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BISC 1 final chapter 5,6,7,9,10,and 14 MC

Terms in this set (57)

The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because

a)the net filtration pressure of the interstitial fluid is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

b)the net filtration pressure of the interstitial fluid is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

c)the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

d)the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

e)the osmotic pressure is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
d)the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
The pulmonary circuit delivers blood to and from _____, while the systemic circuit delivers blood to and from _____.

a)the lungs; the tissues of the body

b)all organs above the heart including the brain; all organs below the body including the kidneys and liver

c)the tissues of the body; the lungs

d)all organs below the body including the kidneys and liver; all organs above the heart including the brain
a)the lungs; the tissues of the body
Blood from the systemic circuit enters the heart and flows into the ______ before being pumped into the lungs.

a)right atrium, and then left atrium

b)left atrium, and then right ventricle

c)right atrium, and then right ventricle

d)left atrium, and then right atrium
c)right atrium, and then right ventricle
Blood received into the heart from the systemic circuit is

a)high in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.

b)high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

c)low in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

d)low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
d)low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
Blood moves from the atria to the ventricles through which valves?

a)aortic valves

b)semilunar valves

c)ventricular valves

d)atrioventricular valves
d)atrioventricular valves
Blood leaving the left ventricle enters ______, while blood leaving the right ventricle enters ______.

a)the systemic system; the pulmonary system

b)the left atria; the right atria

c)the pulmonary system; the systemic system

d)the right atria; the left atria
a)the systemic system; the pulmonary system
Which of the following hormones stimulates hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretion in the upper and middle parts of the stomach?

a)gastric inhibitory peptide

b)cholecystokinin

c)secretin

d)gastrin
d)gastrin
Which of the following stages of gastric secretion is characterized by distention of the stomach walls?

a)All of the answer choices are correct.

b)the gastric phase

c)the intestinal phase

d)None of the answer choices is correct.

e)the cephalic phase
b)the gastric phase
Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

a)gastrin and lipids in the stomach

b)gastrin, and duodenum pH of less than 2

c)gastrin

d)a lack of lipids in the stomach

e)chyme pH of less than 2 due to HCl or lipids
e)chyme pH of less than 2 due to HCl or lipids
Distention of the stomach walls actives a parasympathetic response in the hypothalamus and directly activates the gastric glands.

True

False
False
Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.

True

False
True
Where is sucrase found in the human body?

a)on the gastric surface

b)on the microvilli of villi, in the small intestine

c)in the pancreas

d)in the liver
b)on the microvilli of villi, in the small intestine
In simple terms, sucrase

a)breaks sucrose into hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms.

b)joins glucose and fructose together to form sucrose.

c)breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.

d)forms a disaccharide from a monosaccharide.
c)breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.
How does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase?

a)by changing the pH of the solvent

b)by significant trauma when they collide randomly

c)by force when under pressure

d)by binding to the active site
d)by binding to the active site
How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?

a)many times

b)twice

c)never

d)once
a)many times
Which molecule breaks the bond between glucose and fructose?

a)carbon dioxide

b)sucrase

c)water

d)oxygen
c)water
Hormones can best be described as

a)digestive enzymes that aid in the breakdown of foods in the gastrointestinal system.

b)specialized carbohydrates that control the movement of muscles within the body.

c)chemicals released by the body that act as messengers to control the function of other organs in the body.

d)special messengers that release hydrochloric acid during the digestion process.
c)chemicals released by the body that act as messengers to control the function of other organs in the body.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for triggering the release of hydrochloric acid, thus breaking down proteins?

a)lipase

b)gastrin

c)trypsin

d)pepsin
b)gastrin
The contents of the stomach enter the small intestine in what form?

a)gastrin

b)bile

c)bolus

d)chyme
d)chyme
a)Which hormone(s) directly target the activity of the pancreas and gallbladder, triggering the release of digestive enzymes and buffers?

a)pepsin and trypsin

b)secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK)

c)chyme

d)gastrin
b)secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK)
Which organ is responsible for releasing the bile that is used to digest fats?

a)stomach

b)pancreas

c)liver

d)small intestine
c)liver
Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between _____, while external respiration refers to the exchange of gases between _____.

a)the atmosphere and our lungs as seen in humans; skin and the atmosphere as seen in some amphibians

b)humans; bacteria

c)the atmosphere and our lungs; the blood and tissues of our bodies

d)the blood and tissues of our bodies; the atmosphere and our lungs
d)the blood and tissues of our bodies; the atmosphere and our lungs
Because the partial pressure of the oxygen in red blood cells (RBCs) within the capillaries is lower than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus, oxygen diffuses from

a)the RBCs into the capillaries and then into the alveolus.

b)the alveolus into the capillaries and then into the RBCs.
b)the alveolus into the capillaries and then into the RBCs.
Once oxygenated, red blood cells (RBCs) travel to the rest of the body through the

a)systemic circuit of the circulatory system.

b)pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system.

c)hepatic circuit of the circulatory system.

d)lymphatic circuit of the lymphatic system.
a)systemic circuit of the circulatory system.
Oxygen is transported mostly by _____, while carbon dioxide is transported mostly by _____.

a)hemoglobin; the cytoplasm of RBCs

b)bicarbonate; hemoglobin

c)the cytoplasm of RBCs; hemoglobin

d)caraminohemoglobin; the cytoplasm of RBCs
a)hemoglobin; the cytoplasm of RBCs
External and internal respiration rely on both diffusion and a large amount of energy in the form of ATP.

True

False
False
Why does bone loss become an issue after age 30?

a)because the process of bone remodeling slows as the loss of calcium deposits exceeds its replacement

b)because after 30, people stop performing weight-bearing activities

c)because the process of bone remodeling stops

d)because the replacement of calcium deposits exceeds its loss
a)because the process of bone remodeling slows as the loss of calcium deposits exceeds its replacement
Which of the following is the best description of the difference between normal, fully developed bone and osteoporotic bone?

a)Osteoporotic bone has much smaller spaces in its bone structure than normal bone.

b)The differences between normal bone and osteoporotic bone are subtle, and can only be diagnosed after a fall.

c)Osteoporotic bone has much larger spaces in its bone structure and is weaker than normal bone.

d)Fully developed bone has more spaces for calcium deposition than osteoporotic bone.
c)Osteoporotic bone has much larger spaces in its bone structure and is weaker than normal bone.
Men and women have the same risk of osteoporosis.

True

False
False
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high-calcium diet is eaten?

a)18 months old

b)10 years old

c)18 years old

d)50 years old
d)50 years old
Which of these minerals is a recommended supplement for women, in attempts to maintain strong bones?

a)sodium

b)phosphorus

c)calcium

d)potassium
c)calcium
At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries, the Po2 is

a)higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

b)higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

c)lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

d)lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

e)equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
d)lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries, the Pco2 is

a)lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

b)higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

c)higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

d)equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
d)equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
The ranking from highest to lowest Po2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is

a)capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.

b)cells, tissue fluid, capillaries.

c)All three are equal.

d)tissue fluid, capillaries, cells.

e)cells, capillaries, tissue fluid.
a)capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.
When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.

True

False
True
Gases diffuse, because of differences in partial pressures, from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

True

False
True
The direction of gas movement is determined by

a)temperature.

b)pH.

c)solubility of the gas in blood.

d)partial pressure differences.

e)size of the gas molecule.
d)partial pressure differences.
At the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries

a)both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the blood into the alveoli.

b)both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the alveoli into the blood.

c)O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, but there is no net movement of CO2.

d)O2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, while CO2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.

e)O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
e)O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
At the arterial end of the tissue capillaries

a)O2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells.

b)O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, but there is no net movement of CO2.

c)both O2 and CO2 diffuse from tissue cells into the blood.

d)O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.

e)both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the blood into tissue cells.
d)O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.
At the venous end of tissue capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2.

True

False
True
Which of the following processes can be activated by complement?

a)opsonization

b)All of the answer choices can be activated by complement.

c)cytolysis, or cell lysis

d)inflammation
b)All of the answer choices can be activated by complement.
Opsonization is

a)coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis.

b)a membrane attack complex lysing a bacterium by making a hole in its membrane.

c)when the nine complement factors cascade in order.

d)when complement causes inflammation to occur.
a)coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Complement factors C5b + C6 + C7 + C8 make up a membrane attack complex that results in

a)opsonization

b)enhanced phagocytosis.

c)cell lysis.
c)cell lysis.
Complement factors are named for the order in which they function.

True

False
False
In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex on the surface of a pathogen.

True

False
True
Heavy chains of antibodies have a variable region and

a)one of two possible constant regions.

b)the same constant region.

c)one of five possible constant regions.

d)one of eight possible constant regions.
c)one of five possible constant regions.
The V, J, and D segments

a)are each selected randomly.

b)are RNA sequences.

c)are present in the constant region of the heavy chain.

d)must be a matching set.
a)are each selected randomly.
Human cells have separate genes for each antibody molecule.

True

False
False
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes

a)voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell.

b)acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell.

c)voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell.

d)voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.

e)ligand-gated sodium channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell.
a)voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell.
Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

a)Ligand-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in.

b)Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in.

c)Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane.

d)Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in.

e)Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in.
d)Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in.
If the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced.

True

False
True
Acetylcholine is actively transported from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane.

True

False
False
The inflammatory response is part of the _____ immunity of an organism, meaning it is nonspecific and works without exposure to pathogens.

a)passive

b)artificial

c)adaptive

d)innate
d)innate
Which of the following is the overall goal of the inflammatory response seen in organisms?

a)to delay the ability of a pathogen to get farther into the body, preventing it from doing further damage

b)to build up antibodies within the body that target the specific pathogen, preventing it from doing damage

c)to build up a response against a pathogen so the next exposure to that pathogen will no longer cause damage

d)to build up antibodies within the body that target all pathogens, preventing any from doing damage
a)to delay the ability of a pathogen to get farther into the body, preventing it from doing further damage
How does histamine function within the inflammatory response?

a)It removes pathogens and cellular debris through phagocytosis.

b)It dilates capillaries, increasing blood flow to the injured area and allowing fluid and blood-clotting factors to enter the injured area.

c)It recruits and enhances the activity of nearby immune system cells.

d)It triggers antibody production within the body.
b)It dilates capillaries, increasing blood flow to the injured area and allowing fluid and blood-clotting factors to enter the injured area.
As fluid moves toward the injury site, which cells of the immune system follow to remove pathogens and cellular debris through phagocytosis?

a)cytokines

b)macrophages

c)antibodies

d)histamines
b)macrophages
After the immune system cells have removed pathogens and cellular debris and blood-clotting factors seal off damaged capillaries and tissue, the cells within the wound begins to repair themselves through

a)apoptosis

b)mitosis

c)meiosis

d)cell recruitment.
b)mitosis
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