Geo Test 2

"Of the plate boundary types below, where would you most expect to find very wide bands of only relatively shallow earthquakes taking place?
a. Ocean-ocean convergent
b. Ocean-continent convergent
c. Continent-continent convergent
d. Divergent
e. Transform"
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"Of the plate boundary types below, where would you most expect to find very wide bands of only relatively shallow earthquakes taking place?
a. Ocean-ocean convergent
b. Ocean-continent convergent
c. Continent-continent convergent
d. Divergent
e. Transform"
e. Transform
"What two factors make any volcano dangerous (write in)?
________________________
________________________"
"a. Gases it emits ← My answer His answer → silica
b. volcanic ash Vog (volcanic fog)"
"We've seen that in addition to most earthquakes occurring at plate boundaries, some quite powerful earthquakes can also occur inside of plate boundaries-sometimes near the middle of the plates. Which of the following intraplate tectonic settings is this MOST likely to occur in?
a. ancient, deeply buried hot spots
b. ancient, deeply eroded mountains
c. active subduction zones
d. ancient, deeply buried failed rift zones
e. active ocean spreading centers"
d. ancient, deeply buried failed rift zones
"Stratovolcanoes are found in what plate tectonic setting?
a. divergent boundary settings
b. continent-continent convergent boundary settings
c. continent-ocean crust convergent boundary settings
d. transform boundaries
e. in the interior of oceanic crustal plates"
c. continent-ocean crust convergent boundary settings
"Which of the following explains what a volcanic caldera is?
a. a massive volcanic mountain composed of alternating layers of lava and ash
b. a smaller volcanic structure that erupts once, uses all of its magma and is then extinct
c. a ridge like volcanic structure beneath the ocean that erupts from a fissure at the center of the ridge
d. a large hole in the ground surface left after a volcano has used all of its subsurface magma
e. a superheated flow of air and volcanic ash that flow down the flanks of a volcano at several hundred miles per hour"
d. a large hole in the ground surface left after a volcano has used all of its subsurface magma
True or False (circle one); An earthquake's epicenter is the actual point, at depth, where an earthquake begins (ruptures).
False
"The LARGEST earthquake in recorded history happened where?

a. subduction zone in the Aleutian Islands near Alaska
b. the San Andreas fault
c. subduction zone near Chile
d. intra-plate earthquake near Tennessee
e. subduction zone near Indonesia"
c. subduction zone near Chile
"8. Put the following earth materials in order from lowest to highest density.
LOWEST DENSITY (write letters) _ → _ → _ → _ → _ HIGHEST DENSITY

a. continental crustal rocks
b. seawater
c. mantle rocks
d. sea ice
e. oceanic crustal rocks"
b → d → a → e → c
"Seismic gaps are:

a. parts of an active fault that have not had any earthquake activity in a very long time
b. parts of an active fault where the fault planes are not connected with each other
c. parts of an active fault where movement along the fault has created gaps in fence lines or roads
d. parts of an active fault where Elvis has unequivocally stated that earthquake monitoring equipment will not work
e. parts of an active fault that lie below large lakes and can therefore not be monitored"
a. parts of an active fault that have not had any earthquake activity in a very long time
"Pyroclastic flows can be generated by:

a. collapse of a volcanic caldera
b. lava with low viscosity and low gas pressure
c. collapse of an eruption column
d. lava with low viscosity and high gas pressure
e. Elvis"
c. collapse of an eruption column
"Yellowstone is an example of which of the following types of volcanism? a. subduction-related volcanism b. continental convergence-related volcanism c. upheaval-related volcanism d. hotspot-related volcanism e. transform fault-related volcanism"d. hotspot-related volcanism"What TWO of the following things would you expect to find near a subduction zone located next to a continent? a. a tine of volcanic islands oceanward from a deep ocean trench b. a line of volcanoes located landward from a deep ocean trench c. a zone of very shallow earthquakes parallel to a deep ocean trench d. a series of hotspot volcanoes located on the oceanward side of the deep ocean trench e. a zone of increasingly deep earthquake activity extending landward beneath the subduction zone""b. a line of volcanoes located landward from a deep ocean trench e. a zone of increasingly deep earthquake activity extending landward beneath the subduction zone""Tsunami waves are dangerous because they a. have very short wavelengths b. have relatively small heights when they move into shallow water c. occur predominantly due to movement along strike-slip boundaries d. lead to the sinking of many boats and ships far offshore e. none of this nonsense!"e. none of this nonsense!"Circle the letter that best represents the definition of a volcano. a. a mountain that periodically erupts fire and smoke b. a mountain that periodically erupts lava and smoke c. a mountain that periodically erupts magma and ash d. a mountain that periodically erupts lava and ash e. a mountain that periodically erupts chocolate syrup and oatmeal"d. a mountain that periodically erupts lava and ash"Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that led to the 1980 eruption of mount St. Helens? a. (1) an injection of magma forming a bulge in the volcano; 2) an earthquake; 3) a landslide; and 4) the large eruption b. 1) an injection of magma forming a bulge in the volcano, 2) a landslide; 3) eruption of lava, and 4) the large eruption of volcanic ash c. 4) a large earthquake; 2) eruption of lava; 3) an injection of magma forming a bulge in the volcano, and 4) the large eruption d. 1) an earthquake on the subduction zone; 2) an injection of magma into the magma chamber, 3) eruption of lava; and 4) a massive forest fire "a. (1) an injection of magma forming a bulge in the volcano; 2) an earthquake; 3) a landslide; and 4) the large eruption"Induced seismicity is earthquake activity that can be influenced by which of the following: a. building freeway overpasses on reclaimed land b. removing large pockets of trapped oil and gas from underground c. removing large coal deposits from the surface of the Earth by open pit mining d. building tall bridges and not calculating their resonant frequencies e. none of this nonsense!"b. removing large pockets of trapped oil and gas from underground"This question is a bit morbid, but...it's applicable to a discussion of volcanic hazards! Which of the following hazards would be hard to outrun and kills people almost immediately if caught? a. pyroclastic flow b. ashfall c. pahoehoe lava flow d. A'a lava flow e. pneumonomicroscopicsiliconovolcaniconiosis"a. pyroclastic flow"Liquefaction requires which 2 of the following factors to occur (circle 2)? a. loose sediments b. reclaimed land c. very strong rocks d. shallow water table. e. high concentration of clay in the soil""a. loose sediments d. shallow water table.""Hypothetical situation: After graduation, you are offered a job in Hilo, Hawai'i, and you accept the job after discussing it with your spouse/partner. Which one of the following is the MOST LIKELY volcanic hazard that you could expect to encounter while living on this volcanic island? a. pyroclastic flows b. lava flows c. ashfalls d. explosive eruptions e. volcanic fog"e. volcanic fog"In the United States, we generally have much lower casualty rates than other countries when large earthquakes occur. This is because we: a. are smarter b. have weaker rocks in areas prone to earthquake activity c. have building codes that require structures to have extra bracing d. have much of the surface in earthquake zones covered with asphalt e. all of the above"c. have building codes that require structures to have extra bracing"Lahars occur when __ combines with __ and rushes very swiftly down __. a. volcanic ash b. pyroclastic flows c. hot air d. water e. stream/river channels f. sides of a volcano""a. volcanic ash d. water e. stream/river channels""To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, one must know what two pieces of information (circle two correct choices) from at least three different seismograph recording stations? a. distance from the recording station to the epicenter b. magnitude of the earthquake c. amplitude of the earthquake waves d. the orientation of the fault that ruptured e. how strong the rocks are in the area where the earthquake occurred ""a. distance from the recording station to the epicenter e. how strong the rocks are in the area where the earthquake occurred ""Which of the following volcanic features is associated with the largest mass extinction of life in the history of our planet in which 97% of all species alive at that time went extinct? a. the Siberian traps b. Mt. St. Helens c. the Deccan traps d. the Columbia River basalt e. the Parent traps"a. the Siberian traps"Which of the following materials emitted from volcanoes has the potential to lead to an extended (multi-year) cooling of the climate? a. sulfur dioxide b. hydrogen sulfide c. carbon dioxide d. water vapor e. volcanic ash"a. sulfur dioxide"Tsunamis are generated by: a. sudden slippage on a strike-slip transform fault b. sudden slippage on a reverse fault c. sudden slippage on a fault in a spreading center d. sudden slippage on a normal fault e. sudden slippage on a fault in a subduction zone"e. sudden slippage on a fault in a subduction zoneShield volcanoes have (write in answer) _____ viscosity lava, and as a result the sides of the volcano are at a very _____ angle.lower/slower; flatTrue or False (circle one): Seismologists (scientists that study earthquakes) can predict earthquakes with a high degree of precision?False"Most of the damage done to the city of San Francisco by the 1908 earthquake was caused by: a. buildings collapsing b. overpasses collapsing c. ground ruptures d. widespread fires e. reclaimed land surface liquefaction"d. widespread fires"Most geologists consider which of the following volcanoes to be the most dangerous in the world? This is predominantly because of which hazard? a. Mt. Unzen; pyroclastic flows b. Kilauea volcano; lava flows c. Mt. Merapi, sector collapse d. Mt. Kilimanjaro; slowly melting glaciers e. Mt. Rainier, lahars"e. Mt. Rainier, lahars"Examine the image on the front cover of this exam. The offset shown on the fault that cuts through the roadway in the image on the cover indicates that the fault at that location is most likely which of the following types? a. reverse thrust fault b. left lateral strike-slip fault c. normal fault d. right lateral strike-slip fault e. notmy fault"d. right lateral strike-slip fault"Which one of the following is true about the health effects of volcanic ash? a. volcanic ash is hazardous because it forms a kind of glue inside of your lungs when it is inhaled b. volcanic ash is hazardous because if gives you mesothelioma c. volcanic ash is hazardous because it instantly coats the interior surfaces of your alveoli and leads to immediate suffocation d. volcanic ash is hazardous because it is very sharp and lacerates lung alveoli e volcanic ash is 100% safe to breathe in"d. volcanic ash is hazardous because it is very sharp and lacerates lung alveoli" If you HAD TO live near an active strand of the San Andreas fault in southern California, which of the following would be the SAFEST to live close to? a. creeping fault b. an area built on reclaimed swamp. c. an active portion of the San Andreas with frequent fairly large earthquakes d. a part of the San Andreas that has not had a major earthquake in over 500 years"a. creeping faultApproximately how many years ago was the Yellowstone eruption that blew apart the volcano that used to be there and create a massive caldera?600 thousand years agoWhich US state has the most active volcanoes?AlaskaWhat is Dr. Collette's office number in this building?119What has been your favorite national day mentioned in class so far this semester?Clam Chowder