ANSWER***) Utilized outcome goals almost exclusivelyThe first step when implementing a goal setting program is to set up a reward plan for when goals are reached. to assess the athlete's current ability or needs. to set up forms of support for reaching the goal. to identify short-term goals.to assess the athlete's current ability or needs.According to research, a performer should have what type of focus for optimal performance? internal proximal external proximal external distal internal distalexternal distalResearch has indicated that paying attention to step-by-step instructions is most helpful for continuous skills for elite performers for new learners for closed skillsfor new learnersFuture-oriented thinking (attending to events in the future) involves seeing a past mistake while focusing on the future involves seeing a past mistake while focusing on the present is common among younger athletes often takes the form of "what about me" statementsis common among younger athletes"Cue" words are often effective because they can help trigger a particular response they broaden attentional focus they make the athlete think about all of the fine motor movements needed to be successful with the skillthey can help trigger a particular responseWhich form of technology is being used to enhance athlete's concentration skills? video games eye scanners virtual reality All examples listed as options are used for enhancing concentrationAll examples listed as options are used for enhancing concentrationJust before shooting, elite pistol shooters display increased galvanic skin responses reduced blood pressure acceleration of the autonomic nervous system cardiac decelerationcardiac decelerationUsing a trigger word to stop negative self-statements is called peripheral narrowing external attentional focus attentional narrowing thought stoppingthought stoppingDeveloping competitive plans should focus on what type of goals? outcome goals ego-oriented goals process goals technical goals(***WRONG ANSWER***) outcome goalsAccording to a recent study relating anxiety and attention regarding the "quiet eye," it was found that increased anxiety resulted in a longer duration of "quiet eye" increased anxiety resulted in shorter duration of "quiet eye" increased anxiety produced differences in "quiet eye" for males and females anxiety and duration of "quiet eye" were not relatedincreased anxiety resulted in shorter duration of "quiet eye""Maybe the nature, content, and delivery of self-talk may not be as important as the individual interpretation of that self-talk." This quote underscores the notion of attentional control instructional self-talk individual differences task specificityindividual differencesEntirely focusing on body mechanics and movement is most appropriate once a skill becomes automatic can decrease one's skill performance if that skill has previously been well rehearsed can increase performance because it allows the athlete to fix little problems in their movement skills during competition usually helps one perform a skill during competitioncan decrease one's skill performance if that skill has previously been well rehearsedFrom an attentional perspective, overlearning of skills allows for attentional selectivity makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention produces higher amounts of internal attentional control allows for higher amounts of external attentional controlmakes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attentionAccording to recent research, instructional self-talk is best on what type of task? accuracy balance endurance strength(***WRONG ANSWER***) balanceTop athletes seem to be able to do just the right thing at just the right time. From an attentional perspective, research has shown that this is mostly due to their ability to use a broad-external focus use a narrow-external focus analyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cues analyze situations by using imagery and positive self-talkanalyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cuesWhich of the following is NOT a key element included in most definitions of concentration? the ability to have a broad external style maintaining attentional focus for the duration of the competition the ability to focus attention on the relevant cues the ability to narrow attentional focus in all situationsthe ability to narrow attentional focus in all situationsWhich of the following would NOT be classified as an internal distracter? fatigue crowd noise overanalyzing body mechanics attending to past eventscrowd noiseIf just before a tee shot, a golfer shifts her attention from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from ___________ to __________. broad-external; narrow-external broad-internal; narrow-internal broad-external; narrow-internal broad-internal; narrow-externalbroad-external; narrow-externalSkilled performers demonstrate the most success when they focus on internal factors body mechanics mental representations of the skill external factorsexternal factors