SHS final exam

The following features are characteristics of what types of motor speech production theories:Our brain with thus program our articulators to pursue that output That program contains info about the acoustic consequences about movements which are factored into the gestures auditory and somatosensory feedback updates the model throughout production Acoustic target theoriesAs scientists we seek to control all the relevant variables so we can point to the change and account for it by those variables we have used. That control is accomplished by _____Selecting utterances to be spoken by subjects multiple timesWhich of the following has a pre movement stage and an executive stageMotor program theories of speech productionThe following features are characteristic about which type of motor speech production theoriesHere the target is the movement of the articulators themselves We have targets corresponding to each phoneme We have internal cognitive spacial target maps that guide our articulators Articulatory gesture theoriesAn alternative version of this theory states that the goal of the aerodynamic adaptation is not the air pressure targets themselves but rather the acoustic perceptual targetStable aerodynamic theoriesIn a _____ the action is dependent upon the output(eg a thermostat in your apartment)Closed feedback loop____ in the vocal tract give us info about muscle length and velocity of muscle fiber shorteningMuscle spindles___ refers to the spacial dimension(the path) of an articulator and the temporal(time) dimensionSpatiotemporal dynamicsHere the adjustments are made based on the anticipation of articulatory gestures. What is being described in this sentenceFeedforward modelsIn _______ the action is independent of the outputopen feedback loopThe larger the amplitude of movement of an articulator for a given phoneme, the less the amplitude of movement for the adjacent phoneme. This is an example ofcoarticulationWe adjust the path depending on the velocity of the movement(try the experiment of tracing a circle w ur finger) what was i trying to illustrate as i had u do this in classSpatiotemporal organization/dynamics: complexity of the movement grows exponentially as the dimensions increaseThe advantage to using _____ is the isolate the participation of the tongue and lips vs the mandibleBite blocksIn _____ the mechanism that controls the action is not part of the activity itself(eg a toaster)An open feedback loopmight include physical or bi0 mechanical disruption, acoustic, or aerodynamic alterationperturbationsHere the adjustments are made based on the anticipation of articulatory gesturesFeedforward modelsMost speech scientists studying speech production agree that the unit of analysis should be...Beyond the level of the phoneme(words, sentences, phrases)?A ____ is used to simplify complex events(oh say speech) with its output very close to the output of the actual systemmodelIf you're interested in ____ you'll often have subjects repeat a target phonetic environment imbedded in a carrier phrase like the classic "i see a hvd(v=vowel)"Formant transitionsSome speech scientists study speech with the use of disturbance of the speakers vocal tract. What do you call that kind of studyPerturbation studyWhich of the following is a physical representation of speechNeural patterns Motor action patterns Articulatory motion Formant patterns Temporal envelopes Spectra Air-pressure waveformsHow humans convert sounds into meanings. How the brain makes sense of sounds. What is being describedSpeech perceptionsthe listeners ability to interpret the speaker's acoustic waveform is a meaningful string of words and ideas. What is being describedSpeech perceptionCoarticulation, suprasegmentals, rate and effort all contribute to ______The lack of invariance (and lack of linearity) of speech AKA presence of variationWhich of the following is a linguistic representation of speechWords Syllables Phonemes Diphones Features cuesClear boundaries between phonemes are "fuzzy". This a partial description of whatLack of segmentationWhen i listen to a tonal language, i often cant tell when one word ends and the next one begins. What am i struggling withLack of segmentationWe cant find a set of acoustic features always present when even one particular phoneme is produced. What is being describedLack of invariance(& lack of linearity) of speech aka presence of variationLack of invariance(& lack of linearity) of speech aka presence of variationWhen we know we are hearing human speech, we can make accurate interpretations of what was spoken even when critical acoustic info is removed or altered. What concept does this illustrateContextual effectInformation on successive sounds is transmitted in parallel in a kind of shingling of phonetic features. This is coming from which theory of speech perceptionMotor theory of speech perceptionWe tend to hear what we need to hear by smoothing out variability between and within speakers. As listeners, we use the constraints imposed linguistically, for example to predict and then perceive utterances whether thats what the person said or not. What we do is attend to the variability in the speech signal, in some cases using it and other cases ignoring it. What is being describedPerceptual normalizationThe ____ theory of speech perception is derived from visual perception theory. Based on the concept of percepts, which is what the listener hears vs what was spoken. This theory presumes a direct mapping from acoustic qualities to the gestures that produced them. An interpretation of perceiving a chair, according to this theory, is that we directly perceive it as a single object-chair, whereas some other theory would perceive it by analyzing its parts and reconstructing it into a whole-chairDirect realist theoryFormant patterns are an example of what type of representation of speechphysicalUsing that same slide, diphones are an example of what type of representation of speechlinguisticIn this theory, we have words represented as distinctive features, which are coded as either "on" of "off". So, "cup" is represented as velar stop--yes, central vowel--yes, bilabial stop--yes. A search within one's lexicon is conducted, matching with the above distinctive features and simultaneously searching within three sets of landmarks: vocalic, glide, consonantal. So far, so good with this theory, but no empirical support yet.Acoustic landmarks and distinctive featuresWhich theory of speech perception has an autonomous stage and an interactive stageCohort theoryAccording to the ___ of speech perception, the acoustic signal of speech represents a restructuring of the phonetic message. Info on successive sounds is transmitted in parallel in a kind of shingling of phonetic features. The parallelness permits speech to be understood at 30 phonetic segments per second the units of perception that provide the phonetic info for the listener are the underlying intended articulatory gestures and not the actual physical movements of the articulatorsMotor theory of speech perceptionBy what age can infants discriminate between non native phonemes1 monthThe larger the amplitude of movement of an articulator for a given phoneme, the less the amplitude of movement for the adjacent phoneme. This is an example of _____coarticulation