Bio finals

Term
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Which of the following statements about the relationship between genotype and phenotype is true?

A. A given genotype always produces a specific phenotype.
B. Genotypes alone determine all phenotypes.
C. A particular phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
D. Dominance makes the study of the genetic basis of natural selection easy.
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Terms in this set (53)
Which of the following statements about the relationship between genotype and phenotype is true?

A. A given genotype always produces a specific phenotype.
B. Genotypes alone determine all phenotypes.
C. A particular phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
D. Dominance makes the study of the genetic basis of natural selection easy.
C. A particular phenotype can be produced by more than one genotype.
In a population of 200 individuals, 72 are homozygous recessive for the character of eye color (cc). One hundred individuals from this population die from a fatal disease. Thirty-six of the survivors are homozygous recessive. How many heterozygousindividuals are expected in the new population?
A. 16
B. 36
C. 40
D. 48
D. 48
6. Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation?
A. It must be present in a population before evolution can occur in the population.
B. It is created by the direct action of natural selection.
C. It tends to be reduced by the processes involved when diploid organisms produce gametes.
D. It arises in response to changes in the environment.
A. It must be present in a population before evolution can occur in the population.
The recessive phenotype of a trait occurs in 16% of a population. What is the frequency of the dominant allele?
A. 0.16
B. 0.60
C. 0.48
D.0.36
B. 0.60
What type of speciation occurs when gene flow is reduced when two populations of one species become geographically separated from each other?
A. Sympatric speciation
B. Hybrid zone
C. Reinforcement
D. Allopatric speciation
D. Allopatric speciation
24. What must be true of any organ that is described as vestigial?
A. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
B. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
C. It must be homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
D. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
D. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
28. Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?
A. Eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole.
B. Owl wing and hornet wing.
C. Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb.
D. Bat wing and bird wing.
C. Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb.
27. Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals and their common ancestor would represent
A. a polyphyletic group.
B. a monophyletic group.
C. homoplastic convergence.
D. an outgroup.
B. a monophyletic group.
A. A snake is more closely related to a newt than to a mouse.
B. A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp.
C. A mouse is more closely related to a snake than to a chimp.
D. A salamander is more closely related to a mouse than to a chimp.
B. A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp.
33. Derived character states shared by clade members are called
A. synapomorphies.
B. homoplasies.
C. ancestral traits.
D. symplesiomorphies.
A. synapomorphies.
35. Transpiration in plants requires ________. I.) Adhesion of water molecules to cellulose II.) Cohesion between water molecules III.) Evaporation of water molecules IV.) Active transport through xylem cells V.) Transport through tracheids A. I, III, IV, and V B. I, II, IV, and V C. I, II, III, and V D. I, II, III, and IVC. I, II, III, and V43. Which of these characteristics does not promote outcrossing in flowering plants? A. Self-incompatibility B. Dioecism C. Physical separation of flower parts D. ApomixisD. Apomixis45. In which of the following water potential conditions will water move from the root hairs through the cortex to the xylem? a. Root hairs = 0, cortex = 0, xylem = 0 b. Root hairs = -1, cortex = -1, xylem = -1 c. Root hairs = -2, cortex = -1, xylem = 0 d. Root hairs = 0, cortex = +1, xylem = +2 e. Root hairs = 0, cortex = -1, xylem = -2e. Root hairs = 0, cortex = -1, xylem = -246. In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative? A. Root cortex cell B. Stem phloem C. Root epidermis D. Stem xylemD. Stem xylem47. The opening of stomata is thought to involve A. active transport of water out of the guard cells. B. a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma. C. an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. D. decreased turgor pressure in guard cells.C. an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells.55. Contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo A. depolarization. B. apoptosis. C. vitellogenesis. D. acrosomal reaction.D. acrosomal reaction.. Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by A. injection of calcium ions into the cytosol. B. exposure to the low pH of the uterus. C. abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol. D. depletion of its ATP supplies.A. injection of calcium ions into the cytosol.49. Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? A. Sepals-petals-stamens-carpels. B. Sepals-stamens-petals-carpels. C. Petals-sepals-stamens-carpels. D. Petals-stamens-sepals-carpels.A. Sepals-petals-stamens-carpels.57. The first cavity formed during sea urchin development is the A. anus. B. blastocoel. C. mouth. D. blastopore.B. blastocoel.52. Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. Heterotrophy. B. Nervous conduction. C. Flagellated gametes.B. Nervous conduction.59. In a frog embryo, gastrulation A. occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere. B. occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk. C. produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere. D. proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.D. proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.62. In amphibian eggs, cells migrate to the interior of the embryo through the blastopore. In mammalian embryos with small amounts of yolk, this movement occurs at the A. archenteron. B. primitive groove. D. blastopore. E. gray crescent.B. primitive groove.63. Which of the following directors of embryonic development can be found within unfertilized eggs? A. Tissue-specific proteins B. Cytoplasmic determinants C. Binding protein D. mRNAs transcribed from embryonic genomeB. Cytoplasmic determinants68. A squirrel that metabolically maintains its internal temperature during the summer but hibernates during the winter is a(n) A. endotherm. B. ectotherm. C. heterotherm. D. poikilotherms.C. heterotherm.The largest proportion of CO2 carried by the blood is in the form of A. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) carried in the plasma. B. molecular CO2 dissolved in the plasma. C. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) carried within the red blood cells. D. molecular CO2 chemically bound to hemoglobinA. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) carried in the plasma.. In the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system, a transitional step led to separate pulmonary and systemic circuits. This step can be observed in A. lungfish. B. birds. C. amphibians. D. reptiles.A. lungfish.75. Imagine that a paleontologist finds a fragment of a fossilized vertebrate that indicates that the animal had a four-chamberedheart. The animal could be a(n) A. fish. B. amphibian. C. salamander. D. eagle.D. eagle.77. The large number of alveoli in mammalian lungs, the numerous lamellae in fish gills, the papulae of echinoderms, and the extensive tracheal system of insects are all adaptations that optimize what factor in the formula for Fick's Law of Diffusion? A. D B. A C. d D. DpB. A82. Acidity in human sweat is an example of A. antibody activation. B. acquired immunity. C. adaptive immunity. D. innate immunity.D. innate immunity.83. Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all the following except A. neutrophils. B. dendritic cells. C. natural killer cells. D. macrophages.C. natural killer cells.84. The activation of helper T cells is likely A. when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. B. when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. C. when B cells respond to T-independent antigens. D. when natural killer cells come in contact with a tumor cell.A. when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell.86. Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. A. B cell contact antigen, helper T cell is activated, clonal selection occurs. B. Complement is secreted, B cell contacts antigen, helper T cell activated, cytokines released. C. Body cell becomes infected with a virus, new viral proteins appear, class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface. D. cytotoxic T cells, class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed, cytokines released, cell lysis.C. Body cell becomes infected with a virus, new viral proteins appear, class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface.87. In the humoral response, some B cells differentiate into plasma cells. What do plasma cells produce in large quantities? A. agglutinations that are specific for foreign antibodies B. interferons specific for foreign antigens C. immunoglobulins specific for foreign antigens D. antigens specific for foreign antibodies E. macrophages specific for foreign antibodiesC. immunoglobulins specific for foreign antigens89. Which of the following does not arise from a myeloid progenitor cell? A. Macrophage B. T lymphocyte C. Basophil D. Mast cellB. T lymphocyte92. Which of the following is not a part of the inflammatory response? A. Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens. B. Histamine and other chemicals are released, which produce redness, warmth, and edema. C. Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens, which produce a fever. D. Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus.A. Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens.The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment. A. isoosmotic; saltwater B. isotonic; freshwater C. hyperosmotic; saltwater D. hyperosmotic; freshwaterA. isoosmotic; saltwater95. The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is A. ammonium. B. ammonia. C. urea. D. uric acid.D. uric acid.100. _______________ is an excretory system that actively transports uric acid and ions into blind tubules found in insects and most terrestrial arthropods. A. Protonephridia B. Metanephridia C. Malpighian tubule D. NephronC. Malpighian tubule101. A freshwater fish tends to _______ water because its body fluids have _______ osmolarity than fresh water has. A. gain; a greater B. gain; a lower C. lose; a lower D. lose; a greaterA. gain; a greater102. Which of the following is the thermoregulatory response of the hypothalamus to a rise in temperature? A. Increased metabolic heat production. B. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin. C. Resetting of the thermostat to a higher setting. D. Overall increase in body temperature.B. Dilation of blood vessels in the skin.A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by _____. A. Radiation B. Evaporation C. Conduction D. ConvectionA. Radiation105. Neurons that transmit information from sensory cells to the central nervous system are part of the A. brain. B. peripheral nervous system. C. spinal cord. D. central nervous systemB. peripheral nervous system.106. In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by A. cell bodies. B. axon hillocks. C. dendritic membrane. D. presynaptic membrane.D. presynaptic membrane.. Rapid inward diffusion of Na+ produces a dramatic change in membrane potential. What is this event called? A. Hyperpolarization B. Excitatory postsynaptic potential C. Saltatory conduction D. DepolarizationD. Depolarization117. Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to A. relaxation of the airways in the lungs. B. decreased heart rate. C. increased secretion by the pancreas. D. increased contraction of the stomach.A. relaxation of the airways in the lungs.Long-term potentiation is A. increased sensitivity to an electrical stimulus. B. decreased sensitivity to an electrical stimulus. C. habituation to a stimulus. D. the application of high-frequency electrical stimulation.A. increased sensitivity to an electrical stimulus.121. A newborn baby dies soon after birth because her diaphragm and rib cage muscles failed to contract and she was unable to breathe on her own. Examination of the baby's DNA revealed that she had a genetic mutation in a gene that encoded a calcium-binding protein. Which protein was most likely defective in the baby? A. actin B. myosin C. tropomyosin D. troponinD. troponinEPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations A. the refractory state. B. tetanus. C. spatial summation. D. temporal summation.C. spatial summation.When several IPSPs arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendritic location A. temporal summation B. the refractory state. C. spatial summation. D. tetanus.A. temporal summationWhich of the following statements about a sensory cell is false? A. It is specialized for detecting specific kinds of stimuli. B. It transduces energy into action potentials. C. It generates receptor potentials, which travel long distances. D. It can generate action potentials.C. It generates receptor potentials, which travel long distances.A male silkworm moth locates a female at a distance by A. flying toward a chemical signal. B. flying toward a sound signal. C. flying toward anything shaped like a female moth. D. emitting a sound as the female approaches.A. flying toward a chemical signal.Shown below is an electron micrograph of part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fiber. Which of the labeled regions will NOT shorten when the muscle contracts? A. Z line B. Sarcomere C. H band D. I bandA. Z line132. The generation of action potentials in sensory neurons initiated by changes in pressure is an example of A. sensory transduction. B. perception. C. sensory adaptation. D. habituation.A. sensory transduction.