ARTS 149 Exam 4

Title: Dome of the Rock
Artist: N/A
Period/Style: Early Islamic, Umayyad Dynasty
location: Jeruselum
Material: Stone, wood roof, decorated with paints, ceramic tiles, mosaics, aluminum, and bronze dome

Technique/Style: masonry, tiling, mosaic, caligraphy, colonnade, columns + piers, arabesques, spolia

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This building was originally a Jewish temple, then a temple of Jupiter, then a church, then a mosque. It was influenced by the Byzantine style but is sparkly on the outside to attract people to convert. It is meant to look like San Vitale and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The design is vegetative and geometric because Muslims are forbidden from figurative images and actually follow the rule. The repeating patterns represent an infinite soul. Only Muslims are allowed to go, and it is double ambulatory. The dome is an octagon with a 65ft diameter It marks a sacred rock that is either the place where God created Adam, where Adam died, where Isaac was almost sacrificed, or where Muhammad spoke to God. It is the tallest point in the city. It is a Haram al-Sharif (noble sanctuary).

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Terms in this set (90)

Image: Title: Dome of the Rock
Artist: N/A
Period/Style: Early Islamic, Umayyad Dynasty
location: Jeruselum
Material: Stone, wood roof, decorated with paints, ceramic tiles, mosaics, aluminum, and bronze dome

Technique/Style: masonry, tiling, mosaic, caligraphy, colonnade, columns + piers, arabesques, spolia

Mosques (masjid)

Muslim house of worship

Title: Malwiya Minaret
Creator: N/A
Location: Great Mosque, Samarra, Iraq
Era: Islamic

signal post, announce the presence of Islam, not for prayer, commemorative

Title: Great Mosque of Cordoba
Creator: N/A
Location: Cordoba, Spain
Era: Islamic
Technique: hypostyle, multiloaded arches in marble and mosaic

A graceful Mosque that was built on the ruins of a ruined Christian Church, Famous for its horseshoe arches, provides a striking example of the sophistication provided by the fusion of Jewish, Muslim, and Christian art. Is now a museum.

Image: Title: Great Mosque of Cordoba
Creator: N/A
Location: Cordoba, Spain
Era: Islamic
Technique: hypostyle, multiloaded arches in marble and mosaic

Title: Ewer in form of Bird
Creator: Sulayman
Location: Hermitage (museum?), St. Petersburg, Russia
Era: Islamic (796)
Material: Brass with silver and copper inlay

Cannot own gold or silver items because it would be considered hoarding and would pay a painful punishment from the lord. Was a water jug for special occasions

Image: Title: Ewer in form of Bird
Creator: Sulayman
Location: Hermitage (museum?), St. Petersburg, Russia
Era: Islamic (796)
Material: Brass with silver and copper inlay

Title: Mosque of Sultan Selim
Creator: Sinan
Period: Ottoman Empire/Islamic
Location: Turkey

school, cemetery, house for readers of the Koran, courtyard, mosque, covered market

Title: Mihrab, Madrasa Imami
Creator: N/A
Location: Qibla wall, Isfahan, Iran
Period: Late Islamic Art
Medium: Mosaic tilework

Title: Baptistere de St. Louis Basin
Creator: Muhammid Ibn Al-Zayn
Location: Egypt
Era: Islamic
Material: Brass inlaid with gold and silver

used for baptisms and has scenes of foreman, running animals, emirs, hunting, coat of arms, flour d'lis

Title: Purse Cover
Creator: N/A
Location: Sutton Hoo burial in Suffolk, England
Era: Early Middle Ages (625)
Cloisonné - decorative work in which enamel, glass, or gemstones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.

Image: Title: Purse Cover
Creator: N/A
Location: Sutton Hoo burial in Suffolk, England
Era: Early Middle Ages (625)
*Cloisonné - decorative work in which enamel, glass, or gemstones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.*

Title: Lindisfarne Gospels, folio 27
Creator: N/A
Location: Northumbria, England
Era: Early Middle Ages (698-721)
Major decorated initial page at the beginning of the Gospel according to Saint Matthew. Tiny Red Drop Technique.

Image: Title: Lindisfarne Gospels, folio 27
Creator: N/A
Location: Northumbria, England
Era: Early Middle Ages (698-721)
*Major decorated initial page at the beginning of the Gospel according to Saint Matthew. Tiny Red Drop Technique.*

Title: Cross and Carpet page, folio 26 verso of the Lindisfarne Gospels Creator: N/A Location: Northumbria, England Era: Early Middle Ages (698-721) *Made to honor St. Cuthbert. Latin copied by Eadfrith and Anglo Saxon text added by Aldred. Zoomorphic interlace.*Title: Chi-Rho-Iota page, folio 34 recto of the Book of Kells Creator: N/A Location: Iona, Scotland Era: Early Middle Ages (late 8th or early 9th century) *Opens account of the Nativity told at Christmas mass. Carpet page.*Title: St. Luke (Betus Apocolypse), Mozarabic Creator: Emeterius, Ende, and Senior Location: Gerona Cathedral, Spain Era: Moszarabic Material: tempura on parchmentTitle: High Cross of Muiredach (east face) Creator: N/A Location: Monasterboice, Ireland Era: Early Middle Ages (923) *Last judgement, Christ holds a cross and flowering staff.*Title: High Cross of Muiredach (west face) Creator: N/A Location: Monasterboice, Ireland Era: Early Middle Ages (923) *Crucifixion. Cap stone with saints. Adoration of the Magi, St. Michael weighing souls, Moses Drawing Water from a Rock, David and Goliath, Adam and Eve, and Cain and Abel.*Early Middle Agesca. 500-1000. Fall of Rome in 476 left Western Europe fragmented. Dark Ages followed by "barbarian cultures." Fusion of Christianity/Greco Roman/Celtic/German "Barbarians." Church and nobility - patrons of the arts.Medieval Europe Warrior LordsFranks (France, Switzerland, Netherlands), Lombards (Germany), Visigoths (Spain), Ostrogoths (Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia, Italy), Anglo Saxons (Roman Britain), Celts (Ireland), Vikings (Scandinavia)Christianity in Ireland and ScotlandHiberno-Saxon/Insular Art. Pagan Ireland - Kings, Brehons and Druids. 432 - St. Patrick establishes church. Isolated monasteries independent from Church of Rome. 601 - Augustine becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.Illuminated ManuscriptsCarpet Page - Full pages of ornament. Author Page - Symbols of Evangelists. Canon Table - Eusibius. Initial Page - Embellished words. Text Pages. Scriptoria - Local Workshops.GospelsBrought the Word of God to the illiterate public. Used at liturgy and for ceremonies. Were venerated objects. Record of the life and deeds of Jesus. Expression of faith in Christ. Visibly represents the Word of God. Matthew/Mark/Luke/John.Book of KellsChief relic of Western World. Reflects artistic freedom and creativity. Insular script written in Latin. By followers of St. Columba at Iona or Kells. 340 folios, cover was stolen. Intricate, abstract designs resemble metalwork. *Genealogy of Christ and Eusebian Canon Table.*Title: Viking Oseberg Ship Creator: N/A Location: Oseberg, Norway Era: Early Middle Ages (815-825) *Burial chamber for two women. Gripping Beasts, Animal-headed post.*Title: Saint Matthew, folio 15 recto of the Coronation Gospels Creator: N/A Location: Aachen, Germany Era: Carolingian (800-810)Title: Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso of the Ebbo Gospels Creator: N/A Location: N/A Era: CarolingianTitle: Utrecht Psalter, Pslams 44, detail of folio 25 recto Creator: N/A Location: Hautsvillers, France Era: Carolingian (820-835) *Psalter. Classical style with linear vitality of the Ebbo Gospels.*CloisonnéAn enameling technique in which artists affix wires or strips to a metal surface to delineate designs and create compartments (cloisons) that they subsequently fill with enamelPsalterCollection of the Psalms of King David.ChiaroscuroAn Italian word designating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or print. Creates spatial depth and volumetric forms through gradations in the intensity of light and shadow.ImpastoThick applications of pigment that give a painting a palpable surface texture.Title: Crucifixion, front cover of Lindau Gospels Creator: N/A Location: N/A Era: Carolingian (870) *Cabochons. Elements of Classical and Byzantine styles.*CabochonsA gem polished but not faceted.MozarabicOf an eclectic style practiced in Christian medieval Spain when much of the Iberian peninsula was ruled by Islamic dynasties.Title: Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne Creator: N/A Location: Aachen, Germany Era: Carolingian (792-805) *Influenced by Roman art seen in Ravenna.*Title: Doors with relief panels Creator: Commissioned by Bishop Bernward Location: Saint Michaels, Hildesheim, Germany Era: Ottonian (1015) *Left door - Old Testament (Genesis). Right door - Life of Christ - New Testament (Gospels).*Left Door Themes*Top to Bottom* Life in Paradise - 'Creation of Adam' and 'Eve presented to Adam'. The Fall - 'Temptation and Fall' and 'Accusation and Judgment of Adam and Eve'. Life in the World - 'Expulsion from Paradise' and 'Arduous life on earth'. Eve's Children - 'Offerings of Cain and Abel' and 'Abel murdered by Cain'.Right Door Themes*Bottom to Top* Mary's Child - 'The Annunciation (Incarnation)' and 'The Nativity'. Infancy of Jesus - 'Gifts of the Magi' and 'Presentation of Jesus in Temple'. The Passion - 'Judgment of Christ by Pilate' and 'The Crucifixion'. Promise of Return to Paradise - 'The Three Mary's at the Tomb' and 'The Ascension'.Thematic Comparisons on Doors*Top to Bottom* 'Paradise Lost vs. Paradise Gained,' 'Greetings,' 'Tree of Knowledge (SIN) vs. Tree of Life (The Cross, Salvation),' 'Judgment,' 'Separation from God vs. Reunion with God,' 'Firstborn Sons of Eve (Cain) and Mary (Jesus); Poverty vs. Wealth,' 'Abel's Sacrificial Lamb vs. Jesus, Lamb of God,' and 'Despair, Sin, Murder vs. Hope and Everlasting Life.'Title: Otto I Presenting Magdeburg Cathedral to Christ Creator: N/A Location: Magdeburg Ivories Era: Ottonian (962-968)Title: Crucifix Creator: Commissioned by Archbishop Gero Location: Cologne Cathedral, Germany Era: Ottonian (970) *Reliquary in head. Shows horror of crucifixion.*Title: Christ washing the feet of the disciples (Aachen gospels of Otto III/ Liuthor gospels) Creator: N/A Location: Aachen Gospels Era: Ottonian (1000) material: ink, gold, and colors on vellumViking Invasions8th - 11th centuries. Explored, plundered, traded and settled areas of Ireland, England, Scotland, France, Iceland, Greenland, Russia and even reached North America in 1000.Carolingian Eraca. 800-1000. Charlemagne - King of the Franks: Consolidated Frankish Kingdom. United Europe - New Holy Roman Empire. 800 - Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas day in St. Peter's Cathedral. Revival of classical learning and the arts. Left empire to son Louis the Pious.Ottonian Period843 - Treaty of Verdun divides Carolingian empire among Louis' sons. Viking invaders. 936 - Otto I crowned at Aachen: Succeeded Charlemagne in place and power, Otto II and Otto III - strong German-Saxon lineage, and Artistically developed style of Carolingians.Romanesque Periodc. 1050-1150. Romanesque ("Romanlike") is a term only coined in the early 19th century that refers specifically to the type of monumental stone architecture with rounded arches that reminded scholars of Rome. By about 1050, Europe had become more stable politically and economically. People also seem relieved that the world did not end at the millennium (1000 CE). Salvation and damnation were still of paramount concern, however, and many large-scale projects of church-building were undertaken. Romanesque art was a fusion of Roman, Carolingian, Ottonian, Byzantine and local Germanic traditions.Romanesque Social Structure*Feudalism* 1st Class - King. 2nd Class - Vassals (land owners), Lords, Dukes or Barons. 3rd Class - Knights. 4th Class - Serfs, Peasants, Servants, and Yeomen. Feud or Fief - leased land for peasants to live on in exchange for labor.Romanesque PilgrimagePilgrimage churches become important centers of travel and trade. Most important destinations: Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Journeys - for veneration, supernatural aid or discharging religious obligation. Route to salvation and/or for travel. Free movement and a 'dress code.' Aided the economy. Knights Hospitallers and Knights Templars.Romanesque Crusades1095-1270. 1976 - Muslims captured Jerusalem. Crusades - Taking of the Cross. Take back Jerusalem. 8 Crusades in all: 1st Crusade - 1095 Pope Urban II - Jerusalem re-captured in 1099. 2nd Crusade - 1147-48 - Pope Eugene III and St. Bernard - Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187. 3rd Crusade - 1189 - Truce of 1192.Impact of CrusadesPilgrimages increased power and prestige of towns. Created a wealthy merchant class. Independence of cities from Barons. Exposure to Byzantine and Islamic art and architecture. Inspired religious fervor that led to building programs.Romanesque ChruchesPurpose: Reflect the glory of God and the church, safe and lasting tribute to their faith, need for larger churches, tribute to their patron and community. Brought people into and helped establish cities. 3 Way Balance - larger size, stable vaulting, adequate natural lighting.Title: Aerial view of Saint-Sernin Creator: N/A Location: Toulouse, France Era: Romanesque (1070-1120)Title: Saint-Sernin Nave Creator: N/A Location: Toulouse, France Era: RomanesqueCloisterWhere monks and nuns spent most of their "free" time, reading or praying. Typically surrounded by an arcaded walkway and has a fountain and/or garden.Title: Durham Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: England Era: Romanesque (1093-1130)Title: Interior Durham Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: England Era: Romanesque (1093-1130)rived vaulting and transverse arches. seat of bishopRomanesque ArtRegional variations in style. Revival of architectural sculpture. Style: Solid, massive and reflects strength, space is compartmentalized, ornamental complexity. Purpose: Teach Christian doctrine, encourage piety and inspire worshippers.Title: South portal of Saint-Pierre Creator: N/A Location: Moissac, France Era: Romanesque (1115-1135) *Christ in Majesty with angels.*Jesus surrounded by the four Evangelos and 24 elders at the bottom playing music to worship him compartmentalized with registersRomanesque Church Portals 1: voussoirs 2: archivolts 3: tympanum 4: trumeau 5: jambA major focus of decoration, especially in the tympanum. 1: the wedged-shaped arches 2: the pie slices of the arches 3: where the main story is told 4: the middle pillar (post & lynol) 5: the connected pillars of the outer wallTitle: Old Testament Prophet and Lions Trumeau of South portal of Saint-Pierre Creator: N/A Location: Moissac, France Era: Romanesque (1115-1130) *Jeremiah or Isaiah.*Title: Last Judgment, West Tympanum of St. Lazare Creator: Gislebertus Location: Autun, France Era: Romanesque (1120-1135)Historiated CapitalsA capital displaying a figural composition and/or narrative scenes.Title: Ascension of Christ and Misson of the Apostles, tympanum of the center portal of the narthex of La Madeleine Creator: N/A Location: Vezelay, France Era: Romanesque (1120-1132) *Pig snouted and dog headed people, clogs, Jewish people (maybe).*Title: Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy (Saint Faith) Creator: N/A Location: Conques, France Era: Romanesque (Late 9th or 10th Century)RelicAn object associated with a saint or martyr.ReliquaryContainer that holds the relics to display and protect it.Title: Bayeaux Embroidery (Bayeaux Tapestry) Creator: N/A Location: England Era: Romanesque (after 1066) *Commemorates and justifies the Norman conquest of England.*Themes of the Bayeaux EmbroideryFuneral procession to Westminster Abbey, Harold is crowned king, Halley's Comet, Bishop Odo Blessing the Feast and a detail, William crosses the English Channel, and the Battle of Hastings.Title: Battle of Hastings - Bayeaux Tapestry Creator: N/A Location: France Era: Romanesque (1070-1080)Title: Moses expounding the Law Bury Bible - Folio 94 recto Creator: Master Hugo Location: Bury, St. Edmunds, England Era: Romanesque (1135)Hildegard of BingenThe most prominent nun of the 12th century. She wrote important treatises on medicine and science and was also an important composer. She had mystical visions since the age of 5, and one of them is depicted here as 5 tongues of fire enter her brain.Gothic Periodc. 1150-1400. Age of Great Cathedrals. Derogatory term invented by Italian Renaissance artists to this style of art - Vasari. The Gothic was an architectural style that originated in the powerful monasteries around Paris and then spread to the rest of Europe. It is now applied to arts besides architecture.Gothic History1348 - Black Death swept Europe. Scholasticism - Thomas Aquinas. Pope moves to Avignon. Universities replace monasteries as main centers of learning. Advances in building technology allowed for larger windows, higher vaults (ceilings), and thinner walls. Contact with Islamic cultures encouraged the adoption of the pointed arch, which channels weight down to the ground more effectively.Title: Western Facade of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis Creator: N/A Location: France Era: Gothic (1140-1144) *Saint Denis is the patron saint of France; a 5th c. martyr. Built on the foundation of a Romanesque church, construction abbey began in 1130 under Abbot Suger. Burial for Saint-Denis and the kings of France.*Title: Ambulatory and radiating chapels and plan of east end of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis Creator: N/A Location: France Era: Gothic (1140-1144)Stained GlassMade from melted sand and ask colored with metal oxides blown and flattened into sheets. Glass cut into individual shapes, details painted on and then fired. Pieces put together like jigsaw puzzle with lead cames. Divine Light.Title: Tree of Jesse, Stained glass in chancel and rose windows, Saint-Denis Creator: N/A Location: Paris, France Era: Gothic (1140-1850)Gothic Cathedral diagramTitle: Nave, Chartres Cathedral of Notre-Dame Creator: N/A Location: Chartres, France Era: Gothic (1150-1250) *Ribbed and pointed barrel vaults. Clerestory area covered with stained glass windows.*Title: West Facade, Chartres Cathedral of Notre-Dame Creator: N/A Location: Chartres, France Era: Gothic (1150-1250)Title: Royal Portal, west facade, Chartres Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Chartres, France Era: Gothic (1145-1155)Title: Old Testament kings and queen, jamb statues, central doorway of Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Chartres, France Era: Gothic (1145-1155)Title: Rose window and lancets, north transept, Chartres Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Chartres, France Era: Gothic (1220)Title: West facade of Reims Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Reims, France Era: Gothic (1225-1290)Title: Reims cathedral Nave Creator: N/A Location: Reims, France Era: Gothichigher than charters cathedral but vaulting is smaller with a 3 part vaulting compound peers with virticalityTitle: Visitation, jamb statues of central doorway, Reims Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Reims, France Era: high Gothic (1211-1311) *Ara Pacis, South Procession, Roman.*Controposto pose, both pregnant, mary visiting with ElizabethTitle: Virgin and Child (Virgin of Paris), Notre-Dame, Paris Creator: N/A Location: Paris, France Era: Gothic (early 14th century) *S-curve, no supporting the figure. Unearthly grace.*figure in the round holding baby Jesus and baby Jesus hold an orbe representing his divine power of the earthTitle: David anointed by Samuel and Battle of David and Goliath, folio 7 verso of the Breviary of Philippe le Bel Creator: Master Honore Location: Paris, France Era: Gothic (1296)Title: Aerial view of Salisbury Cathedral Creator: N/A Location: Salisbury, England Era: Gothic (1220-1258) *West facade completed 1265; spire ca. 1320-1330.*Title: Interior of Salisbury Cathedral (view facing east) Creator: N/A Location: Salisbury, England Era: Gothic (1220-1258)Title: Virgin with the Dead Christ (Rottgen Pieta) Creator: N/A Location: Rhineland, Germany Era: Gothic (1300-1325)Title: Shrine of the Three Kings Creator: Nicholas of Verdun Location: Cathedral Treasury, Cologne Cathedral Era: Gothic (1190-1210)