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BICH 411 Lecture 5 - Glycogen Part I (FINAL EXAM Review)

Terms in this set (44)

______ = glycogen breakdown
glycogenolysis
glucose gets phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase to produce ______. this traps glucose in its usable form within the cell
glucose-6-phosphate
glucose-6-phosphate can go through glycolysis where ____ is produced. if we have oxygen in high enough levels to sustain energy demands we go through production of ____ for the TCA cycle. if oxygen is limiting we can go through anaerobic metabolism to make ____
pyruvate; acetyl-CoA; lactate
in the cori cycle lactate is picked up in the liver and converted to ______ and then through gluconeogenesis we can form glucose-6-phosphate and _______ for release into the bloodstream
pyruvate; glucose
the pentose phosphate pathway is important to utilize carbon skeletons to produce _______ and _____ for reductive biosynthesis
ribose-5-phosphate; NADPH
____ is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose
glycogen
storage form of glucose in many cells
glycogen
___ is degraded when glucose is needed, (when the energy status of the cell is low)
glycogen
when we have high energy in the cell we can take some of that energy and invest it in the biosynthesis of glycogen when theres plenty of _____ around
glucose
______:
- storage polysaccharide of animals
- readily mobilized storage form of glucose
glycogen
if glycogen stores are there your bodys going to go to this as a source of energy by way of gaining ______ in order to meet cell demands
glucose
____ is present in all cell types - we mainly think about it in skeletal muscle because we have glycogen that can supply glucose for the muscles to fuel contraction
glycogen
____ do NOT have the ability to make their own sugars (NO gluconeogenesis)
muscles
the ____ has glycogen storage - it is the livers responsibility to make sure that glucose levels are maintained in the bloodstream. so when glucose levels start to diminish in the bloodstream the liver can utilize its own glycogen reserves to release to the bloodstream or make use of glycogen reserves within the liver cell itself for its own energy storage
liver
more glycogen is stored in the _____ than anywhere else
muscle
most of the glycogen in our body is stored in the _____ cells because we have a lot more of them than liver cells
muscle
the ____ for being a single organ has a much higher concentration of glycogen stored than anywhere else. because it controls blood glucose levels and is responsible to be able to quickly respond to changes in blood glucose
liver
_____ = where most of the glycogen is stored
muscle
______ = has a higher concentration of glycogen stored - controls blood glucose level, must react quickly to changes in blood glucose
liver
the ___ has about 1-2% glycogen
- we can think of this in terms of the "fuel" for fight or flight response
muscle
____ can be quickly mobilized to allow for the production of glucose in order to fuel ATP for whatever is triggering the fight of flight response
glycogen
the _____ stores about 10% glycogen
- plays a role in maintaining blood glucose levels ~5mM
- the brain normally only uses glucose and will pass out once it is ~2mM
- only has about a 12hr supply of glucose
liver
since the ____ only has ~12hr supply of glucose once our body gets into a fasting state the liver will first use its supply of glycogen breakdown to produce glucose thats needed. next we see the kicking in of gluconeogenesis being utilized, here amino acids can be converted to glucose allowing for the body to have the bloodstream supplied glucose by the liver
liver
___ ______ have very little (if any) value in terms of biosynthesizing glucose so amino acids carbon skeletons have to fuel ______
fatty acids; gluconeogenesis
the branch points, alpha(1-6) linkages are important because it allows for a more efficient storage form of ______. because the glucose residues are linked more closely together so it takes up less space in the cell
glycogen
_____
polymer that allows for 1000s of glucose molecules to be linked together
- the primary linkage we see is an alpha(1-4) linkage
- we also have branch points alpha(1-6) linkages
glycogen
the branch points, alpha(1-6) linkages also allow for ____ ______ that can essentially be accessed weather glycogen is being synthesized or broken down
multiple endpoints
the branch points, alpha(1-6) linkages are about every _____ glucose residues in glycogen
8-12
____ is the storage form of glucose
glycogen
____ goes through the breakdown process when energy levels are low within the cell (you are in a ______ state)
glycogen; fasting
we can breakdown ____ in which we have large polymers of glucose that can come from different plants, and we ca have glucose provided to us from the diet
starch
breaking down starch is part of digestion that occurs in the ____ state which is different than the breakdown of glycogen that happens in individual cells during the ______ state as a way to get energy
fed; fasting
digestion is what happens in the ___ state, this is how your body whatever it is that you digest is going to break these things down for the most benefit in terms of energy
fed
when it comes to ___ your body is going to begin digesting it the second it hits your mouth. because within your saliva there is an enzyme called _____ which immediately begins hydrolyzing, using water to cleave those alpha(1-4) glycosidic bonds that are present in starch
starch; amylase
the ___ _____ has two functions to it:
1. target the alpha(1-6) branch points, here we have the hydrolysis that allows for 1 glucose residue at a time to slowly break that alpha(1-6)
2. has a transferase activity; this takes a group linked alpha(1-4) and move it to another position of alpha(1-4) by transferring a disaccharide
debranching enzyme
_____ is found in saliva and pancreatic juice, cleaving the alpha(1-4) glycosidic linkages
amylase
a-amylase is found in ____
animals
b-amylase is found in ____
plants
a-amylase and b-amylase do the ___ thing
same
the ______ is going to hydrolyze the alpha(1-4) linkages, and this produces a mixture of limit dextrins, this happens because as we have the breakdown of these alpha(1-4) linkages when we start to get to the branch point the activity slows down a lot in terms of the ability of the enzyme to cleave alpha(1-4) linkages
endoglycosidase
we allow for ____ to target the sugars that it can quickly remove, but when it starts to get closer to the branch point the activity gets so slow because it cant bind to the sugar well so we start to have a different enzyme kick in thats going to allow for the moving of these alpha(1-4) linkages that get close to the branch point and just relocate it to another end so the ____ can approach it with the most speed in terms of being able to cleave it
amylase; amylase
_____ functions very quickly to break all of the alpha(1-4) linkages but once the rate of it becomes slow because you have the branch point present we kick over to the ______ enzyme
amylase; debranching
the ____ enzyme will first transfer over the alpha(1-4) linkages that are still targets of amylase and move them to a different location when amylase can target more quickly. next we have the alpha-glucosidase activity in which we have the cleavage of the alpha(1-6) glycosidic bond
debranching
the _____ enzyme
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