Chp 28: Climate Controls

List Anthropogenic Forcing Factors and how they affect temperature.
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List Anthropogenic Forcing Factors and how they affect temperature.
GHG emissions ---> temp increase
Black aerosols -----> temp increase
Light aerosols ----> temp decrease (SO2)
cement production ----> temp increase
flaring ----> temp increase
List natural forcing factors and how they affect temperature.
sun spots ----> MAX: temp increase MIN: temp decre
Milankovitch
El/La Nino(a) ---> EL: temp incre LA: temp decre
N.Atl Osci Decad ---> cool and warm
Age of sun: only long term
Volcanoes in human history: temp decrease
Black carbon through forest fires ---> temp incre
Positive Feedbacks that are already rolling.
- WV feedback - really fast (WV has 1-4 day RT and is responsible for 60% warming)

- ice loss albedo flip (the melting of the Arctic Ice Cap)

- Forest- tundra (forest is encroaching on tundra in Canada)
List some positive feedbacks that probably have started to roll.
- permafrost is melting in some places, and warming in others

- more medium-height clouds (not more high clouds yet)
List some positive feedbacks not rolling yet.
- CO2-ocean feedback (currently the ocean is still a CO2 sink)

- Methane Clathrate
Describe the Ocean acidification linear chain.
high concen of CO2 --> ocean is a sink (25-30% anthro) --> carbonic acid --> as ocean warms , it can hold less CO2 b/c warm water holds less gas --> deep ocean is a sink --> affects calcium carbonate
Describe the SO2 cooling linear chain.
volcano, f.f, coal --> SO2 released --> sulfur aerosols --> cooling by lowering albedo (and reflects incoming sunlight)
Describe some threshold mechanisms.
- our first ice-free Arctic summer


- 2C of warming over pre-industrial

- CO2 concentrations of 350ppm, 450ppm, 560 ppm