building blocks of more complex carbohydrates-repeating unit - simple sugars
glucose
straight chain of carbon atoms
fructose
ring structure
galactose
another example of monomers
disaccharides
2 simple sugars- building blocks
produced condensation synthesis
2 monomers added together
water-product
metabolic waste in forming disaccharides
degradation by hydrolysis
reverse condensation syn. add water --> break bond
water - reactant
break bond in disaccharide
sucrose
sugar used in baking
lactose
milk sugar
polysaccharides
formed by many simple sugar units
glycogen
stored form of glucose in simple sugar unis liver and muscles always 0.01% in blood diabetes urine dip test-test glucose in urine- too much in blood - pick other energy source
starch
stored form of glucose
hydrolyzed in humans
break down starch eat complex carbs for energy
cellulose
structural form of glucose-build cell walls of plants not hydrolyzed in humans-fiber
chitin
structural form of carb in insects exoskeleton, fungi cell walls
lipids
nonpolar-won't mix with water-equal sharing of electrons
elements
lots of carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen,fat
uses of lipids in body
store energy for cellular activities,insulation, steroid hormones, support and structure = cholestrol
triglycerides (fats)
gycerol unit-fatty acid
monomers in lipids
gycerol + 3 fatty acids
saturated fats
full of hydrogen animals-cows, milk, butter- solid at room temp.
unsaturated fats
more double bonds-less hydrogen plant-corn oil, canola oil -liquid at room temp.
trans fats
take unsaturated and give hydrogen ions texture/perserving
phospholipids
contains glycerol portion + 2 fatty acid chains found hydrophobic and hydrophilic cellular structures found in membranes
polar head and nonpolar tails
o~~ ~~o builds wall
polar head
phosphate portion is soluable polar-hydrophilic-likes water
non polar tails
fatty acid portion is insoluble in water nonpolar = hydrophobic - is scared of water
steriods
four connected rings of carbon atoms
cholestrol backbone
all body cells:synthesize other steroids, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone =adrenal glands
hormones
chemical messangers derivanative of cholesterol
aldosterone:Na level in blood
help water balance
sex hormones
estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, galestrogen
saturated fats and cholesterol deposits in lining of blood vessels