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After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks, survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. If this hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonized a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides was the most abundant food for the next 1000 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.
Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set (i.e., higher reproduction) than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?
Researchers discovered that a new strain of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) taken from a dead patient has a point mutation in the rpoB gene that codes for part of the RNA polymerase enzyme. This mutant form of RNA polymerase does not function as well as the more common form of RNA polymerase. A commonly used antibiotic called rifampin does not affect the mutant rpoB bacteria.
A researcher mixes M. tuberculosis with and without the rpoB mutation and adds the bacteria to cell cultures. Half the cell cultures contain only standard nutrients, while the other half of the cell cultures contain rifampin and the standard nutrients. After many cell generations, the researcher finds that _____.
A researcher mixes M. tuberculosis with and without the rpoB mutation and adds the bacteria to cell cultures. Half the cell cultures contain only standard nutrients, while the other half of the cell cultures contain rifampin and the standard nutrients. After many cell generations, the researcher finds that _____.
How would this reading frame be altered if, during transcription, a deletion occurred at the third nucleotide of the first codon?GTG CTG GGA CTA AG?How would this reading frame be altered if, during transcription, an insertion involving thymine (T) occurred after the third nucleotide of the first codon?GTG TGC GTG GAC TAA GAn island is colonized by a snail species that exhibits variation in shell color. Shell color is controlled by a single gene, such that individuals with the genotype AA are dark, individuals with the genotype Aa are light brown, and individuals with the genotype aa are white (i.e., assume that the alleles are co-dominant). Assume that 30 of the original colonists are dark, 20 are brown, and 50 are white. What will be the relative gene frequencies in the next generation at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?0.4 A and 0.6 aWhat will be the relative genotype frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the above example?0.16AA:0.48Aa:0.36aaRefer to the figure above. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?No; there are more homozygotes than expected.Examine the figure above. What type of selection for body size appears to be occurring in these marine iguanas?Stabilizing selectionCurrently the only predators of Galapagos marine iguanas are Galapagos hawks. Iguana body size is not correlated with risk of hawk predation, although small iguanas can sprint faster than large iguanas. If predators (for example, cats) that preferably catch and eat slower iguanas are introduced to the island, iguana body size is likely to _____ in the absence of other factors; the iguanas would then be under ______ selection.decrease; directionalHow would you predict the frequency of the sickle cell allele (Hbs) to change over time in North American populations?it should decreaseWhy would you expect the frequency of the sickle cell allele (Hbs) to change as you predicted in North American populations?because the presence of the Hbs allele no longer confers any survival advantage in the heterozygous conditionElderflower orchids come in two color morphs, yellow and purple, that co-occur in the same populations. If the color morphs were subject to negative frequency-dependent selection, what effect would an increase in the frequency of the yellow form have on the fitness of the two morphs?the fitness of the yellow morph would decrease, but the fitness of the purple morph would increase
yellow-decrease
purple-increasePit bulls are a breed of dog notorious for unprovoked attacks on children. If aggression in pit bulls had a heritability of zero, the best solution to the pit bull 'problem' would be to:alter the training of pit bullsSpeciation in Rhagoletis has occurred though the exploitation of alternative plant hosts. This could be considered an example of:sympatric speciationWhich of the following could be considered an example of a vicariance event?glaciationWhich of the following poses a difficulty for the biological species concept?all of the above*
-the criterion of gene exchange does not apply to asexual species
-the concept cannot be applied to extinct species
-it is difficult to apply to populations that are geographically separatedWhich of the following is not an example of a pre zygotic isolating mechanism?hybrid sterilityWhat role does reinforcement play in the speciation process?it promotes reproductive isolation among populations that were previously separated, but that have recently come into secondary contactWhich of the following is an important mode of speciation in plants?allopolyploidyDifferent species of fireflies employ different flash patterns in the signals they use to attract mates. What type of pre zygotic isolating mechanism would this be considered?behavioral isolationWhich of the following is a characteristic of allopatric speciation?geographical barriers to gene flowHow were conditions on the early Earth of more than three billion years ago different from those on today's Earth? Unlike Earth today, early Earth _____.had an atmosphere rich in gases released from volcanic eruptionsIf the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?22,900What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses4,1,3,2,5What is true of the Cambrian explosion?There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion.Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?a common squirrelWhich of the alternatives listed below is a feature of a valid scientific theory?theories generate predictions that potentially can be falsified by available evidenceEndosymbiosis is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotes. Which statement most accurately describes the theory.As Earth was becoming more aerobic, mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthetic eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell.According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that_____.speciation occurred rapidly in geologic timeSpeciation____can involve changes to a single geneIn a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is _____.a shared ancestral characterTo apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,_____choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphologyWhich of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membraneWhile examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to bacteria but not archaea or eukarya?cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycanAssuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?extreme halophilesMitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?horizontal gene transferIn prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this areprokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizesIf the mitosomes of Giardia (a diplomonad protist) contain no DNA, yet are descendants of what were once free-living organisms, then where are we likely to find the genes that encode their structures, and what accounts for their current location there?nucleus; horizontal gene transferSimilar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to construct a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would _____.be polyphyleticthe chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?cyanobacteria-> green algae -> land plantsYou are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist?3 and 4why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?the ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in the airYou find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.has a cuticleA botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.fernsConifers have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____.decreased surface area, reducing water lossFungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?The larger surface area allows for more material, including food, to be transported through the cell membrane.At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?plasmogamyApart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another?by flagellawhich of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichensphotosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphaeWhen pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.fungicide might also kill the beneficial mycorrhizal fungiBoth animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.ingesting itWhile looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____.exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavageThe most ancient branch point in the phylogeny of animals is represented by the characteristic
of having _____.true tissues or no tissuesThe evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____.sense, feed, and moveThe Cambrian explosion (535-525 million years ago) is generally regarded as one of the most important periods in the evolution of animals for which of the following reasons?a. There is an abundant fossil record that includes a wide representation of animal groups.
b. Bilaterian animals are among the best represented fossils.
c. Large animals with hard skeletons are first found during this time.
d. The earliest representatives of chordates and arthropods are found during this time.
e. All of the above.
E is the answerWhile sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____.molluscin terrestrial environments, arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both____help retain moistureYou find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. You take the animal to a university where a myriapodologist quickly tells you that you have found a centipede. Which of the following may have allowed her to make this distinction?number of legs per body segmentwhat would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? the insect would have trouble____smellingechinoderms represent a diverse group of aquatic organisms that are___bilateral deuterostomesWhich of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?post-anal tailhow did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?it made additional food sources availablewhat is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic eggtetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproductiona trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was____feet with digitsit is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to tetrapod limbsSome of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?lightIn angiosperms, flowering is controlled by three organ identity genes (A, B, and C). If A genes alone produce sepals, the interaction of A + B genes produce petals, the interaction of B + C genes produce stamens, and C genes alone produce carpels, what would a mutant missing the B gene be unable to make?pollenWhich of the following are sugar transporting cells that are alive at functional maturity?sieve-tube elementsApical meristems produce which of the following?primary growthA plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?woody eudicotThe periderm originates from which cells?cork cambiumWhich structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?tracheid-- vascular tissueWhy do most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy, with leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5° compared to leaves above and below?to allow maximum exposure to light and to reduce shading of lower leavesThe value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would _____.be from the tissue into the sucrose solutionA water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure?the endodermisIn
plant roots, the Casparian strip _____.ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane
before entering the vascular tissueLoss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called _____.transpirationWhat is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?evaporation of water through stomataThe water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefits from this water loss in the form of _____.evaporative cooling and mineral transportn woody plants, xylem sap is transported by _______ under _______ pressure, while phloem sap is transported by _______ under _______ pressure.transpiration; negative; translocation; positiveIgnoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree?very hot, dry, windy dayPlants tend to grow best in soil that contains which of the following components?*all of the above*
a. clay
b. sand
c. silt
d. humusWhich of the following are problems are directly associated with intensive irrigation?
I) mineral runoff
II) over fertilization
III) aquifer depletion
IV) soil salinizationd. only I, III, and IV
I: mineral runoff
III: aquifer depletion
IV: soil salinizationWhich of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant growth?Grow a plant using hydroponics with and without the element.Clay in soils can be beneficial for plants because ______, but harmful because _____.it attracts cations; it drains poorlyWhich of the following are characteristic of both rhizobia and mycorrhizae?
I) They both benefit by receiving sugars from the plant.
II) They both become parasitic in nutrient-rich environments.
III) They both enhance the growth of most plants.
IV) They both are found in most ecosystems of the world.B. only I, III, and IV
I: they both benefit by receiving sugars from the plant
III: they both enhance the growth of most plants
IV: they both are found in most ecosystems of the worldWhy is nitrogen fixation an essential process?Fixed nitrogen is often the limiting factor in plant growth.What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?Plants receive nitrogen and phosphorus, and fungi receive photosynthetic products.While hiking in a forest, you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree. What will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or parasitic?The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate under the bark into the tree xylem, and the roots of epiphytic plant will not.Sperm cells are formed in plants by _____.mitosis in male gametophyteWhat is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?A diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm are formed.Willow trees have separate male and female flowers that are tan, with no petals, that appear before the tree's leaves are out in the spring. What does this indicate about these trees?their pollen is dispersed by windUnripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination. What is the major function of ripe fruits?dispersing seedWhich of these activities is part of the development of crop plants from wild relatives during hybridization?
I) people planting seeds of the plants with the characteristic wanted
II) people making observations of desired plant characteristics
III) people eating products from only the plants with desired characteristics
IV) people adding in new genes from other organisms with desired characteristicsA. I and II
I: people planting seeds of the plants with the characteristic
II: people making observations of desired plant characteristicsWhich of the following is a scientific concern related to creating genetically modified crops?Herbicide resistance may spread to weedy species.Plant hormones ___affect only cells with the appropriate receptorWhich of the following events initiates the de-etiolation process in potato plants?activation of phytochrome by lightWhich of the following conclusions is supported by the research of Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tipsA population of plants experiences several years of severe drought. Much of the population dies due to lack of water, but a few individuals survive. You set out to discover the physiological basis for their adaptation to such an extreme environmental change. You hypothesize that the survivors have the ability to synthesize higher levels of _____ than their siblings do.abscisic acidIf you were shipping unripe peaches to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment?ethylenePlants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes _____.are more predictable than air temperature changesWhich of the following is correct about short-day plants?Short-day plants are less likely to flower when nights are interrupted by quick pulses of light.In
extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by _____increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugarsWhich level of ecological study focuses on interactions between species?community ecologyWhy are polar regions cooler than the equator?solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angleWhy do regions of heaviest rainfall occur at the equator, whereas deserts tend to be distributed at approximately 30 degrees latitude north and south?The greater solar radiation at the equator cause air masses to rise and release water, whereas dry, descending air masses create arid climates at 30 degrees north and southWhy is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side of mountain ranges?Air pushed by the wind on the windward side is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward sideWhich two climatic factors are included in a climograph to distinguish different terrestrial biomes?temperature and precipitationWhich is the largest terrestrial biomenorthern coniferous forestIn aquatic biomes, the pelagic zone comprises the ________, whereas the benthic zone comprises the __________.entire body of water/ bottom sedimentsSeasonal turnover in lakes occurs:When the layers separated by the thermocline attain the same temperatureWhat is defining feature of estuaries?transitional water bodies of variable salinity where rivers merge with oceansCoral reefs are formed by which of the following animal groups?cnidariaIn which zone of a lake are you likely to find invertebrate communities?benthic zoneWhich of the following would represent an abiotic factor affecting the distribution of organismssalinitySuppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size?1600Which of the following might account for a uniform dispersion of individuals in a population?territorial behavoirA population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year.40 individuals addedAs N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?The growth rate will approach zeroWhich of the following conditions favors "big-orang" reproduction (i.e., semelparity)?low rate of offspring survivalWhich of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations?floodingIn which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals?an old-growth forestOften the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/K], which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population?KLooking at the data in the figure above, what can be said about survival and clutch size?Large clutch size correlates with low survivalA broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is _____.growing rapidlyAccording to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.ecological nicheAs you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. You have discovered an example of _____.resource partitioningIn the experiment depicted above, Balanus was removed from the habitat shown on the left. Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?The removal of balloons shows that the realized niche of Chtamalus is smaller than its fundamental nicheCellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.mutualismThe symbols +, -, and o are used to show the results of an interspecific interaction. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where species are not affected by interacting. What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack?-/-The familiar black and yellow banding pattern adopted by various wasps, bees, and hornets is most likely an example of:mullerian mimicrySeveral species of flies also display the same yellow and black banding pattern, even though individuals of such species lack protective stingers. This is most likely an example of:Batesian mimicryDwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?paratismIn a tide pool, fifteen species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) _____.keystone speciesImagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?25W, 25X, 25Y, 25ZWhich of the following best illustrates ecological succession?Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by treesIn examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure
what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?D) You see a mouth, but not an anus.Consider this sequence of plant of life cycle patterns:
i) gametophyte dominance + sporophyte dependence; ii) sporophyte dominance + gametophyte independence; iii) sporophyte dominance + gametophyte dependence
Which of the following sequences of terrestrial plant groups matches that sequence of life cycle patterns (that is i) Goes with i), ii) Goes with ii), and iii) Goes with iii) )?C) i) Bryophytes; ii) Ferns; iii)Gymnosperms3. Which statement is true for the fungi:B) They include parasites, mutualists, and decomposers, but not producers4. Echinoderms are postulated to be phylogenetically close to chordates because:D) A) and B)A population of plants experiences several years of severe drought. Much of the population dies due to lack of water, but a few individuals survive. You set out to discover the physiological basis for their adaptation to such an extreme environmental change. You hypothesize that the survivors have the ability to maintain higher levels of _____ than those plants that died.C. abscisic acidDenitrifying bacteria convert _______________ to ___________________.NO3 to NO2Plants that flower when day length (photoperiod) exceeds a critical value are _________.B. Long-day plantsThe male gametophyte of an angiosperm ______________________________D. all of these
A. is within the pollen grain
B. consists of 2 cells, the generative cell and the tube cell
C. is haploid5. Which of the following statements about movement of H+ ions across the membranes of plant cells is false?D. none of these6. Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?D. root hair7. A certain bacterium infects a plant's upper leaves. A few days later, bacteria of the same species enter the same plant's roots but are unsuccessful at infecting the roots. What process is responsible for the plant's ability to prevent this infection?C. systemic acquired resistance8. Most leaves are flat and thin so that they can maximize _________________D. light gathering9. In angiosperms, flowering is controlled by three organ identity genes (A, B, and C). If A genesalone produce sepals, the interaction of A + B genes produce petals, the interaction of B + Cgenes produce stamens, and C genes alone produce carpels, what would a mutant missing the B gene be unable to make?A. petals10. Which of the following are water transporting cells that are not alive at functional maturity?D. tracheids and vessel elements11. Apical meristems produce which of the following?A. greater height12. The periderm forms the __________C. bark13. A plant has the following characteristics: a fibrous root system, no growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, no bark around the outside, and vascular bundles scattered throughout the cortex. Which of the following best describes the plant?C. herbaceous monocot14. Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?B. phloem — vascular tissue15. Why do so many angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy, with leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5° compared to leaves above and below?D. To allow maximum exposure to light and to reduce shading of lower leaves16. The value for Ψ in root tissue is -0.35 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.3 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.48 MPa), the net water flow would _____.A. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution17. Opening and closing of stomata by guard cells involves___________________________A. Reversible movement of K+ ions in or out of the guard cells18. In addition to transpiration, __________ of water is another force necessary for the pull of water from the roots to the shoot.B. cohesion19. A(n) __________________ is an area of active cell division at the bases of leaves that enable the plant to produce lateral branches.C. axillary bud meristem20. What is the stronger, more important of the forces that move water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?B. evaporation of water through stomata21. The water lost during transpiration can be detrimental to the plant, but it is necessary because _____.B. it drives mineral and water transport from the roots22. In woody plants phloem sap is transported by _______ under _______ pressure.A. translocation ... positive24. The middle-sized soil particles are ________________C. silt25. Which of the following problems are directly associated with intensive irrigation?B. soil salinization26. Which of these essential elements for plant growth is a macronutrient acquired exclusively from the soil?B. Nitrogen in the form of NO3-27. Clay in soils often hold cations because of the negative charge on soil particles. Plant metabolism can free those cations by ______________which will result in _____________.liberating CO2 into the soil as a byproduct of respiration....replacement of those cations by H+ that forms from reaction of CO2 and H2O28. Which of the following is a difference between rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi?A. Mycorrhizal fungi are parasitic in soils that are high in Phosphorus; rhiziobia are not.29. Why is nitrogen fixation an essential process?C. Fixed nitrogen is often the limiting factor in plant growth.30. What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?D. Plants receive phosphorus, and fungi receive photosynthetic products.31. You have found an unusual plant that is growing attached to some part of another plant. What would you like to know to determine if this attached plant is parasitic or epiphytic?B. If some part of the attached plant penetrates the other plant's vascular tissue it is parasitic, not epiphytic32. Microspores are formed in plants by _____.C. meiosis in anthers33. What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?A. The endosperm develops into a triploid nutrient tissue.34. During alternation of generations in angiosperms, ________________________.B. Mitosis produces gametes35. A mature seed has a seed coat that is ____________.A. diploid tissue that develops from the integuments of the ovule36. One of the major advantages of asexual reproduction is _______________.C. production of identical offspring that have an advantage when environmental conditions do not change37. Which of the following does not correctly match the plant structure with its functionC. Stomata - Opening through which most NO3- is absorbed38. Plant hormones _____.D. affect only cells with the appropriate receptor39. Which of the following events initiates the de-etiolation process in potato plants?A. activation of phytochrome by light40. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of Boysen and Jensen on shoot responses to light?D. A chemical substance is produced in the shoot tip and it diffuses through the shoot tissue.1. In the general fungal lifecycle, most of the time the cells are _____except for the brief _____.A. haploid ... zygote2. Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?A. None of these; they are all correctly matched3. Based on this tree shown at right, which of these statements is true? Use this phylogenetic tree for questions 3 & 4.C. Annelida are more closely related to Mollusca than
to Platyhelminthes.4. Based on the tree shown, at the right which statement is falseD. Cnidaria are more closely related to chordates
than to arthropods.5. In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, and plasmogamy results in ________.D. formation of heterokaryotic cells6. The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are_______.B. gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos7. Which of the following traits do archaeans and eukaryotes share?C. the presence of introns and >1 type of RNA polymerase8. While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops that eventually has a pseudocoelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n).D. nematode9. When an insect undergoes ________, they ________.complete metamorphosis, they transform from a larval form to a morphologically distinct adult form10. The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____.D. by homoplasy11. Sea stars, sea urchins, and other echinoderms are placed in the bilateria because:B. Larval echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical
, even though adults are radially symmetrical12. Apical meristems __________.B. occur in both roots and shoots of plants13. Protists are a _________________.B. polyphyletic group of eukaryotes14. Males of some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads that they use in contests over mates with other males, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _________.C. convergent evolution15. Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution?A. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle16. Antibiotics like streptomycin and chloramphenicol have no effect on_______, so it is fortunate that _________.C. Archaea ...Archaea don't commonly cause human diseases17. In the phylogenetic trees below, numbers represent species, and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?C. Species 3 and 418. The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to __________________.D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition19. Between 535 and 525 million years ago the major evolutionary event that produced most of the known animal body plans occurred; this was theD. Cambrian Explosion20. Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?D. bones in the bat wing and bones in the human arm21. While sampling marine plankton in, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the anus. The embryo develops into a larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n).A. Echinoderm22. Nematodes and arthropods both _________.D. grow in conjunction with shedding of their cuticle23. The ______ have a dominant gametophyte stage whereas ______have a dominant sporophyte stage.A. bryophytes ... conifers24. These are 3 phylogenies that represent different hypotheses about relationships among multicellular eukaryotes. Which tree is the hypothesis currently regarded as having the best support?B. #225. According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure at right, G. intestinalis with its common ancestor constitutes a(n) _______group.A. paraphyletic26. Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?C. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement27. Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?B. the shelled, amniotic egg28. Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?C. Cnidaria—radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms29. Which of the following is true about the Archaea and Bacteria?B. both are prokaryotes and have had major impacts on the history of life on planet earth30. Tetrapods share these adaptations that are unique to the tetrapod clade:A. Four limbs with feet with digits; A neck; Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone31. Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from Archaea and Bacteria evolved independently?A. The protein structures in the flagella are different.32. Vertebrates and tunicates share ________.D. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord33. The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________.transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller34. If fungi had alternation of generations like plants _________.A. Zygotes would immediately undergo mitosis to produce a diploid multicellular stage35. Plastids originated by primary endosymbiosis _______and originated by secondary endosymbiosis _________.A. one time ... three times36. The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?D. cyanobacteria became endosymbiotic in a proto-eukaryotic cell to form green algae, and later one
lineage of green algae diverged to form land plants37. Refer to the figure at right. Which of the following groups, with their common ancestor forms a monophyletic group?C. [E, F, and G]38. Which of the following statements about the hypothesized role of prokaryotes in the Permian extinction is correct?D. Horizontal gene transfer from a Bacterium to an Archaean resulted in massive production of methane that contributed to global warming and ocean deoxygenation39. The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated withD. feeding40. Protists are ecologically important organisms because they _______________A. are major producers in some environments1. The presence of strong forelimbs for burrowing in a marsupial mole from Australia and in a eutherian mole from North America represents:C. a homoplastic character2. In which of the following phylogenetic trees is the group A+B+C monophyletic?Tree 2 only3. In which of the following phylogenetic trees is the group E+F+G paraphyletic?Tree 2 only4. Which of the following represent the best examples of homologous structures?a. bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb;5. Given that phylogenies are based on shared derived characteristics, which of the following
traits is useful in generating a phylogeny of species W, X, Y, and Z?Trait 1 and 26. Based on the tree at right, which statement is correct?d. Beetles are more closely related to Moths than to Mantises.7. The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is _____.c. a consistent average rate of mutation;8. The structure in a bacterium that enables it to persist through unfavorable or harsh condition is the:b. Endospore9. Which of the following traits would allow you to classify an organism as either an archean or a bacteria, but not a eukaryote?c. presence of a circular chromosome;10. In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for antibiotic
resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium
readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the
_____.b. rapid spread of antibiotic resistance to other bacteria in that habitat11. What is a trait shared by Archaea and Eukarya that indicates that these groups are morea. both Archaea and Eukarya have >1 kind of RNA polymerase;12. In prokaryotes, new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new
mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are:e. Prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes13. All protists are _____.eukaryotic14. According to the endosymbiotic theory, why would it be adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?a. The engulfed cell provides the host cell with the ability to capture or make energy15. The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?d. cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants16. You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot
swim on its own, and must be able to stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to
physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) _____.a. brown alga17. Protists are ecologically important organisms because they ______________.b. are major producers in some
environments;18. The fossil record suggests that when plants colonized terrestrial habitats they did so
_____.e. at the same time as fungi that helped provide them access nutrients from the soil19. Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?d. They require water for reproduction20. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its
anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem and
phloem, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant,
and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.b. ferns21. The _______ have a dominant gametophyte stage whereas _______ has a dominant
sporophyte stage.c. bryophytes... conifers;22. Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution as we move from nonvascular plants towards seed plants?c. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle;23. The primary advantage associated with the filamentous structure of fungal mycelia is
related to _____.c. a large surface area to volume ratio that allows for
absorptive nutrition;24. In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, and plasmogamy
results in _____.d. formation of heterokaryotic cells;25. Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in
fungal evolution?a. flagellated spores;26. Fungi are vitally important for humans because:b. Fungi are
major pathogens of plants and animals including us; c. Yeasts are important in production of
food, alcoholic beverages, ethanol for fuel; d. a and b;
e. b and c.27. Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from
fungal heterotrophy is that most fungi derive their nutrition by _____.e. absorbing it28. While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an
unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the
developing organism is a protostome rather than a deuterostome? See whether the embryo
_____.c. exhibits determinate cleavage;29. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____.b. flagellated protist30. Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most
clearly suggests that _____.d. arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates;31. The most ancient branch point in the phylogeny of animals is a split between animals
having _____.a. true tissues or no tissues;32. While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized
eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the
blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and
eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____.b. mollusc;33. Nematodes and arthropods both _____.c. grow by shedding their exoskeleton34. Which of the following characteristics are associated with the phylum Cnidaria?a. Presence of a nerve net; b. Single opening for mouth and anus; c. Developing only two
tissue layers (diploblasty); d. Radial symmetry;
e. All of the above35. When an insect undergoes _______, they ______.d. complete
metamorphosis... transform from a larval form to a morphologically distinct adult
form;36. The water vascular system of echinoderms _____.b. functions in
locomotion and feeding;37. Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?a. notchord; b. post-anal tail;38. The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.a. feeding40. Unlike eutherian mammals, both monotremes and marsupials _____.b. do not complete development inside the uterus;
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