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Science

Terms in this set (197)

Carbon
C 6
Chlorine
Cl 17
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
monomer of a protein
amino acid
three functions of proteins
energy, structural, regulatory
building blocks of a lipid
fatty acids and glycerol
The monomer of a carbohydrate
monosaccharide (glucose)
Four main biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
The element is the backbone of organic chemistry
Carbon
Carbon can bond with how many atoms?
4 atoms
What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic molecules are based on carbons, and inorganic molecules are based on other elements
big function of nucleic acids
Storage and expression of genetic information in the body
the monomer of a nucleic acid
nucleotide
Dna is found
inside the nucleus
What is the function of DNA?
store genetic information
How is DNA helpful in forensics?
Forensic scientists can use DNA profiles to identify people
gene regulation
the process of turning genes on and off
What is the full name of DNA?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
What are the three parts of DNA?
sugar, phosphate, base
What are the four bases in DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
How is gel electrophoresis used?
Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA strands by size
How does DNA travel across the agar inside the gel electrophoresis machine?
DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode.
the purpose of restriction enzymes
To recognize and cut certain sequences of DNA. They cut short, repeated, and palindromic sequences.
Which type of DNA fragments move faster?
small fragments
What is DNA fingerprinting?
identifies the unique patterns in an individual's DNA
Polarity
A state or a condition of an atom or a molecule having positive and also negative charges.
What is matter made up of?
atoms
What are gasses made up of?
a single element
Can particles of matter be seen with our naked eye?
no
What happens to the particles' speed when heat is increased?
they move fast
What makes a substance different from an element?
substance is a form of matter that takes up space and an element is a pure substance that can NOT be broken down
What is an atom?
Smallest particle of an element
What are the different parts of an atom?
protons, neutrons, electrons
Where are the different parts of an atom located?
Atoms consist of very small particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is an element?
pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
What do the rows of the periodic table indicate?
number of electron shells
Give two examples of where you would find elements in our everyday lives.
You can use helium to fill up a balloon. All sodas hava a lot of carbon dioxide. Almost no living thing can live without water.
What is a chemical reaction?
process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
What is a physical change?
A change in which the form or appearance changes, but no new substances are formed
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
How do you know if a chemical change occurs?
An odor is produced. The substance changes color. Sound is produced.
Can a physical change be reversed?
yes it can as the substance before and after is exactly the same
Can a chemical change be reversed?
No
Synthetic materials
Materials made from one or more natural substances that undergo a chemical process
Natural resources
Resources that occur in nature
How are plastics formed?
When lots of small molecules called monomers join together to make a polymer
Are synthetic materials useful?
Yes, we use synthetic materials for many things, including medicines, fabrics, containers, building materials, and fuels.
Can synthetic materials cause problems for society?
Yes.
What is the independent variable?
the variable that is changed
What is the dependent variable?
what is being measured
Constant
something that stays the same
Control
the standard by which the test results can be compared
qualitative data
descriptive data
quantitative data
numbers
Pure Substances
elements and compounds
Elements
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
Colloids
substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions
What is the difference between mass and volume?
Mass is the amount of matter in an object and volume is the amount of space an object takes up.
solid
Definite shape and volume
liquid
A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
phase
any part of a system that has uniform composition and properties
Four ways to separate mixtures
Magnetic attraction, filtration, distillation, and evaporation
distillation
a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
difference between elements and compounds
Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.
Physical Property
A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Appearance
the way that someone or something looks
Behavior
The way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment.
How is baking an example of chemistry?
results in edible results rather than other chemical solutions or creations
Scientific Shorthand
abbreviations to represent the elements on the periodic table
Atomic components
nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Proton
positively charged particle
Neutron
no charge
Electron
negatively charged particle
Quark
particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
electron shell
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
atomic radius
size of an atom
valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
Ion
A charged atom
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
natural abundance
the relative percentage of a particular isotope in a naturally occurring sample with respect to other isotopes of the same element
What does an energy level show?
total energy the particle is allowed
How many electrons can the first energy shell hold?
two
How many electrons can the second and third energy shell hold?
18
valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
Lewis Dot Structure for Boron
Lewis Dot Structure for Phosphorus
Lewis Dot Structure for Silicon
When would an ion have a negative charge?
If the atom has more electrons than protons
When would an ion have a positive charge?
when it loses an electron
an atom that has no net charge
ion
What happens when sodium loses an electron
It becomes a positively charged ion
How do we calculate the charge of an ion?
On the Periodic Table metals (found on the left of the table) will be positive. Non-metals (found on the right) will be negative
polyatomic ion
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms
new properties
The compound formed when elements combine often has properties that aren't anything like those of the individual elements.
chemical formula
A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
A Bond Forms
energy released
Zero Net Charge
the number of protons equals the number of electrons in a compound
Graduated cylinder
instrument used to measure volume of a liquid
Gloves
handwear: covers the hand and wrist
Beaker
An open cylindrical container with a pouring lip; used for mixing larger amounts of substances
Flask
Small, bottle-shaped glass container used in a lab.
Test tube
a thin glass tube closed at one end, used to hold small amounts of material for laboratory testing or experiments.
Goggles
protects eyes from chemical splashes
Digital scale
An electronic scale with a sensor that measures weight and displays the result electronically.
Alcohol burner
used for heating materials
Test tube rack
Holds test tubes
Transfer pipet
Plastic, qualitative pipet that is used to dispense chemicals; often used in place of a dropper
Hot Plate
a lab tool used to heat substances
Centrifuge
machine that separates substances by whirling them
Ring stand
Used as a support; Rings and clamps attach to the stand
order of steps for the scientific method
Observe, Question, Research, Hypothesizes, Experiment, Test Hypothesis, Conclusions, Report
What are sources
Evidence e.g. documents and pictures used by historians to find out about what happened in the past.
Describe the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
homogeneous cannot be seen well but the other can
Alkali Metals
any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table
Nonmetals
Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current
Electron Cloud
a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found
Average Atomic Mass
the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
Atomic Nucleus
An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.
Alkali Earth Metals
an element in group 2, harder, higher melting point, and denser than alkali metals. Reactive, but less than corresponding alkali metal
Percent Abundance
The percentage of atoms of a particular isotope in a natural sample of a pure element
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Halogens
Group 17
Noble Gases
Group 18
Atomic Structure
Electron on the outer shell, neutron, and proton in the center, nuclei.
Valence electron
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
Polyatomic Ion
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms
Metal
an element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well
Ionic Compound
A compound that consists of positive and negative ions
Electron Dot Diagram
A model of an atom in which each dot represents a valence electron
Valence shell
outermost electron shell
Ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
What are the steps in creating an ionic compound?
The formula for an ionic compound must contain the same number of positive and negative charges. This is so that the charges are balanced and the compound is neutral overall.
What is the type of macromolecule that diabetics should avoid?
People with diabetes are instructed to avoid foods that are rich in carbohydrates.
What is the function of a restriction enzyme?
cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence
Glucose is an example of a
monosaccharide
What color will Biuret Reagent be if sugar is mixed with it?
Blue
What is Caron Dioxide an example of?
Natural Material
What is the chemical symbol for silver?
Ag
This is an atom that has more or less neutrons compared to protons.
Isotope
Benedict's indicator is added to a solution and heated. The test tube turns yellow. What is present in the solution?
Sugar (monosaccharide)
What is a negatively charged particle found in an atom
Electron
This is produced when two liquid combine to make a solid
Precipitate
Which state of matter has the fastest moving particles?
Gas
This scientist who discovered the electron.
J.J. Thompson
You forget to add the restriction enzyme in your DNA before you load the DNA into the wells and run the gel electrophoresis for the standard time. What will happen when you look at your results?
You will have a single, thick line under the wells, close to the negative end
What color will Biuret Reagent be if protein powder is mixed with it?
Purple
This scientist discovered that we can never know for sure where electrons are.
Werner Heisenberg
Is a cation is a positively charged ion?
Yes
Is Milk is an example of a colloid?
Yes
This scientist discovered that electrons orbit around the nucleus like planets orbit the sun.
Neil Bohr
This liquid tests for simple sugars in substances.
Benedict's Solution
This biomolecule has no monomer
lipids
What is a neutrally charged particle found in an atom
Neutron
Is it true that A diamond is made by pressurizing carbon over long periods of time. This means that a diamond is an example of a pure substance?
Yes
What is the third chemical in the periodic table?
Lithium
Sugar mixes with water to form sweetened water. What is this an example of?
Physical Change
Which piece of lab equipment most accurately measures liquid?
Graduated Cylinder
Can Elements and compounds be both considered pure substances?
Yes
Which piece of lab equipment is best for swirling and mixing together two liquids?
Flask
What is Caron Dioxide an example of?
Two nonmetals bonded together
Would we be able to accurately find the time of death using body temperature if a body was retrieved in a 75 degree room?
Yes
What macromolecule should not be highly prevalent in a person with diabetes?
Monosaccharides
Why does an object heat up?
The particles within it move faster
Which groups of elements are the most reactive on the periodic table?
Columns 1 and 17
Can all elements be found on the periodic table?
Yes
Is DNA is polar?
Yes
This scientist discovered the nucleus of the atom.
Ernest Rutherford
What is a positively charged particle found in an atom?
proton
Can get someone's DNA by taking a blood sample?
...
This is an atom that has more or less electrons compared to protons.
Ion
Na is the chemical symbol for which element?
Sodium
Which state of matter has the slowest moving particles?
Solid
This transfers small amounts of liquid by squeezing and releasing it.
pipette
Why do you think some symbols don't match up with the English spelling of the element?
The chemical symbols for the elements that do not match their English names are derived from the Latin names of the elements
Which process would best be used on a boat to separate salt from ocean water to make it drinkable?
Distillation
This biomolecule has a monomer called amino acids.
Proteins
Adenine bonds with which base?
Thymine
What is the chemical symbol for Helium?
He
This supports the crucible during heating on top of a utility ring.
Gauze
Which piece of lab equipment holds beakers over a flame while using a ring stand?
Utility clamp
What is Carbon Dioxide an example of?
A Compound
When Biuret turns purple in the presence of proteins, this is an example of a...
chemical change
What is found in the center of an atom.
nucleus
Can Mixtures be separated?
yes, by physical changes
Which indicator tests for starches?
Iodine
If an atom has 8 protons and 7 electrons, what will its charge be?
+1
Restriction enzymes are enzymes...
Capable of cutting DNA molecules
This scientist is the father of Atomic Theory
John Dalton
Are Polymers are larger than monomers because they are a bunch of monomers bonded together?
...
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