Research Methods Quizzes Weeks 8-14

Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals
B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education
C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world
D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem
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Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals
B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education
C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world
D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem
C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world
What is the gold standard in quantitative research?

A. Randomized controlled trials
B. Single Subject designs
C. Quasiexperimental designs
D. Nonexperimental designs
A. Randomized controlled trials
Which of the following best describes a scatterplot?

A. A visual representation of the relationship between two variables.
B. A numerical representation of the scatter.
C. A visual representation of a variable.
D. A visual representation of the relationship between three or more variables.
A. A visual representation of the relationship between two variables.
Which statement most accurately explains inferential statistics?

A. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to summarize the characteristics of a dataset.
B. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to interpret and make judgments about a dataset.
C. Inferential statistics give scientists a method to describe their data.
D. Both A and C
B. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to interpret and make judgments about a dataset.
The weakest of preexperimental designs is

A. One group posttest design
B. Single group pretest-posttest design
C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only
D. Time-series design
A. One group posttest design
A school SLP wants to evaluate a new method of teaching turn-taking to a group of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. She selects one class as a treatment group and another class as a control group. Six weeks after training, she conducts a post-training evaluation to determine the difference between the two groups. What is her research design?

A. One group posttest design
B. Single group pretest-posttest design
C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only
D. Randomized controlled trial
C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only
Standard deviation tells you:

A. How spread out the data is.
B. How many outliers there are.
C. what the mean, median and mode are.
D. the square root of the mean.
A. How spread out the data is.
Two variables might show a correlation if they

A. are directly related to each other.
B. are both related to a third unknown variable.
C. appear correlated simply by chance.
D. all of the above
D. All of the above
In statistics, a normal distribution is sometimes referred to as a _____.

A. Parametric Curve
B. Bell Curve
C. Non-Parametric Curve
D. Normalized Curve
B. Bell Curve
Which type of quantitative research test offers a higher degree of conclusiveness but requires a normal distribution before yielding accurate results?

A. A non-parametric test
B. A median calculation test
C. A parametric test
D. A mean calculation test
C. A parametric test
Which of the following is not a goal of the introduction? A. Articulate the purpose of your research B. Convince the readers to be interested in your research C. Provide a detailed analysis of the findings and implications of past research and the history of the field. D. Situate your research in the context of current trends and past literature.C. Provide a detailed analysis of the findings and implications of past research and the history of the field.Which paragraph in the introduction is known as the impact paragraph? A. First paragraph (introducing the topic) B. Second paragraph (literature review) C. Third Paragraph (Knowledge gap) D. Summary paragraphA. First paragraph (introducing the topic)All the following elements should be included in the introduction EXCEPT A. Background B. Existing research C. Problems with the literature D. Reporting your study findingsD. Reporting your study findingsWhat is the main problem regarding having this statement in the first paragraph of introduction? "Diabetes is the eighth leading cause of death in the U.S." a. Not all people agree with it b. It does not engage the reader c. It gives very detailed information d. It is too highly specializedb. It does not engage the readerA group of authors are planning to submit their manuscript to Journal of Fluency disorders. They start the first paragraph by defining stuttering. What is the problem if any with this approach? A. There is no specific problem with this approach B. It does not present the information in a novel framework C. This is a specialized journal and reader are all aware of stuttering definition D. The details may confuse the readersC. This is a specialized journal and reader are all aware of stuttering definitionWhich paragraph in the Introduction highlights the limitations of prior research? A. 1st paragraph B. 2nd paragraph C. 3rd paragraph D. 4th paragraphC. 3rd paragraphWhich paragraph mainly outlines the research aims? a. 1st paragraph b. 2nd paragraph c. 3rd paragraph d. 4th paragraphd. 4th paragraphWhich of the following research critiques is ideal to be mentioned in the introduction? A. Adams et al performed this study with embarrassingly small sample size B. Adams et al conducted this poor designed study which we can not trust their results C. The findings from Adams et al's study should to be interpreted with caution due to small sample size D. I do not believe that findings from Adams et al study can be trusted because the primary investigator was a graduate studentC. The findings from Adams et al's study should to be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizeAll of the following help with increasing clarity in scientific writing EXCEPT a. Use of precise word choice b. Use of metaphors and flowery language c. Making sure pronouns have clear antecedents d. Limiting the use of scientific jargonb. Use of metaphors and flowery languageRedundancy is most likely influencing which aspect of good scientific writing? Being clear Being concise Being convincing Being intriguingBeing conciseWhat do we call data that are used for a new study but collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions? A. Secondary data B. Field notes C. Qualitative data D. Primary dataA. Secondary dataWhen each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called: A. A snowball sample B. A stratified sample C. A random probability sample D. A non-random sampleC. A random probability sampleWhich of the following should be mentioned in the materials and methods section? A. Research gaps B. Demonstrating the findings C. Materials and measures D. Explaining how your findings stand in comparison with other studiesC. Materials and measuresWhat is problem blindness in academic writing? A. Ignoring significant problems that were faced when collecting or generating data or pretending they did not occur B. Exaggerating on reporting the problems when collecting or generating data C. Ignoring the research gaps that exist in the literature D. Ignoring previous studies that had already answered a research questionA. Ignoring significant problems that were faced when collecting or generating data or pretending they did not occurStratified random sampling is the preferred strategy when: A. you want to include specific subgroups in the study. B. no sampling frame is available. C. only a part of the population is accessible to researchers. D. the population is very small.A. you want to include specific subgroups in the study.A researcher intends to publish his manuscript in the Journal of Fluency Disorders, a specialized journal in the field of stuttering. In the Methodology section, he wrote in detail about the history and how to measure stuttering severity using a well-established standardized technique that has been used for a while. What is the problem? A. Throwing jargon and technical terminology B. Irrelevant detail and unnecessary explanation of basic procedures C. Problem blindness D. Both A and B E. Both B and CB. Irrelevant detail and unnecessary explanation of basic proceduresWhich two sections of a scientific paper are tightly linked? A. Introduction and Discussion B. Introduction and Results C. Methods and Discussion D. Methods and Results E. Methods and IntroductionD. Methods and ResultsA researcher wants to conduct a study regarding the effectiveness of voice therapy on improving voice quality in patients with Parkinson's Disorders. Which of the following is (are) measures? A. Medical history form B. Laryngoscopy C. The Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) Questionnaire D. Both A and CD. Both A and CAll the following questions should be addressed under procedures EXCEPT A. Who collected the data? B. Where did activities take place? C. What processes or activities participants engaged in? D. What were the exclusion/inclusion criteria?D. What were the exclusion/inclusion criteria?Convenience sampling is a more common technique because they are A. are more appropriate for statistical analysis. B. are preferred by instructors. C. yield representative samples. D. take less time and money.D. take less time and money.The primary reference source of SLPs for making clinical decisions? A. clinical experience and opinion B. Clinical research C. Clinical practice guidelines D. B and CA. clinical experience and opinionA researcher is interested to know if a new stuttering treatment is working better than the existing one in a research-controlled environment. Which title fits best with his research question? A. Comparing the efficacy of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach B. Comparing the effectiveness of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach C. Comparing the efficiency of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach D. Any of the above titles can be used.A. Comparing the efficacy of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approachA researcher is interested to know if a new aphasia treatment is useful in applied clinical settings. Which title fits best with his research question? A. Understanding the efficacy of a new aphasia therapy B. Understanding the effectiveness of a new aphasia therapy C. Understanding the efficiency of a new aphasia therapy D. Any of the above titles can be used.B. Understanding the effectiveness of a new aphasia therapyWhich of the following types of treatment studies has the highest level-of-evidence? A. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) B. High-quality RCTs C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality nonrandomized controlled trials D. High-quality non RCTsA. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs)Which of the following types of diagnostic studies has the lowest level of evidence? A. High-quality RCTs B. Expert opinion without explicit clinical appraisal C. Individual case-control studies D. Case seriesB. Expert opinion without explicit clinical appraisalWhich of the following is usually beyond the scope of the results section of a quantitative research report? A. Discussing what statistical techniques were used B. Presenting figures and/or tables to portray the data C. Providing detailed interpretation of the implications based on the data D. Presenting specific statistics that were generated from the dataC. Providing detailed interpretation of the implications based on the dataWhich of the following is recommended with regards of using the word "prove?" A. It is generally not a good idea to use "prove" in your write-up. B. It is generally only acceptable if your study is a replication of another study. C. It is always acceptable. D. It is acceptable only if your results are statistically significant.A. It is generally not a good idea to use "prove" in your write-up.All the following are essential components of developing an evidence-based practice guideline EXCEPT A) Performing an exhaustive review of the literature. B) Using clinical expert opinions. C) Evaluating patient preferences. D) Considering hospital policies.D) Considering hospital policies.Which of the following is considered a primary source of evidence? A) A research study B) A systematic review C) An integrative review D) A meta-analysisA) A research studyWhich of the following statements is true about evidence-based practice? A) EBP is synonymous with clinical decision making. B) EBP is supported only through findings from randomized clinical trials. C) EBP is synonymous with theory. D) EBP is important to streamline speech therapy practiceD) EBP is important to streamline speech therapy practiceWhich one is the first step in using evidence-based practice? A) Selecting a topic or problem B) Assembling and evaluating evidence C) Assessing for potential implementation D) Developing or identifying evidence-based practice guidelines or protocolsA) Selecting a topic or problemProficiency of clinical skills and abilities, informed by continually expanding knowledge that individual clinicians develop through experience learning and reflection about their professional practice. A) Evidence B) Clinical expertise C) Cost-effectiveness D) FidelityB) Clinical expertiseWhich of the following is a factual statement with regards to Evidence-Based Practice? A) Clinical experience is not relevant to EBP B) Expert opinion is the highest level of evidence C) Textbooks contain high levels of evidence D) Many clinicians use opinions, not evidence to make clinical decisionsD) Many clinicians use opinions, not evidence to make clinical decisionsAll the following are usually part of the discussion section in a quantitative research report EXCEPT A) Present a summary of the important findings and specific results B) Discuss general implications of the research C) Include suggestions for future research and practical applications D) Discussion of what motivates the research and the literature that preceded the current research study.D) Discussion of what motivates the research and the literature that preceded the current research study.Regarding limitations, it is: A) common for researchers to draw readers' attention to those limitations that are most likely to influence the results and implications drawn from findings B) common for the researcher to refrain from acknowledging and methodological limitations that may affect the results C) common to find no limitations to the design and methodology of the study D) common to address each and every potential limitation in the studyA) common for researchers to draw readers' attention to those limitations that are most likely to influence the results and implications drawn from findingsWhat should you write about in the first paragraph of the discussion? A) What you found B) What you think your results mean C) How your results compare with prior studies D) What are the limitations of your studyA) What you foundWhich of the following questions is not pertinent to the discussion section? A) What exactly did the study show? B) Have other studies had similar results or is there disagreement in the field? C) How else could the results be interpreted? D) What, exactly, should happen next? E) How exactly did the study was performedE) How exactly did the study was performedWhich of the following is a function of a grant reviewer? A. To compare the grant proposal to the sponsor's priorities and criteria B. To judge the relative merit of the project and its likelihood for success C. To assess whether the project staff and organization will be able to achieve the proposal's goals and objectives D. All of these are functions of a grant reviewer.D. All of these are functions of a grant reviewer.Which of the following might be a reason that a grant was not funded? A. The deadline for submitting the application was not missed. B. The proposal was concisely written with a strong evaluation component. C. The proposal followed the guidelines. D. The proposal did not match the grant sponsor's funding priorities.D. The proposal did not match the grant sponsor's funding priorities.Universities and hospitals are examples of _____ funding agencies. A. Non-profit organizational B. Federal C. Industry D. IntramuralD. IntramuralAll of the following are examples of federal funding agencies for grants except the: A. National Cancer Institute. B. ASHFoundation C. Food and Drug Administration. D. United States Department of Agriculture.B. ASHFoundationAll the following are characteristics of appropriately written goals for grant proposals EXCEPT A. They address important needs. B. They are broad in scope. C. They match the organization's mission. D. They are specific.B. They are broad in scope.This proposal originates with a sponsoring agency that recognizes a need for something to be done or learned A. Solicited proposal B. Unsolicited proposal C. Internal proposal D. B and CA. Solicited proposalA percentage of the base salary of people working on the project is called A. Personnel costs B. Fringe Benefits C. Supplies costs D. Contractual costsB. Fringe BenefitsWhich section of the grant proposal should provide sufficient detail about how the grant seeker will measure the outcomes or impact of the project? A. Abstract B. Methodology C. Problem statement D. BudgetB. MethodologyWhich of the following provides the background information needed to write a compelling needs statement for a grant proposal? A. Literature search B. Census data C. Grant sponsor D. CollaboratorsA. Literature searchWhich of the following funding sources might be the best fit for a new intervention to improve oral care in patients with Alzheimer's Disease? A. National Cancer Institute B. Department of Education C. National Science Foundation D. National Institute on AgingD. National Institute on AgingWhat is the quantitative research with the weakest research design? A. Randomized controlled trials B. Single Subject Designs C. Quasiexperimental designs D. Nonexperimental designsD. Nonexperimental designsWhich one is the major advantage of quantitative research? a. Credibility b. Standardization c. Replication d. Limited biasa. CredibilityWhich of the following is NOT useful in understanding the dispersion of data scores? a. Standard deviation b. Variance c. Mean d. Rangec. MeanIt deals with the description of the research subject, study procedure, and analysis that was used to summarize the results of the research Introduction Methodology Results DiscussionMethodologyT of F: Every item in the methods section should have an isomorph in the results and vice versaTrueT of F: A proposal should indicate approximately how many participants will be recruitedFalseThe population is divided into characteristics of importance (e.g., class/ethnicity) and a proportionate amount of people will be chosen from each category to reflect the population Convenient sampling Stratified sampling Snowball sampling Systematic samplingStratified samplingAll of the following are examples of measures EXCEPT Questionnaires Surveys Surface EMG Knowledge testsSurface EMGWhat is problem blindness? Ignoring significant problems or pretending they did not occur Highlighting the minor problems Relating the problems to something irrelevant Blaming others for problems you encounter in a researchIgnoring significant problems or pretending they did not occur