3520 - Exam 2

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

A) the genetic sex of a child is determined by the father
B) if an individual has at least one X chromosome, then the individual might be a boy
C) the genetic combination of YO has been identified
D) some individuals have both XX and XY cells
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All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

A) the genetic sex of a child is determined by the father
B) if an individual has at least one X chromosome, then the individual might be a boy
C) the genetic combination of YO has been identified
D) some individuals have both XX and XY cells
C) the genetic combination of YO has been identified
Which of these statements BEST summarize the role of hormones in determining anatomical sex of
the embryo?

A) If testosterone is present, the embryo will develop into a girl.
B) If estrogen is absent, the embryo will develop into a boy.
C) If testosterone is absent, the embryo will develop into a girl.
D) If estrogen is present, the embryo will develop into a boy.
C) If testosterone is absent, the embryo will develop into a girl.
William has been diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. If he displayed the most common physical signs and symptoms, these would include all the following EXCEPT _____.

A) some breast development in puberty
B) tendency to be shorter than average
C) smaller than normal testicles
D) lack of facial hair
B) tendency to be shorter than average
_____ is a rare condition in which a person is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue.

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
B) Gonadal intersexuality / hermaphroditism
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) DHT deficiency syndrome
B) Gonadal intersexuality / hermaphroditism
The gender effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) on girls have found _____.

A) they are overly feminine in their patterns of behaviors
B) they tend to develop the usual patterns of sex-typed behaviors
C) they tend to engage in many sex-atypical behaviors
D) no difference in sex-typed behavior
C) they tend to engage in many sex-atypical behaviors
Cases of boys who are surgically altered in infancy to appear as girls, and then are raised as girls,
have shown that the development of gender identity is _____.

A) fully determined by how a child is socialized and other environmental factors
B) unpredictable and seems to develop at random
C) is likely due solely to biological predispositions
D) likely not due solely to socialization and environmental factors alone
D) likely not due solely to socialization and environmental factors alone
Which statement most accurately compares gender identity and sexual orientation?

A) The two characteristics are synonyms; both refer to a person identifying as male, female, or another gender.
B) The two characteristics are synonyms; both refer to a person's sexual attraction to males, females, or other genders.
C) Gender identity is whether a person identifies as male, female, or another gender, sexual orientation is whether the person is attracted to males, females, or other genders.
D) Gender identity is whether a person is attracted to males, females, or other genders; sexual orientation is whether a person identifies as male, female, or another gender.
E) Gender identity refers to behavioral traits that identify a person's sex; sexual orientation refers to physical traits that determine the person's sex.
C) Gender identity is whether a person identifies as male, female, or another gender, sexual orientation is whether the person is attracted to males, females, or other genders.
A transgender woman (that is, a woman who was assigned the male gender label at birth) who identifies as a heterosexual will usually wish to be desired by _____.

A) a lesbian
B) a gay man
C) a heterosexual woman
D) a heterosexual man
D) a heterosexual man
What has historically been the role of transgender individuals in societies?

A) There is a history of transgender females but not of transgender males.
B) They have probably existed in all societies and have been honored in some.
C) They have existed in all societies but have typically had servants' roles.
D) They have existed in all societies but have typically been reviled and outcast.
E) They did not exist in past societies and emerged only recently in Western societies.
B) They have probably existed in all societies and have been honored in some.
Of the following, which is currently best supported by research as a factor in the development of individuals who identify as a transgender male or transgender female?

A) Psychopathology
B) Genetic / DNA influence
C) Castration anxiety
D) Hemochromatosis
B) Genetic / DNA influence
The term phalloplasty refers to A) construction of an artificial penis B) the removal of internal female organs C) the removal of the penis and testicles D) the growth of the clitoris with hormone therapyA) construction of an artificial penisResearch has suggested that androgynous individuals are psychologically healthier and happier. Numerous researchers have suggested that the psychological advantages experienced by people who score high in androgyny are most likely due to the presence of _____. A) feminine traits B) masculine traits C) extroversion D) narcissismB) masculine traitsAccording to research presented in class, if John is typical of how biology, chemistry, and physics professors view male applicants for the position of lab manager, which of the following would be true? A) His professors will perceive him as more competent than equally-qualified female applicants. B) His professors will perceive him as less competent than equally-qualified female applicants C) His professors will perceive him as equally competent to equally-qualified female applicants. D) His professors will assume that he is better at science than math.A) His professors will perceive him as more competent than equally-qualified female applicants.Research suggests that most children who grow up without television tend to have A) more belief in gender stereotypes B) less belief in gender stereotypes C) no difference in their beliefs about gender stereotypes D) unclear beliefs about genderB) less belief in gender stereotypesWhich of the following best summarizes the conclusion of Hyde's review of 46 meta-analyses, comprising over 7000 studies on gender differences? A) Men and women actually are different, and in the ways predicted by our society's stereotypes. B) Men and women actually are different, but in ways predicted by other societies' stereotypes C) Men and women actually are different, but in ways different from what is predicted by most cultures' stereotypes. D) Men and women are more alike than different on most psychological variables.D) Men and women are more alike than different on most psychological variables.All of the following are reasons that the classification of sexual orientation is difficult except one. Which of the following does NOT make classification of sexual orientation difficult? A) Same-sex fantasies are not uncommon, at least among college students. B) Most people who are attracted to their own sex or who participate in same-sex behavior do not identify as gay or lesbian. C) Some gay males and lesbians maintain male-female sexual activity while maintaining a gay sexual orientation. D) Men's sexual orientation typically does not shift over time.D) Men's sexual orientation typically does not shift over time.Which of the following statements is true about bisexuals? Most bisexuals are A) confused about their sexual orientation B) trying to hide that they are actually gay or lesbian C) more promiscuous than any other group of people D) subject to prejudice and discrimination by the heterosexual majority and encounter it in the gay world tooD) subject to prejudice and discrimination by the heterosexual majority and encounter it in the gay world tooIn a longitudinal study of women who initially identified as "lesbian," "bisexual," or "unlabeled," women's self-description of their sexual orientation often changed over time, based on their current relationships. This supports the idea that A) most lesbians are actually bisexual B) most bisexuals are actually lesbians C) women's sexual orientation is more fluid than men's D) most women are confused about their innate sexual orientation E) a woman's sexual orientation is determined by changes in reproductive hormones over her lifetimeC) women's sexual orientation is more fluid than men'sResearch using identical twins indicates that A) sexual orientation is not genetically determined B) there is nearly a 100% match - when one twin is gay or lesbian, so is his or her twin C) if one twin is gay, the other twin has a higher than typical chance of being gay also D) the environment plays a smaller role than genetics in determining sexual orientationC) if one twin is gay, the other twin has a higher than typical chance of being gay alsoRodney is studying the link between hormones and one's sexual orientation. Current research suggests that hormones most likely affect one's sexual orientation _____. A) while the fetus is in the uterus B) during puberty C) during adolescence D) during adulthoodA) while the fetus is in the uterusAll of the following biological factors have been reported to differ between heterosexuals and gays/lesbians EXCEPT A) the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis response to hormones B) the sensitivity of taste receptors C) the size of the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus D) how sound is processedB) the sensitivity of taste receptorsResearchers have discovered a possible biological basis for sexual orientation that has become known as the "fraternal birth order effect" or the "older brother effect," which means that A) as the number of older brothers a man has decreases, his chances of of being gay increase B) as the number of older brothers a woman has decreases, her chances of being lesbian increase C) as the number of older brothers a women has increases, so do her chances of being a lesbian D) as the number of older brothers a man has increases, so do his chances of being gay E) the oldest brother is more likely to be gayD) as the number of older brothers a man has increases, so do his chances of being gayWhich of the following is most likely to have predictive value regarding adult sexual orientation? A) Select a large sample of children and assess gender-related behaviors and sexual preferences at different times in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. B) Examine children's academic performance throughout elementary school and high school and correlate grades to sexual orientation. C) Compare the divorce rates of parents whose children became gay/lesbian adults with the divorce rates of parents whose children became heterosexual adults. D) Identify transgender children and determine what percentage of them seek sex reassignment surgery later in life. E) Identify those families in which there is marked sibling rivalry or a distant, hostile father.A) Select a large sample of children and assess gender-related behaviors and sexual preferences at different times in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.Which of the following individuals best illustrates the second stage of the coming out process? A) Adele has become active in DignityUSA, an organization for gay Catholics and their allies. B) Mark has finally accepted the fact that he is a gay man. C) Deanna has just told two of her best friends that she is a lesbian D) Cho is making plans to move to San Francisco with his husbandC) Deanna has just told two of her best friends that she is a lesbianGay men are overrepresented and especially successful in _____. A) professional sports B) engineering C) the law D) construction work E) the creative artsE) the creative artsBased on Gottman's research (discussed in class) comparing the relationships of gay and lesbian couples to heterosexual couples, which of these statements is FALSE? A) Gay and lesbian couples use more humor and withdraw affection less. B) Heterosexual couples tend to be less hostile and controlling toward each other. C) Gay and lesbian couples establish a more equal balance of relationship power. D) Heterosexual couples are less able to calm down, soothe each other, and move past a problem as quickly as gay or lesbian couples.B) Heterosexual couples tend to be less hostile and controlling toward each other.Andrew is a burly, down-to-earth gay man with a big beard and a lot of body hair. In gay subculture, he would best be described as a _____. A) bull B) top C) bear D) gorillaC) bearIn which of the following regions would a young gay man face the least amount of political and legal harassment? A) Africa B) The Middle East C) The United States D) Western EuropeD) Western EuropeThe modern American gay rights movement is generally said to have begun in 1969 A) with a movement to repeal sodomy statutes in Massachusetts B) in conjunction with the civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. C) with a nonviolent march from New York City to Washington, D.C. D) with a riot in response to a police raid on a gay bar in New York CityD) with a riot in response to a police raid on a gay bar in New York CityOne positive outcome of the AIDS epidemic was that it _____. A) led many states to enact anti-discrimination laws B) motivated many gays and lesbians to come out of the closet and become activists C) resulted in national health care to cover the medical costs of those affected D) forced the military to acknowledge the number of homosexuals who were decorated veterans of foreign warsB) motivated many gays and lesbians to come out of the closet and become activistsAccording to your textbook, many therapists identify _____ as the number one reason for dissatisfaction in marriage and other long-term relationships A) communication problems B) sexual problems C) anger management issues D) jealousyA) communication problemsAccording to Gottman's research, a key feature of happy, successful marriages is _____. A) not yelling, screaming, & having loud fights B) a low level of disagreement and conflict C) a high level of "cross-complaining" D) a high ratio of positive to negative interactionsD) a high ratio of positive to negative interactionsGottman's advice to improve a marriage includes all of the following EXCEPT A) make a list of your partner's better qualities B) praise your partner every day C) make your partner feel accepted as she or he is D) make time for shared pleasurable experiences E) use humorous sarcasm directed towards your partnerE) use humorous sarcasm directed towards your partnerAnthony brings a complaint to Zora. Zora first denies responsibility for the problems that are causing the conflict, that is, she expresses _____. Zora then insults Anthony to the point of being abusive, that is, she expresses _____. Zora then becomes unresponsive and withdraws, that is, she expresses _____. A) stone-walling, contempt, defensiveness B) contempt, criticism, defensiveness C) contempt, criticism, stone-walling D) defensiveness, contempt, stone-wallingD) defensiveness, contempt, stone-wallingWhen discussing a sexual difference or problem with your partner, you should A) emphasize what is wrong B) accentuate the positive C) do so right after sex D) do so right before sexB) accentuate the positiveA loving couple is attempting to be more effective in their communication with one another when a problem arises. Which of the following will improve that ability? A) Talk nonstop until the problem is resolved B) Focus only on the problem. C) Determine who is at fault and make them acknowledge their guilt. D) Not talk about what makes them uncomfortable.B) Focus only on the problem.Andrew wants Maggie to come home after work and to stop going to the bars for drinks first. He confronts Maggie by stating, "If you really cared about me, you'd respect me and be home for dinner." What is wrong with Andrew's request? A) He failed to use an "I" statement. B) He is not being specific. C) He is choosing the wrong time to deliver his message. D) He is not aggressive enough.A) He failed to use an "I" statement.To prevent your partner's complaint or criticism from becoming a major argument, Gottman recommends that you A) walk away without saying anything and cool off B) admit you are wrong, even if you are not wrong C) acknowledge that you heard what they said and validate your partner's feelings D) be sure your partner understands it's "our problem" and not "your problem"C) acknowledge that you heard what they said and validate your partner's feelingsGottman, as well as other researchers, emphasize that one of the most important characteristics in successful long-term relationships is to _____. A) maintain financial security B) be nice (i.e., polite) to each other C) forgive and forget D) make all decisions jointly as a teamB) be nice (i.e., polite) to each otherIn regard to difficult issues in relationships, which statement is true? A) Most couples need professional assistance with the really tough issues. B) There are no issues that can't be resolved if couples are truly committed to each other. C) When all else fails, you can agree to disagree. D) Given enough time, most partners come around to the other's point of view.C) When all else fails, you can agree to disagree.The Clark and Hatfield study, as well as related studies of attitudes toward casual sex, suggest that _____. A) dates that have a purely sexual element are more attractive to young women than to young men B) most college males are willing to engage in casual sex with attractive females C) most young college men and women are motivated to "hook up D) alcohol is the only social lubricant in dating situationsB) most college males are willing to engage in casual sex with attractive femalesThe term "friends with benefits" is used to describe _____. A) heterosexual women who engage in intimate contact with one another B) gay males who party together but do not engage in sexual contact C) men and women who engage in both same-gender and other-gender relationships D) people who are not in a committed relationship but get together for casual sex E gay, lesbian, or heterosexual couples who are involved in long-term romantic relationshipsD) people who are not in a committed relationship but get together for casual sexA very common lifestyle choice during the dating years is _____. A) parallel polygamy B) serial monogamy C) parallel polyandry D) simultaneous declamationB) serial monogamyBased on all available evidence, which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion about cohabitation? A) Cohabitation is the main reason why the divorce rate has risen sharply in recent decades. B) Cohabitation is the primary cause of the rapid transmission of STDs. C) The average age at first marriage has been increasing in part because cohabitation has become more commonplace. D) Cohabitation only seems to be a lasting option if the couple has children. E) Cohabitation has sharply reduced the number of domestic violence cases in America.C) The average age at first marriage has been increasing in part because cohabitation has become more commonplace.Which of the following statements about polyandry is true? A) It is a marriage arrangement in which a man has more than one wife. B) It is a family arrangement in which a woman is raising children from her husband's first marriage. C) It is most prevalent in wealthy societies. D) It exists throughout the world. E) It is a marriage arrangement in which a woman has more than one husband.E) It is a marriage arrangement in which a woman has more than one husband.Which of the following statements about polyamory is false? A) Research suggests that individuals in polyamorous relationships are just as satisfied as those in monogamous relationships. B) It includes swingers. C) It only involves heterosexual sex. D) It may include group marriage, or polyfidelity.C) It only involves heterosexual sex.Which of the following has research not identified as a cause of the decline in the frequency of sex during marriage? A) Partner weight gain B) Childbirth C) Aging D) Habituation / FamiliarityA) Partner weight gainIt is common for marital satisfaction to decline _____. A) throughout the duration of the marriage B) during the early months of a woman's first pregnancy C) after the birth of a couple's first child D when all children have moved out of the homeC) after the birth of a couple's first childAll forms of extra-pair relationships _____. A) end when they are discovered B) involve the Internet C) start because the woman feels she is not valued D) incur societal disapprovalD) incur societal disapprovalWhich of the following has not been implicated as a factor that contributes to marital disruption? A) The passage of time B) Ethnic background C) Education level D) Geographic locationD) Geographic location