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Criminal Justice 1010

Terms in this set (210)

Which of the following was associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century?
A wave of organized crime
As society became more focused on individual rights in the 1960s and 1970s, what happened to crime in the United States?
Reported crime increased dramatically.
In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasing and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on ________.
individual accountability
A person who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a(n) ________.
public-order advocate
________ is an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
Social justice
Criminal justice is truth in action within the process of ________.
administration of justice
Which model assumes that the components of the criminal justice work together harmoniously to achieve justice?
The consensus model
The idea of a criminal justice nonsystem, in which different criminal justice agencies are more self-serving and focus more on performance measures than on justice, is the basis of the ________.
conflict model
A(n) ________ issued by a judge provides the legal basis for the police to apprehend a suspect.
warrant
During which stage in the criminal justice process are suspects photographed and fingerprinted?
Booking
In the criminal justice process, which of the following must occur before a preliminary hearing may take place?
First appearance
One purpose of the ________ is to provide an opportunity for bail.
first appearance
Which Supreme Court era is remembered for its concern with protecting the innocent against massive power of the state in criminal proceedings?
The Warren Court
An offender who has served a portion of a prison sentence may be released on ________.
parole
Which model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders?
crime-control model
If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data on crimes reported to the police, you should use which of the following sources of data?
The Uniform Crime Reports
UCR/NIBRS terminology may differ from ________ definitions of crime.
statutory
For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR?
A study examining multiple crimes that occur within a single incident
According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics?
The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase.
Clearances are based primarily on ________.
arrests
Which weapon is used most often to commit murder?
Firearms
The killing of four or more victims at one location within one event is termed as ________.
mass murder
Nonforcible rape with a victim younger than the age of consent is generally defined as ________.
Statutory Rape
The most cited reason why rape victims choose NOT to report their victimization is ________.
embarrassment about the crime itself
Most rapes are committed by ________.
An acquaintance of the victim
Most aggravated assaults are committed with ________.
Blunt objects
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft is the crime of ________
Burglary
Shoulder surfing and dumpster diving are techniques used to commit which crime?
Identity theft
The dark figure of crime refers to _______
crime that is not reported to the police
The National Crime Victimization Survey includes information on which of the following crimes?
Robbery
Which type of law is known as the "law on the books"?
Statutory law
Which of the following refers to a traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices?
Common law
The concept of ________ expresses the belief that an orderly society must be governed by established principles to maintain order.
rule of law
________ is the philosophy of law.
Jurisprudence
The body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature for wrongs committed against the state or society is called ________.
criminal law
Which of the following is an example of procedural law?
The law that defines the crime of first degree and specifies the appropriate punishment
Typically, the main objective of a civil lawsuit is to ________.seek compensation
seek compensation
The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations is called ________.
stare decisis
Which crime best describes an attempt by a U.S. citizen to overthrow the government of the United States?
treason
Which of the following is an inchoate offense?
conspiracy
Which of the following refers to the criminal act element of the crime?
actus rea
On your way to work, you hit and kill a pedestrian because you were texting and talking on your cell phone while driving. Which type of mens rea most likely exists in this situation?
negligent
Bob runs a stop sign. He did not see the sign and he did not intend to break the law. Bob is guilty of a(n) ________ offense.
strict liability
Under the principle of legality, ________ laws, which hold a person legally responsible for acts committed before the law was passed, are not binding.
ex post facto
To establish the ________ of a crime, the state must show that a criminal law was violated and that someone violated it.
corpus delecti
Which of the following statements best describes police involvement in enforcing the law?
The police are expected to support the law.
________ is a proactive approach to the problem of crime.
Crime prevention
The broken windows model of policing focuses on which element of the police mission?
Preserving the peace
Currently, the main priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is ________.
terrorism
The first modern state police agency was created in which state?
Pennsylvania
The centralized model of state policing ________.
combines criminal investigations with patrol of state highways
Which agency head is most likely to be an elected official?
The county sheriff
Which of the following is a characteristic of a fusion center?
Fusion centers are state and locally focused
What is Interpol's main purpose?
To act as a clearinghouse for information on offenses and suspects believed to operate across national boundaries
________ describes the order of authority within a police department.
Chain of command
Sarah is a police sergeant who is responsible for supervising six patrol officers. This number represents Sarah's ________.
span of control
The political era of American policing was characterized by ________.
police serving the interests of politicians
A police chief instructs officers to write tickets for any motorists who are going at least one mile per hour above the speed limit. This department is most likely operating under the ________ style of policing.
legalistic
Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are NOT well controlled by traditional methods?
Strategic policing
A police officer asks residents to clean up litter, remove graffiti, and install better lighting in a nearby park that is known for extensive drug dealing. Such a request is characteristic of what type of policing?
problem-solving
What is the importance of the Fourteenth Amendment?
It extends constitutional protections to state-level criminal justice.
During which Supreme Court Justice's tenure did the rights of individuals expand dramatically?
Earl Warren
________ cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system.
Landmark
Which Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?
The Fourth Amendment
According to ________, evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used in a trial.
the exclusionary rule
A writ of certiorari ________.
allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case
Which legal principle states that any evidence that is later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure is excluded from trial?
The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
Officer Martin obtains an arrest warrant for Sam Jones. He finds Sam at home and promptly arrests him. Officer Martin does not have a search warrant but decides to conduct a search incident to arrest. Where is Officer Martin legally able to search?
Officer Martin may only search the area which is in Sam's the arrestee's immediate control.
Jake and Mary rent a house together. Officer Smith requests permission to search for drugs. Jake consents to the search but Mary refuses, because she has illegal drugs hidden in the kitchen. Based on Jake's consent, Officer Smith searches the house over Mary's objection, and finds the drugs. Which of the following is legally correct in the ensuing trial?
The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because she did not consent to the search.
Probable cause is ________.
a set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a specific crime
Officer Choi is questioning neighborhood residents about a series of burglaries. She knocks on Joe's door and is invited into the house. While in the kitchen, Officer Choi notices a marijuana plant on the windowsill. Officer Choi may legally seize the plant under the ________ doctrine.
plain-view
An exigent circumstances search may be conducted in which of the following situations?
When there is clear danger of the destruction of evidence
A(n) ________ warrant is issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed.
anticipatory
According to the Supreme Court, while the police are executing a valid search warrant, their authority to detain the occupants of the dwelling is ________.
absolute and unqualified
Which Supreme Court case set the standard for a "stop and frisk"?
Terry v. Ohio
According to the Supreme Court, the police may conduct a "stop and frisk" without a warrant based on ________.
reasonable suspicion
The ________ exception to the exclusionary rule allows police to conduct warrantless searches of a motor vehicle.
fleeting-targets
What legal concept provides the basis of a permissible suspicionless search?
Compelling interest
What two principles are considered the Miranda triggers?
Custody and interrogation
Evidence that is relevant to a criminal investigation but that is NOT readily visible to the unaided eye is known as ________ evidence.
latent
How do new police officers enter the police subculture?
They are socialized into the subculture.
Which of the following activities best fits the definition of police corruption?
A police officer accepts money to ignore a traffic violation.
Which of the following is an example of a grass eater?
An officer who accepts small bribes and minor services from citizen
Which type of police corruption identified by the Knapp Commission involves the active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers?
Meat eating
Which of the following does the FBI consider an important strategy used to combat police corruption?
Increased ethics training of both new and experienced officers
In most big-city police departments, which branch is tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoing involving members of the department?
Internal Affairs Division
In general, the most common way for a police officer to die in the line of duty is as the result of ________.
gunfire
The two key elements in the definition of police corruption are ________.
misuse of authority and personal gain
Programs such as the Collier County Spousal Academy are designed to help families of police officers cope with issues relating to ________.
police officer stress
Information that is compiled in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity is known as ________.
criminal intelligence
Which of the following situations could lead to a civil suit for police negligence?
A police officer injures an innocent bystander during a high-speed vehicle pursuit
Law enforcement supervisors are ________.
civilly responsible for the actions of their officers
A federal civil suit alleging police misconduct that is filed against a federal law enforcement officer is commonly known as a ________.
Bivens action
________ shields law enforcement officers from constitutional lawsuits if reasonable officers would believe their actions were lawful in light of clearly established law and the available information possessed by the officers.
Qualified immunity
In which situation are police officers most likely to use force?
While making an arrest
Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
Original jurisdiction
Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction.
appellate
TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?
Courts of limited jurisdiction
All states have a(n)
court of last resort
While Bob was studying in the library, his wallet was stolen. When the thief was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________ staffed by volunteer mediators.
dispute-resolution center
A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.
problem-solving court
U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.
trial courts
The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.
review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes
Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?
Marbury v. Madison
What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?
First appearance
Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.
48
When is a probable cause hearing necessary?
When the arrest was made without a warrant
Which of the following is a purpose of bail?
To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
release on recognizance_______.
permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear
Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?
Property bond
Which of the following is a member of the courtroom work group?
A public defender
The judge ________.
holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.
charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
________ evidence is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.
Exculpatory
George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?
Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial
A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney?
Retained counsel
Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?
Public defender programs
The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom.
Bailiff
An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.
lay
A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.
character witness
________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.
Victims
The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.
determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant
American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.
the adversarial system
The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when a trial does NOT begin within ________ working days after indictment.
70
A ________ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences.
sequestered
The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.
retribution
Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?
incapacitation
Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.
A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.
indeterminate
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
Proportionality means that ________.
there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime
________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.
social debt
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
The offender acted under strong provocation.
Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?
Determinate sentencing
________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.
Mandatory sentencing
________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.
diversion
The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.
sentencing policies
Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.
alternate
What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?
Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders
What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?
It only provides rights to victims of federal crimes.
Probation is ordered by the ________.
court
Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions.
general
Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?
The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.
Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?
parole
The use of ________ is increasing
medical parole
Jack violated a condition of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison.
revocation
Which of the following is considered an advantage of probation and parole?
restitution
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?
Relative lack of punishment
Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?
Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply
________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.
revocation
As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________.
supervision of clients
Which of the following is an advantage of intermediate sanctions?
They are socially cost-effective.
Which sanction requires that offenders serve some time in a local jail before serving a period of supervised probation?
Split sentence
Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence?
An offender is sentenced to spend weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week.
According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?
Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society.
The ________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.
Pennsylvania
The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.
reformatory
What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?
It effectively ended prison industries.
Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?
The punitive era
Which of the following is a policy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does NOT attempt rehabilitation?
Warehousing
Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE?
Incarceration rates are increasing while crime rates are decreasing
Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for ________.
drug law violations
Who has the highest lifetime chance of going to prison?
A black male
Operational capacity is ________.
the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations
Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
An important security tool in medium-security prisons is ________.
the count
The typical American prison today is ________.
minimum or medium security
What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?
To assign new inmates to a custody level
What was the original purpose of a jail?
To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial
Most people processed through jails in the U.S. are ________.
members of minority groups
A(n) ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.
total
The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.
prisonization
What is prison argot?
prison slang
The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.
importation
According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________.
opportunist
Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?
Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime
Which of the following best describes female offenders?
Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children
Most female inmates are housed in ________.
centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders
________ among female inmates is very high.
substance abuse
Career female offenders who have adapted to prison life and generally keep to themselves represent which style of adaptation to prison life?
the cool
In prison argot, "crack kids" are ________.
streetwise young women with no respect for traditional prison values
"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.
the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality
The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.
"explosive decade"
An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.
security threat group
How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?
It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection.
Prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges because ________.
the rights of prisoners are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment
A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.
grievance procedure
Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?
double-celling
According to the Supreme Court decision in Wolff v. McDonnell ________.
sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process
What was the purpose behind the Prison Litigation Reform Act?
It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prisoners in federal courts.
Under Roman law, the ________ had absolute control over the child.
father
What is parens patriae?
A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide
The American child-savers movement ________.
resulted in the creation of the reform school
The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________.
Illinois
One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement holds that the ________ is the "higher or ultimate parent" of the child.
state
Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.
delinquent
Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.
status offenders
Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?
In re Gualt
Currently, it is NOT clear whether juveniles ________.
can waive their Miranda rights
Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.
status offenses
Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?
A specific right to treatment
Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________.
employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process
The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________.
juvenile petition
The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________.
intake
Micah is brought before a juvenile court judge and there is considerable evidence to show that Micah is guilty of violating the criminal law. In this situation, the judge has the power to ________.
still decide it is not in the child's best interest to be adjudicated delinquent
The ________ hearing is the final stage in the processing of adjudicated juveniles and is similar to an adult sentencing hearing.
dispositional
The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.
rehabilitation
A(n) ________ sentence imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence on an adjudicated delinquent.
dual
In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________.
returning to the original principles of the juvenile court
In the majority of adjudicated delinquency cases, the judge decides to ________.
place the juvenile on formal probation
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