unit 4 micro bio

Tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani, is an example of which type of disease? epidemic sporadic pandemic endemicsporadicThe prevalence of HIV is generally higher than its incidence. T or FT_____ is a disease occurs at a relatively constant and often low level within a population. pandemic endemic epidemic sporadicendemicWhich is the transmission mechanism for West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever and Zika? body-fluid contact droplets vector fomitevectorWhich type of studies gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases? perspective experimental retrospective descriptiveretrospectiveWhich of the following is not a fomite? scalpel nurse catheter syringenurseA health-care provider who does not have signs or symptoms of disease and is not infected but transmits a pathogen from one patient to another is said to be a(n) ________ carrier.passiveThe seasonal flu virus during a year that is exceptionally higher than average, is an example of which type of disease? sporadic epidemic endemic pandemicepidemicInfected fleas that have the bacterium Yersinia pestis growing inside them are able to transmit plague. In this case, the infected fleas are best described as which of the following? fomites mechanical vectors vehicles biological vectorsbiological vectors_______ is a disease occurs relatively rarely, without a geographic focus. endemic epidemic sporadic pandemicsporadicSexually transmitted diseases between sexually active partners are most commonly transmitted by which method? vehicles fomites horizontal direct contact vertical direct contacthorizontal direct contact______________ refers to the state of being diseased. (hint: I'm looking for the term used in epidemiology, not a common day-to-day term).MorbidityWhich of the following is not an example of evidence used by John Snow to determine that cholera was being transmitted by water in London in the 1800s? waste and sewage being dumped into the Thames River a high frequency of cholera cases located near a water pump on Broad Street beer workers not contracting cholera because they drank beer rather than water microscopic examination of watermicroscopic examination of waterNosocomial infections can be acquired in hospital settings. t or ftAn individual who is actively infected by a pathogen, but does not present symptoms of disease, would be which type of carrier? zoonotic passive asymptomatic transientasymptomaticWhich researcher required that surgeons should use a 5% carbolic acid solution (phenol) to clean surgical tools as a way to prevent the spread of disease? Joseph Lister Alexander Fleming John Snow Robert KochJoseph ListerWhat was Florence Nightingale's contribution to the field of epidemiology? documented preventable infectious diseases in soldiers discovered prions described wounds sustained in combat action identified helminths contracted on the battlefielddocumented preventable infectious diseases in soldiersExamine the map above. The red color indicates the prevalence of a particular disease in each country, with darker reds being more abundant. The distribution of the pathogen on the map above is best described as which type of disease? endemic pandemic epidemic sporadicpandemicIn observational epidemiological studies, study subjects are manipulated in some manner. t or ffTransmission of a pathogen from a mother to her child during pregnancy, through birth, or breastfeeding is known as which of the following? droplet vertical direct contact horizontal direct contact indirect contactvertical direct contactCellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ________. neutrophils B cells T cells bone marrowt cellsSuperantigens are produced by antigen presenting cells. t or ffA patient gets a cold, and recovers a few days later. The patient's classmates come down with the same cold roughly a week later, but the original patient does not get the same cold again. This is an example of: Natural active immunity Artificial passive immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunityNatural active immunityAn example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection would be cilia in respiratory tract lysozyme in saliva all of these unbroken skinlysozyme in salivaT cells use which class of MHC to recognize antigens? MHC I MHC II MHC I & MHC II MHC IIIMHC I & MHC IIMatch the antibody class with its description. IgA This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions.Match the antibody class with its description. IgD This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells.Match the antibody class with its description. IgE This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses.Match the antibody class with its description. IgG This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta.Match the antibody class with its description. IgM This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus and secretions. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.Epitope diversity of the antibodies we can produce is determined by which of the following? The pathogens we are exposed to over time. Our genetics, by the shuffling and combinations of fragments of our genes. The selection and education process that T and B lymphocytes go through. Are dependent on our mother's exposure to pathogens, which gets passed down to her children.Our genetics, by the shuffling and combinations of fragments of our genes.Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells? B-cell receptors Antibodies MHC I MHC IIMHC IMHC I molecules present: T cell antigens. processed foreign antigens from phagolysosome. processed self-antigens or potential "nonself" antigens digested by proteases . antibodies.processed self-antigens or potential "nonself" antigens digested by proteases .Which of the following pathways uses the binding of antibodies to antigens to activate compliment? Opsonization pathway Alternative pathway Classical pathway Lectin pathwayClassical pathwayA fever is induced by the release of ______ , which reset the body's thermostat in the ___________. PAMPs; thymus MHCs; brain stem Interferon; liver Pyrogens; hypothalamusPyrogens; hypothalamusThe nonspecific immune system recognizes ___ which are molecular structures found on many groups of pathogenic microbes. Peyer's patches pathogen-associated molecular patterns pattern recognition receptors phagocytes complementpathogen-associated molecular patternsMHC II molecules present: T cell antigens. processed foreign antigens from phagolysosome. processed self-antigens from proteasomes. antibodies.processed foreign antigens fromHistamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin are examples of which of the following? chemical mediators that promote inflammation complement proteins that form MACs chemical mediators primarily found in the digestive system antimicrobial peptides found on the skinchemical mediators that promote inflammationA single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ________. B-cell receptors epitopes MHC II T-cell receptorsepitopesTo what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind? antigens presented with MHC II molecules haptens only free antigen in a soluble form antigens presented with MHC I moleculesantigens presented with MHC II moleculesBacteriocins and defensins are types of which of the following? cytokines inflammation-eliciting mediators leukotrienes antimicrobial peptidesantimicrobial peptidesWhich of the following constantly sheds dead cells along with any microbes that may be attached to those cells? hypodermis dermis epidermis mucous membraneepidermisMatch the following: natural active immunity transfer of antibodies produced by a donor activation of adaptive immunity through the deliberate exposure of an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen or key antigens passage of antibodies from a mother to her child immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogenimmunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogenMatch the following: natural passive immunity transfer of antibodies produced by a donor activation of adaptive immunity through the deliberate exposure of an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen or key antigens passage of antibodies from a mother to her child immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogenpassage of antibodies from a mother to her childMatch the following: artificial passive immunity transfer of antibodies produced by a donor activation of adaptive immunity through the deliberate exposure of an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen or key antigens passage of antibodies from a mother to her child immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogentransfer of antibodies produced by a donorMatch the following: artificial active immunity transfer of antibodies produced by a donor activation of adaptive immunity through the deliberate exposure of an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen or key antigens passage of antibodies from a mother to her child immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogenactivation of adaptive immunity through the deliberate exposure of an individual to a weakened or inactivated pathogen or key antigensIn humans, B cells mature in the _____, and T cells mature in the _____. GALT, liver bursa, thymus bone marrow, thymus lymph nodes, spleenbone marrow, thymusPAMPs would be found on the surface of which of the following? pathogen phagocyte skin cell blood vessel wallpathlogenWhich of the following would NOT play a part in innate immunity? Natural microbiota Antibodies Phagocytes FeverAntibodiesWhich of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system? a set of barrier mechanisms that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure the production of antibody molecules against pathogens targeted and highly specific response to a single pathogen or molecule a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogensa generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogensThe innate immune defenses are weak when we are first born and develop over time as we are exposed to pathogens. t or ffA patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed rabies infection. After treating the bite wound, the physician injects the patient with antibodies that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent the development of an active infection. This is an example of: Artificial passive immunity Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunityArtificial passive immunityGranulocytes are which type of cell? lymphocyte leukocyte megakaryocyte erythrocyteleukocyteIdentify the complement activation pathway that is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase protein to a pathogen. cathelicidin lectin classical alternatelectinOnce activated, which of the following is NOT one of the 3 compliment responses to fighting pathogens? Formation of MAC complexes for lysis Enhancing inflammation Opsonization to enhance phagocytosis Release of granzymesRelease of granzymesWhite blood cells are also referred to as which of the following? leukocytes platelets megakaryocytes erythrocytesleukocytesWhich of the following cells primarily functions in protection against protozoa and helminths? eosinophils neutrophils basophils mast cells________ on phagocytes bind to PAMPs on bacteria, which triggers the uptake (phagocytosis) and destruction of the bacterial pathogens? PAMPs AMPs PMNs PRRsPRRsWhich type of cell secretes large quantities of antibodies? macrophages T cells monocytes plasma cellsplasma cellsMatch each cell type with its description. natural killer cell stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminthsrecognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosisMatch each cell type with its description. macrophage stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminthslarge agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungsMatch each cell type with its description. eosinophil stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminthsstains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminthsMatch each cell type with its description. basophil stains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammation large agranular phagocyte that resides in tissues such as the brain and lungs recognizes abnormal cells, binds to them, and releases perforin and granzyme molecules, which induce apoptosis stains with acidic dye eosin, has histamine and major basic protein in granules, and facilitates responses to protozoa and helminthsstains with basic dye methylene blue, has large amounts of histamine in granules, and facilitates allergic responses and inflammationCytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following? antigens presented with MHC I molecules free antigen in a soluble form haptens only antigens presented with MHC II moleculesantigens presented with MHC I moleculesWhat is a superantigen? a protein produced by antigen-presenting cells to enhance their presentation capabilities a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner a protein produced by T cells as a way of increasing the antigen activation they receive from antigen-presenting cells a protein that is highly efficient at stimulating a single type of productive and specific T cell responsea protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled mannerWhich type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells? MHC I MHC II T cell receptors B-cell receptorsMHC IIWhich of the following commonly results from most antibiotic classes that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit? disruption of nucleic acid synthesis interferes with binary fission cell wall synthesis is prevented Polypeptide formation is inhibitedPolypeptide formation is inhibitedAntibiotic resistance happens when MY body becomes resistant to antibiotics t or ffThe gene for hepatitis B virus surface antigen is inserted into a yeast genome. The modified yeast is grown and the virus protein is produced, harvested, purified, and used in a vaccine. This vaccine is an example of a(n): nactivated vaccine live attenuated vaccine toxoid vaccine subunit vaccinesubunit vaccineIndividuals can have MRSA as part of their normal microbiota. t or ftAn antibiotic that disrupts the normal microflora can cause: the teeth to turn brown a superinfection aplastic anemia hepatoxicitya superinfectionWhich bacterial group is the current source of over 1/2 of all natural antibiotics we have today? Mycobacteriums Treponemas Penicilliums ActinomycetesActinomycetesAntibiotics are powerful medicines that help to fight: Viruses Protozoans All microbes BacteriaBacteriaWeakened influenza virions that can only replicate in the slightly lower temperatures of the nasal passages are sprayed into the nose. They do not cause serious flu symptoms, but still produce an active infection that induces a protective adaptive immune response. This type of vaccine is an example of a(n): inactivated vaccine toxoid vaccine live attenuated vaccine subunit vaccinelive attenuated vaccineWhich physician/scientist is known for creating the first vaccine? Robert Koch Edward Jenner Alexander Fleming Andrew WakefieldEdward JennerWhich physician/scientist is credited with developing the first drug to kill a bacterial infection? (Hint: it cured syphilis!) Louis Pasteur Alexander Fleming Edward Jenner Paul ErlichPaul ErlichWhich clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug? prophylaxis against infection after a surgical procedure empiric therapy of pneumonia while awaiting for culture results treatment of a polymicrobic mixed infection in the intestine treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified as Streptococcus pyogenestreatment of strep throat caused by culture identified as Streptococcus pyogenesOn a cellular level, which of the following is not one way that bacteria are able to fight off antimicrobial drugs? Cellular target modification Efflux pumps Influx pumps Modification of the drug by enzymesInflux pumpsThe ability of an antimicrobial to kill or inhibit only microbial cells and not host cells is: selective toxicity mode of action broad spectrum narrow spectrumselective toxicityAntibiotic resistant bacteria can spread to humans through: Contact with a person who has an antibiotic-resistant infection Contact with a live animal, food or water carrying antibiotic-resistant bacteria All of the above Contact with something that has been touched by a person who has an antibiotic-resistant infection (e.g. a health-worker's hands or instruments in a health facility with poor hygiene)All of the aboveTetanus toxin molecules are harvested and chemically treated to render them harmless. They are then injected into a patient's arm. This vaccine is an example of a(n): inactivated vaccine subunit vaccine live attenuated vaccine toxoid vaccinetoxoid vaccineWhich of the following drugs would actually help to suppress the symptoms of a viral infection? Neomycin Acyclovir Tetracycline PenicillinAcyclovirWhich of the following is NOT a mode of action for antibiotics? Disruption of chitin synthesis Disruption of membranes Inhibition of protein synthesis Interfering with cell wall synthesisDisruption of chitin synthesisWhich clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug? treatment for a Urinary Tract Infection treatment following a positive Lyme's disease test empiric therapy of pneumonia while awaiting for culture results treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified as Streptococcus pyogenesempiric therapy of pneumonia while awaiting for culture resultsInfluenza virus particles grown in chicken eggs are harvested and chemically treated to render them noninfectious. These immunogenic particles are then purified and packaged and administered as an injection. This vaccine is an example of a(n): live attenuated vaccine toxoid vaccine subunit vaccine inactivated vaccineinactivated vaccineA vaccine that is made using only the key antigens of a pathogen would be a __________ vaccine. conjugate toxoid attenuated subunitsubunitMicrobes can acquire resistance to drugs through ________. transformation conjugation transduction all of theseallPenicillins act on which type of bacteria? mostly gram-negative bacteria they no longer work against any bacteria mostly gram-positive bacteria all bacteria, its a wide-spectrum antibioticmostly gram-positive bacteriaWhich of the following is NOT an appropriate target for an antifungal drug? No answer text provided. cholesterol chitin ergosterolcholesterolThe target, or manner in which a drug acts to inhibit or kill a microbe is called its: narrow spectrum mode of action broad spectrum selective toxicityselective toxicityA compound was extracted from a leaf and in lab studies was show to completely kill off bacteria when applied to culture plates. This compound would most accurately be described as being a(n): bacteriostatic antibacterial bactericidal antibiotic a synthetic antimicrobial none of these choices is accuratebactericidal antibioticWhich of the following is most likely to lead to a "super infection"? Short term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials Short-term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials Long term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials Long term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobialsLong term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobialsWhen the majority of the population is vaccinated against a pathogen, it provides the benefit of ______ _________ to those who suffer from autoimmune diseases or are medically unable to receive vaccines.herd immunityWhen a baby reaches the age of 12-17 months old it is highly encouraged that they receive an MMR vaccine. When a vaccine is administered, the child will gain: Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunityArtificial active immunityCompare and contrast the terms endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. For each type of disease pattern, provide an example of a human pathogen that has followed that pattern.endemic, epidemic, and pandemic are considered patterns of incidence. Endemics are diseases constantly present in a population in a particular area (chicken pox). Epidemics differ by being much greater in number in a short time within a geographical region (measles). Pandemics are similar to epidemics but are on a world wide scale (covid).we learned about Koch's Postulates, but in this unit we revisit them. They are still important and useful to this day, but what are 2 examples of problems that can occur with the postulates? Make sure in your answer you provide the original postulate and how the problem can complicate identifying a pathogen as the cause of an infectious disease.-Typhoid Mary who carried salmonella typhi is an example of an asymptomatic carrier (koch 1st postulate). This complicates identifying a pathogen because although the pathogen is present symptoms are not present. -Creutzfeldt-jakob Disease is a problem that can occur with Kochs 2nd postulate because it cant be re-grown in a lab setting.Why study epidemiology? What do epidemiologists actually do?The study of epidemiology is used to understand the geographical distribution and timing of infectious diseases. It helps with understanding overall public health and well being, as well as simulating clinical research. Epidemiologists investigate patterns of disease and injury.Identify the 3 major modes of transmission for communicable diseases. Describe how each mode works and provide an example of a pathogen that is transmitted by each mode.-contact transmission: includes both direct and indirect contact. Direct Examples include kissing, sexual intercorse, or droplet sprays. Indirect examples include contacting contaminated inanimate objects -Vehicle transmission: when pathogens are spread through contaminated water, air or food. An example of vehicle transmission is e-coli. -vector transmission: spread by mechanical or biological transmission. An example is borrelia burgdorferi.Compare and contrast the roles of the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Give an example of a protective response of each.Innate immune system defenses against any pathogen and has two lines of defense - 1st line of defense has normal microbiota and the 2nd line has antimicrobial substances. Adaptive immunity resists specific pathogens - antibodies is one of its protective responses.Discuss the 3 complement activation pathways AND the 3 protective pathways of complement (how does it work once it is activated?).3 complement activation pathways are: alternative- activated spontaneously classical - activated by antibodies lectin - activated by lectins binding to specific sugars on microorganisms surfaces. 3 protective pathways of complement are enhancement of inflammation, opsonization, and membrane attack complex.Compare and contrast T cells to B cells in terms of their origin and brief description of their functions.T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens and mature under negative and positive selection pressures. B cells can recognize epitopes of different molecular classes and mature through positive selection.What are antibodies and how do they work to stop antigens? (hint: there are 3 ways antibodies stop antigens)Neutralization - where antibodies block sites and prevent those antigens from binding to receptors on tissues. Agglutination - antibodies bind the same determinant on more than one cell -bound antigen; cross-linked antigen-antibody complexes agglutinate. ADCC - for athlogents that are too big to be phagocytosed.Describe how active immunity is different from passive immunity. Provide an example of how we would obtain each form of immunity.Active immunity is different from passive immunity by developing antibodies after exposure to antigen, where in passive immunity antibodies are transferred from another source. We can acquire active immunity by the response of a viral infection or vaccine. We can acquire passive immunity by antibodies acquired by the mother or an injection of antibodies.What is "herd immunity"? Why would the US, or any other nation set its target vaccination rate against COVID-19 at 80% or higher?Herd immunity is when a population has very few individuals susceptible to a disease but are protected due to the majority of immune individuals.The target rate of 80% vaccination rate is to attempt eradication of COVID-19.What kind of vaccine is the Pfizer or Moderna COVID 19 vaccine? How is this type of vaccine different from previous types of vaccines?The Pfizer and Moderna COVID 19 vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. This differs from previous vaccines by using killed or inactivated pathogens opposed to a live strain of a pathogen.Identify and briefly describe the 5 "modes of action" or cell targets for antibiotics. Cell wall biosynthesis Inhibit synthesis of proteins Disrupt membranes Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Metabolic pathwaysCell wall biosynthesis: Blocks peptidoglycan biosynthesis Inhibit synthesis of proteins: interferes with the activity of the small or large ribosomal wall. Disrupt membranes: Small group of antibacterials that are lipophilic and detergent-like properties. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis: Interferes with DNA replication or RNA transcription Metabolic pathways: drugs act as a competitive inhibitor for bacterial enzymes in biosynthesis pathways.What is "antibiotic resistance"? Provide at least 2 examples of actions you as an individual can take to help reduce or slow this problem down.Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop defenses against the antibiotics designed to kill them. Two examples of actions that can help reduce the rate of resistance is to wash hands properly and prepare food hygienically.

unit 4 micro bio

Other sets by this creator

Verified questions

Recommended textbook solutions

Biology

Human Resource Management

Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology

Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology

Other Quizlet sets