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Chapter 23

Terms in this set (54)

In life threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by __________.
A. secreting erythropoietin
B. secreting renin
C. deaminating amino acids
D. contributing to calcium homeostasis
E. producing uric acid
C. deaminating amino acids
A byproduct of protein catabolism, __________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.
A. urea
B. creatinine
C. uric acid
D. azotemia
E. ammonia
A. urea
Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes?
A. The urinary system
B. The cardiovascular system
C. The integumentary system
D. The digestive system
E. The respiratory system
A. The urinary system
Which organ system does not excrete waste?
A. The urinary system
B. The cardiovascular system
C. The integumentary system
D. The digestive system
E. The respiratory system
B. The cardiovascular system
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
A. They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids.
B. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D.
C. They help control blood pressure.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
E. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system.
A. urethra
B. liver
C. ureter
D. urinary bladder
E. kidney
B. liver
Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?
A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
B. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
C. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females.
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
E. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
The medial concavity of the kidney is called the __________ , which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter.
A. medulla
B. corpuscle
C. cortex
D. hilum
E. capsule
D. hilum
The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its ___________ innervation is unknown.
A. sympathetic; parasympathetic
B. parasympathetic; sympathetic
C. central; peripheral
D. peripheral; central
E. enteric; somatic
A. sympathetic; parasympathetic
The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the ___________.
A. perirenal fat capsule
B. renal fascia
C. hilum
D. fibrous capsule
E. renal medulla
D. fibrous capsule
A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of ___________.
A. two calyces and a renal pelvis
B. one pyramid and the overlying cortex
C. one major calyx and all of its minor calyces
D. a renal medulla and two renal columns
E. one collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it
B. one pyramid and the overlying cortex
A renal pyramid voids urine into the _________.
A. minor calyx
B. major calyx
C. renal medulla
D. renal papilla
E. ureter
A. minor calyx
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex?
A. Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → afferent arteriole → interlobular a.
B. Interlobar a. → interlobular a. → segmental a. → arcuate a.
C. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a.
D. Afferent arteriole → interlobular a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a.
E. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → interlobular a.
C. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a.
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the ________.
A. glomerulus
B. medulla
C. cortical radiate veins
D. peritubular capillaries
E. vasa recta
A. glomerulus
The average person has approximately ______ nephrons per kidney.
A. 1.2 million
B. 2.4 million
C. 3.6 million
D. 4.8 million
E. 5.6 million
A. 1.2 million
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein?
A. Interlobular v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v.
B. Arcuate v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v.
C. Interlobar v. → interlobular v. → arcuate v. → renal v.
D. Segmental v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.
E. Interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.
E. Interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.
Blood plasma is filtered in the _________.
A. renal tubule
B. renal corpuscle
C. renal capsule
D. renal column
E. renal calyx
B. renal corpuscle
Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?
A. Macula densa cells
B. Mesangial cells
C. Nephrocytes
D. Podocytes
E. Monocytes
D. Podocytes
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidalepithelium?
A. The thin segment of the nephron loop
B. The thick segment of the nephron loop
C. The collecting duct
D. The proximal convoluted tubule
E. The distal convoluted tubule
A. The thin segment of the nephron loop
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as ___________.
A. plasma
B. glomerular filtrate
C. tubular fluid
D. renal filtrate
E. medullary filtrate
C. tubular fluid
Which of the following is not found in the ureter?
A. Adventitia
B. Two layers of smooth muscle
C. Three layers of smooth muscle
D. Transitional epithelium
E. Skeletal muscle
E. Skeletal muscle
The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder.
A. detrusor
B. distractor
C. pubococcygeus
D. corpus spongiosum
E. corpus cavernosum
A. detrusor
The is _________ NOT a portion of the urethra.
A. external urethral orifice
B. internal urethral sphincter
C. prostatic urethra
D. membranous urethra
E. spongy urethra
B. internal urethral sphincter
Micturition is another term for __________.
A. the production of nitrogenous wastes
B. glomerular filtration
C. the countercurrent multiplier process
D. inflammation of the urinary bladder
E. the elimination of urine
E. the elimination of urine
T/F: The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.
false
T/F: Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somaticmotor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence.
true
T/F: Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells.
true
T/F: The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes.
true
T/F: Stimulation of sympathetic fibers of the renal plexus increases renal blood flow.
false
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the _________.
A. renal corpuscle
B. proximal convoluted tubule
C. distal convoluted tubule
D. glomerular capillaries
E. collecting duct
B. proximal convoluted tubule
In a healthy kidney, very little ________ is filtered by the glomerulus.
A. amino acids
B. electrolytes
C. glucose
D. vitamins
E. protein
E. protein
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
A. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
B. A drop in oncotic pressure
C. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
E. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________
A. renal autoregulation
B. the myogenic mechanism
C. tubuloglomerular feedback
D. sympathetic control
E. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
B. the myogenic mechanism
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.
A. azotemia
B. sodium chloride
C. parathyroid hormone
D. aldosterone
E. angiotensin II
E. angiotensin II
Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg.
A. 10 mm Hg out
B. 20 mm Hg out
C. 30 mm Hg out
D. 40 mm Hg out
E. 50 mm Hg out
B. 20 mm Hg out
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the __________ , to form angiotensin I.
A. lungs
B. kidneys
C. liver
D. heart
E. spleen
C. liver
Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.
A. proximal convoluted tubules
B. distal convoluted tubules
C. loops of Henle
D. collecting ducts
E. glomeruli
A. proximal convoluted tubules
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
A. Potassium
B. Sodium chloride
C. Hydrogen ions
D. Urea
E. Water
C. Hydrogen ions
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.
A. reabsorption of all the solute
B. a renal clearance of zero
C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0
D. appearance of that solute in the urine
E. absence of that solute from the urine
D. appearance of that solute in the urine
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
A. Decreased urine volume
B. Decreased urine molarity
C. Increased urine volume
D. Increased urine salinity
E. Increased urine acidity
A. Decreased urine volume
Aldosterone acts on the _________.
A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. medullary portion of the collecting duct
C. descending limb of the nephron loop
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. glomerulus
D. distal convoluted tubule
Natriuretic peptide inhibits _________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _________ urine output.
A. K+; increases
B. NaCl; decreases
C. NaCl; increases
D. K+; decreases
E. Ca2+; increases
C. NaCl; increases
In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, K+
reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the ___________. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.
A. Na+-K+ pump
B. countercurrent multiplier
C. countercurrent exchange
D. vasa recta
E. juxtaglomerular apparatus
A. Na+-K+ pump
Which of the following is NOT a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure?
A. Increasing glomerular filtration rate
B. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion
C. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney
D. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.
A. a decrease in aldosterone production
B. secretion of parathyroid hormone
C. secretion of renin
D. an increase in blood urea nitrogen
E. vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
B. secretion of parathyroid hormone
Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Norepinephrine
E. Angiotensin II
D. Norepinephrine
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________.
A. feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland
B. countercurrent multiplier system
C. countercurrent exchanger system
D. aquaporins of the collecting duct
E. thirst mechanism and water intake
B. countercurrent multiplier system
T/F: Albuminuria is a common sign of diabetes mellitus.
false
T/F: The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function.
false
T/F: The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water.
true
T/F: Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.
false
T/F: Angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
false
T/F: Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles.
false
T/F: The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate.
true
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