Foltz sts 1010 quizzes

Science's corrigibility is best characterized as:

science's ability to change
science's rigorous stability
science's tendency to exaggerate findings
science's process of determining the truth
Click the card to flip 👆
1 / 76
Terms in this set (76)
Science's corrigibility is best characterized as:

science's ability to change
science's rigorous stability
science's tendency to exaggerate findings
science's process of determining the truth
science's ability to change
Justification consists of what two basic components?

logic
observation
validity
inference
deduction
logic
observation
To be counted as knowledge, a belief must be:

justified
contingent
true
practical
deductive
justified
true
A trademark of highly successful societies, such as the ancient Greeks and Romans, is that they always use science to their advantage.

True
False
false, never used science to advantage they created technology with no intent
Which of the following does the text use to illustrate the ability of technology to stimulate scientific development?

air pump
Bessemer process
telescope
aqueduct
horse collar
waterwheel
air pump
bessemer process
telescope
Between science and technology, which is concerned with application?

science
technology
technology
Scientific law is the strongest form of scientific statement.

True
False
false, a theory is
What exemplifies "technoscience"?

nanotechnology
kinetic theory/instruments
bio-medicine
Bessemer process
semiconductor electronics
nanotechnology
bio-medicine
semiconductor electronics
Technological innovation is always preceded by scientific advancement.

True
False
false
What is the term for the argument that current and future scientific belief is likely false from the record of past scientific failures?
pessimistic meta induction
What does a scientific "worldview" include? standards of the field, including methodology for experimentation outstanding puzzles it should work on and solve theories on the subject held by the majority of scientists in the field at the time anomalies that confirm the theories held by the majority of the scientists in the field status as absolute fact for that scientific fieldstandards of the field, including methodology for experimentation outstanding puzzles it should work on and solve theories on the subject held by the majority of scientists in the field at the time (I think)A given scientific worldview will be replaced very quickly with a new one due to empirical evidence stacked in favor of a newer theoretical viewpoint. True FalsefalseDisagreement between proposed scientific worldviews is ultimately resolved by the majority opinion of those within a given scientific community. True FalsetrueA single anomaly for a given theory will lead to a change of scientific worldview. True FalsefalseWhat is the term for the supposed impossibility of comparing two differing (scientific) worldviews? cognitive dissonance incommensurability falsificationism anomaly corrigibilityincommensurabilityThe advancement of science is strictly a matter of empirical evidence and careful methodology. True FalsefalseWhat is another term used to identify a "paradigm-shift"?scientific revolutionIntellectual ability--how smart you are and can become--is determined solely by genetics and household wealth. True FalsefalseWhich of the following is a "bad"--not efficient or productive--study strategy? massed practice spaced practice routine rereading retrieval practice interleaved practicemassed practice routine rereadingAre we good judges of what we know? yes not always, but most of the time nonoMatch the following: switching topics or subjects of study at intervals while studying switching method or technique of study at intervals while studying studying in separate intervals over time instead of a single extensive session varied practice interleaved practice spaced practiceswitching topics or subjects of study at intervals while studying= interleaved switching method or technique of study at intervals while studying= varied studying in separate intervals over time instead of a single extensive session= spacedWhat are the steps of the learning process? consolidation retrieval demarcation encoding massing/blockingconsolidation retrieval encodingForgetting, if temporarily, is essential for real learning. True FalsetrueMatch the following. the feeling that you know something and no longer need to practice it mistaking information that you can understand for something that you really know fluency illusion familiarity trapthe feeling that you know something and no longer need to practice it= familiarity trap mistaking information that you can understand for something that you really know= fluency illusionMatch the following. developing a mental map or "blueprint" of learned information, connecting new information to older information in a larger context attempting to answer a question or solve a problem before being shown the answer or solution taking a few minutes to think about what you've learned in a recent class or experience and asking yourself questions about it reflection schematizing generationdeveloping a mental map or "blueprint" of learned information, connecting new information to older information in a larger context= schematizing attempting to answer a question or solve a problem before being shown the answer or solution= generation taking a few minutes to think about what you've learned in a recent class or experience and asking yourself questions about it= reflectionTesting (and quizzing, etc.) is a useful learning tool. True FalsetrueAfter someone is exposed to information, how much is lost very quickly? 30% 70% 15% 50%70%A hypothesis is really good if no arguments can be devised against it. True FalsefalseTissue does not fossilize, so any commentary on it regarding dinosaurs is conjecture. True FalseTrueWhat characteristics does Gould identify with good scientific hypotheses? restrictive testable generous expansivetestable generous expansiveMatch the following. Dinosaurs overdosed on substances they could not taste in angiosperms. A large comet (or possibly an astroid) struck the earth, resulting in a dust cloud which blocked sunlight and suppressed photosynthesis and eventually dinosaur extinction. Rising temperatures caused dinosaur testes to stop functioning, leading to eventual extinction. Cowles Siegel AlvarezDinosaurs overdosed on substances they could not taste in angiosperms.= Siegel A large comet (or possibly an astroid) struck the earth, resulting in a dust cloud which blocked sunlight and suppressed photosynthesis and eventually dinosaur extinction.= Alvarez Rising temperatures caused dinosaur testes to stop functioning, leading to eventual extinction.= CowelsThe most important substantiating aspect of the currently accepted _________ hypothesis is the presence of _________ .Alvarez IridiumCarl Sagan (and Gould, by extension) compares the impact of a massive extraterrestrial object to genocide nuclear war terrorism global warming none of thesenuclear warAccording to Gould, science is the best way to truth a method of determining answers a list of enticing conclusions a fruitful mode of inquirya fruitful mode of inquiryNarrowing or expanding data to lend a hypothesis credibility is called___________ .p-hackingIn the sciences, it is much easier to get ______ than ______.a result an answerRetractions are frequent in scientific work and publication. True FalsefalseWhile not ethically wrong, questionable behaviors in scientific work include image manipulation fabrication of data plagiarism p-hacking HARKing p-shiftingp-hacking HARKingHuman psychology privileges __________ over _________ .answers resultsWhich of the following are problems for scientific publication? no strong mechanism for enforcement of retractions volume of material flawed peer review process not self-correctiveno strong mechanism for enforcement of retractions volume of material flawed peer review process not self-corrective (all of these)Scientists are often hesitant to criticize their peers in publication. True FalsetrueTypes of misconduct in scientific work include image manipulation plagiarism data fabrication p-hacking p-shifting HARKingimage manipulation plagiarism data fabricationWhat best characterizes technological development? development is incremental development is incremental with "revolutionary" phases during which a given technology is completely re-imagined development is a matter of "revolutionary" phases during which a given technology is completely re-imagined development is directed by individual, "revolutionary" innovatorsdevelopment is incrementalWhat best characterizes Oberdan's lesson from the Sony Walkman example? consumers are not always good judges of what they want, so developer perception of the market is important for innovation consumers always direct what technology will be developed and why personal audio technology developed due to George Eastman's innovations the Sony Walkman shows how marketing research is an excellent measure of consumer interestsconsumers are not always good judges of what they want, so developer perception of the market is important for innovation"Scaling up" is the process by which a given technological artifact is transformed from a failure to a technological innovation a workable device to an intriguing innovation something reproducible one at a time to the mass production necessary for commercial success mass production to commercially successful mass production a practical solution to a revolutionary technological paradigmsomething reproducible one at a time to the mass production necessary for commercial successThe examples of penicillin and photography illustrate how______________ development is ___________ motivated.technological sociallyA _____________ technology is one that is necessary for another technology to become useful.complementaryMatch the following. the invention of invention birth of the idea of "progress" (and ensuing concerns) death of progress as "real, humane, and inevitable" 18th century 20th century 19th centurythe invention of invention 19th century birth of the idea of "progress" (and ensuing concerns) 18th century death of progress as "real, humane, and inevitable" 20th centuryPostman argues what term or terms have changed in contemporary use? (select any that apply) community conversation communication reciprocity solution democracycommunity conversationWhich of the following could be considered responsible for or representative of the "death" of progress? World Wars I and II the AIDs epidemic factory labor suveillance technology the EnlightenmentWorld Wars I and IIIdentify Postman's "questions." What is the problem to which this technology is the solution? Whose problem is it? Which people and what institutions might be most seriously harmed by a technological solution? What new problems might be created because we have solved this problem? What sort of people and institutions might acquire special economic and political power because of technological change? What changes in language are being enforced by new technologies, and what is being gained and lost by such changes? Which technology leads to the maximum benefit for the most people? Which current technologies might be most positively impacted by new technological solutions?What is the problem to which this technology is the solution? Whose problem is it? Which people and what institutions might be most seriously harmed by a technological solution? What new problems might be created because we have solved this problem? What sort of people and institutions might acquire special economic and political power because of technological change? What changes in language are being enforced by new technologies, and what is being gained and lost by such changes?Match the following. Marx Wittgenstein "forms of life" "mode of life"--"As individuals express their life, so they are."Marx= "mode of life"--"As individuals express their life, so they are." Wittgenstein= "forms of life"According to Winner, there is a rigorously developed philosophy of technology, but it is largely ignored by many. True FalsefalseThe currently held, "deceptively reasonable" understanding of technological impact "divides the range of possible concerns about technology" into what "two basic categories"? technique economic making social usemaking useBecause any technology can be used for a range of purposes, a quality known as ____________ ____________, all technology is morally neutral.promiscuous utilityWinner's term for society's current approach to technological development--or, really, the lack of an approach--is ________________ _______________technological somnambulismIn response to the contemporary situation, Winner advocates a "return to..." innovation use tradition making limitsmakingIn the modern era, traditional "ways of doing" became _____________ while "ways of knowing" became __________ .teechnology scienceThe success of what field lead to a massive effort ensued to make all areas of human study "scientific"? thermodynamics medicine chemistry industrial technology physicsmedicineHandlin notes that in contrast to the traditional way of life, modern life was quickly characterized by heterogeneity impersonality individualism homogeneity communalism reciprocityheterogeneity impersonality individualismWhich of the following led to the collapse of the traditional community? migration of vast populations urbanization industrialization Reformation Luddism stagnationmigration of vast populations urbanization industrializationFrom the mid-19th Century on, which of the following isolated science from the masses? institutionalization specialization professionalization industrialization commodification materialisminstitutionalization specialization professionalizationBy the early 20th century, the influence of science made technology increasingly ______________ to the masses.confusingEarly in the post-traditional world, the masses were much more trusting of new technological innovations than they were of scientific developments. True FalsetrueThe two primary forms of the desire to overcome limits are limits of strength limits of feeling limits of energy limits of space limits of timelimits of space limits of time___________ become____________ by way of becoming ____________ necessities.wants needs culturalMatch the following. overcoming the limits of the body meeting the demands of the body Greek value contemporary valueovercoming the limits of the body= contemporary meeting the demands of the body= greekThe final consequence of contemporary notions of comfort and convenience, especially pertaining to the body, is a perpetual state of dissatisfaction a perpetual state of progress diminishing the role of household labor safety, security, sustenance making everyday life easiera perpetual state of dissatisfactionContemporary notions of convenience have lead to a switch from thinking of technology in terms of _________ to ____________.progress talk change talkWhat is the term for the "powerful sense of inertia when technologies are developed and deployed that shapes, guides, or even pushes the further development and use of technology?" technological determinism technological momentum cultural determiminism cultural momentumtechnological momentumMany people hold to both technological and cultural determinism at the same time even though these ideas are incompatible. True Falsetrue_____________ choice is the term for a choice between options whose difference is __________ .Hobson's superficialThe notion that technology develops according to its own inner dynamic, independently of cultural forces, is called ____________ ______________technological determinismWhich of the following are commonly given examples of supposedly revolutionary technology? social media industrial technology computers printing presssocial media industrial technology computers printing press (all of these)Match the following. changes in technology are the single most important source of change in society changes in culture result in changes in technology the values, feelings, beliefs, and practices of the culture cause particular technologies to be developed and used the technical base of a society is the fundamental condition affecting all patterns of social existence technological determinism cultural determinismchanges in technology are the single most important source of change in society= technological determinism changes in culture result in changes in technology= cultural determinism the values, feelings, beliefs, and practices of the culture cause particular technologies to be developed and used= cultural determinism the technical base of a society is the fundamental condition affecting all patterns of social existence= technological determinismClassifying effects of technology into various categories--intended effects, primary effects, secondary effects, etc.--is a characteristic of technological determinism cultural determinism cultural momentum technological momentumcultural determinism