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bich 411 pozzi final

Terms in this set (102)

which of these cofactors is utilized by both glycogen phosphorylase and alanine amino transferase?
PLP
which of the following best describes the function of enolase?
a dehydration reaction that allows for the formation of a high energy enol phosphate
for gluconeogenesis to be inactivated, which of the following conditions would occur?
high levels of fructose-2,6-biphosphate is being produced
which of the following molecules is generated by the PPP?
ribose-5-phosphate
sucrose is enjoyed during a meal; which of the following events occur?
-fructose is phosphorylated in muscle by hexokinase
-fructose is phosphorylated by fructokinase in the liver
-fructose in the liver can be used in the biosynthesis of glycerol
-glucose enters glycolysis in both the liver and muscle as glucose 6-phosphate
under anaerobic conditions, what metabolic pathways are coordinated in what is described as the cori cycle?
glycolysis in the muscle and gluconeogenesis in the liver
if more NADPH than ATP or carbon skeleton is needed for biosynthesis in the liver, what is the final product of the pentose phosphate pathway?
glucose-6-phosphate
per acetyl CoA, which of the following shows the correct product yield from the TCA cycle?
1 FADH3
3 NADH
1 GTP
1 CoA
2 CO2
concerning the electron transport chain (ETC), which of the following statements is inaccurate?
the maximum number of protons pumped per electron pair traveling through the ETC is 6
which of the following functions to inhibit complex 1 of the ETC?
demerol
which of the following inaccurately describes the processing of dietary lipis
reconverted triaglycerols are packaged with dietary cholesterol to from lipoprotein aggregates called VLDL
how many ATPs are generated specifically from acetyl-CoA molecules in the TCA cycle produced from stearic acid?
90
concerning the structure of 5-pyrophosphomevalonate, which of the following structural elements are energetically valuable?
presence of carboxyl group and presence of pyrophosphate moiety
which of the following statements is false concerning the function of fatty acid synthesis?
16 NADPH are used as electron donors in the biosynthesis of palmitate
in the liver, if gluconeogenesis is happening, which of the other scenarios must also be true?
glycogen depletion has occured in the liver
and fatty acids are being released from adipocytes
if blood alanine levels are high, which of the following must be occuring?
protein recycling in muscles
pentose phosphate pathway is utilized for NADPH production and carbon skeleton rearrangement that allows for pyruvate to be produced. how many dehydrogenase would be produced?
2
which of the following enzymes rely solely NADP+ for redox reactions catalyzed?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
acid-base chemistry is utilized solely in the mechanism of which of the following enzymes?
enolase
conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to phosphenolpyruvate requires which of the following?
migration of functional group
oxidation
dehydration
formation of thioester creates a high energy bond used to drive which of the following?
substrate level phosphorylation
fructose metabolism in the liver involves all but which of the following?
phosphorylation by hexokinase to trap fructose in the cell
which of the following enzymes is found in the ER of liver cells?
glucose-6-phosphatase
under anaerobic metabolism, what is the yield from 5 glucose molecules
10 ATP and 10 lactate
if the cori cycle is occuring, which statement is false
lactate dehydrogenase is inhibited in the liver
what is not an affect of calcium?
inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
hydration across a double bond is catalyzed by which of the enzymes?
fumarase
which enzyme uses Fe-S cluster
aconitase
if NADH levels are high, what is happening?
electrons are being exported from the mitochondria in the form of malate
citrate synthase is inhibited
what is the name of the first four carbon unit produced in the TCA cycle?
succinyl coA
what enzyme is used first in the fourth round of beta oxidation of linoleic acid?
enoyl CoA isomerase
for the first round of beta oxidation of linoleic acid, order the enzymes based on their use.
acyl coa dehydrogenase
enoyl coa hydrogenase
b-hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase
thiolase
HMG coA is key intermediate in which of the following?
ketone body biosynthesis
cholesterol biosynthesis
which of the following enzymes plays a role in maintaining ratios of NAD+/NADH in the cell?
B-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
what is a noteable difference in nutritional ketosis vs diabetic ketosis?
concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood stream
which is false concerning cholesterol biosynthesis?
HMG-CoA is generated from isoprene units
which of the following statements is false concerning the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
Acc is only found in the liver and adipose tissue
in transferring amino acids across the inner-mitochondrial membrane, which of the following statements most accurately relates the involvement of glutamate?
transfer of the amino group from glutamate to the nitrogen acceptor forms the amino acid aspartate
which of the following statements are accurate concerning glutamate dehydrogenase?
glutamate is deaminated to form a-ketoglutarate
glutamate dehydrogenase reactions produce ammonia as a byproduct
glutamate dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase
what enzymes utilize the cofactor TPP
pyruvate decarboxylase
transketolase
which of the following cofactors aid in the use of phosphorolysis to break bonds?
pyridoxal phosphate
what is the role of phosphoglucose isomerase in glycolysis?
shift of the carbonyl group from c1 to c2 to set up the reaction for bond cleavage
+
allow for phsophorylation at c1
function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
redox reaction that is reversible and uses NAD+/NADH in the oxidation/reduction of an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid
under anaerobic conditions in the muscle, what is the net yield from 10 glucose molecules?
20 ATP, 20 lactate
how does gluconeogenic regulation relate to metabolites utilized int eh mitochondrial matrix?
compartmentation of pyruvate carboxylase and activation by acetyl CoA
what best explains the overall purpose of the cori cycle?
recovery of glucose levels after intense anaerobic workout
for gluconeogenesis to be activated in the liver, which of the following conditions would occur?
high levels of ATP and NADH
gluconeogenesis is a spontanous pathway because of coupling of unfavorable reactions with use of nucleotide triphosphates (NPT). concerning this pathway, which of the following enzymes utilize a NTP in order to drive the biosynthesis of glucose?
pep carboxykinase
pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoglycerate kinase
if ATP levels are high in the liver, glucose 6-phosphate levels are high, NADPH levels are high, which pathway(s) will be activated?
glycogenesis
which of the following accurately reflects the oxidative purpose of the ppp?
production of NADPH
what pathways can be operational in the liver when the liver is supplementing the blood stream with glucose
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
which of the following enzymes utilize covalent catalysis?
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate decarboxylase
transketolase
transaldolase
aldolase class I
which of the following statements is accurate concerning glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen phosphorylase functions as a homotetramer, displaying sigmoidal kinetics due to allosteric effectors and is incapable of being covalently modified
sucrose is enjoyed during a meal; the digestion leads to which of the following events?
fructose is phosphorylated upon uptake in muscles by hexokinase
which of the following best describes the purpose for the anabolic use of lactate?
lactate use by the liver ensures the levels of NADH are high and carbon skeletons available for the production of glucose
under anaerobic conditons, which metabolic pathways are coordinated in what is described as the cori cycle?
glycolysis in the muscle and gluconeogenesis in the liver
the binding of glucagon has which of the following impacts?
increased the activity of fructose-1-6-biphosphatase
+ aids in the activation of gluconoegenesis in the liver
an enediol or enediolate is a characteristic intermediate for which of the following types of mechanisms?
acid/base chemistry characteristic of isomeration reactions between aldoses and ketoses
which of the following enzymes produces an enediol(olate) intermediate?
phosphoglucoisomerase
phosphoglucomutase
phosphopentose isomerase
phosphopentose epimerase
when ATP levels in the cell are high, ATP serves as an allosteric activator for which of the following enzymes?
fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
which of the following are similarities about the function of epinephrine and glucagon?
binding of each hormone leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase
order the following energy sources from quickest use of energy to slowest use of lasting energy as they would be used in the muscle
cellular atp
creatine-phosphate
lactate production
oxidative phosphorylation
the complete oxidation of 10 glucose molecules under aerobic conditions produces how many electrons total?
240
pyruvate can be converted which of the following molecules in a single reaction step (whether via enzyme or enzyme complex)
oxaloacetate
malate
acetyl coa
this cofactor functions as part of the electron transport chain to aid in the transfer of electrons that can be accomplished by moving the electrons in pairs or as a single electron transfers
CoQ
when ATP levels are high in the matrix, which would be an accurate conclusion to make?
pyruvate phosphatase is recruited by elevated levels of calcium to bind at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
which of the following events is coupled to the formation of the first two NADH molecules formed in the TCA cycle?
decarboxylation
an enzyme that functions to catalyze hydration across a double bond, where the debate of the exact mechanism is still ongoing
fumarase
how many fadh2 are produced from the complete oxidation of 5 glucose molecules
10
the major source of tca cycle intermediates comes from the use of which of the following biomolecules
amino acids
the tca cycle intermediates can provide biosynthesis of which of the following?
amino acids
nucleotides
porphyrins
fatty acids
sugars
carbon skeletons are being used in the matrix to increase production of oxaloacetate and malate, respiration rates are increasing, and fatty acids are being transported to muscle cells for catabolic use. which of the following best describes what state the body is in?
fat burning mode
which of the following are potential functions of iron-sulfur clusters in enzymes?
aids in stereospecificity
aid in redox reactions
functions of malate dehydrogenase
conversion of oxaloacetate to malate for export from and import into the mitochondrial matrix
operates as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle to take electrons from catabolism in the cytosol into the matrix for use in electron transport chain
glucose is labeled at carbon 2 and carbon 5. where would you see this label in the tca cycle intermediate a-ketoglutarate?
c1
based on the electron drop-off initiated at complex 1, the complete oxidation of glucose using the malate aspartate shuttle produces how many atp
25
which complex in the electron transport chain requires four electrons to complete a redox reaction
cytochrome c oxidase
the q cycle allows for the pumping of _____ protons for the transport of each electron pair
4
assuming all of the components of ETC are present and working properly, and NADH, ADP,, and Pi are present, how would adding dinitrophenol change the O2 consumption and ATP synthesis
decrease ATP synthesis and have no effect on O2 consumption
the energy of protons through Fo subunits of ATP synthase is mediated by which of the following?
cytosolic face of the a-subunit
what is the difference in the number of ATP molecules generated from 10 NADH molecules vs 10 FADH2 molecules
10 ATPs
which os the following enzymes related to reactive oxygen species is considered the first line of defense?
superoxide dismutase
in order for glutathione peroxidase to be reduced and functional in protection against peroxide, glutathione reductase is needed. what other molecule is glutathione reductase dependent on for function?
NADPH
functions to solubilize fats in a process known as emulsification
bile sals
functions to solubilize fatty acids within intestinal cells
intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 1
activated by glucagon binding with adipocytes
hormone sensitive lipase
in an individual with low activity level, a high fat diet and high cholesterol diet, which of the following lipoprotein levels would you expect to be elevated in the endogenous sytem?
VLDL
IDL
LDL
which of the following lipoproteins are most associated with transport of endogenous cholesterol
LDL
consider the structure of linoleic acid. what would be the first enzyme used in the fourth round of beta oxidation
hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase
which of the following enzyme(s) is needed to address even #C double bonds in beta oxidation
acyl-coa dehydrogenase
which of the following molecules make up the class of carbon molecules coined isoprenes
isopentenyl pyrophosphate, dimethylallylpryrophosphate, and 5-pyrophosphate mevalonate
fat and cholesterol packed in the liver for export to the rest of the body leaves as which lipoprotein
HDL
which pathway lacks thiolase
cholesterol biosynthesis
the function of fatty acid synthesis is driven by which event
decarboxylation of malonyl-coa
in fatty acid synthase, the exchange of malonlyl coa to form malonyl ACP occurs at which active center whose abbreviations is shown below
TE
if oleic acid is going to be biosynthesized, which of the enzymes would not need to be utilized
elongases
the cahill cycle address the bodys ability to circulate which of the following molecules between the muscle and the liver
glucose and alanine
which of the following enzymes catalyze a reaction that is the rate limiting step in urea formation
alanine aminotransferase
which enzyme in the urea cycle produces a byproduct that can be converted to oxaloacetate for use in gluconeogenesis
orthinine transcorbamolyase
under fasting conditions of limiting energy, how can lysosomal degredation aid in gaining of energy
recognition of the KFERQ motif by chaperone mediated autophagy for protein degredation
if too high of amounts of ammonia are produced, which of the following are impacts
this is expensive for the cell in terms of ATP consumption
malate is known to be a carbon carrier of electron and aspartate know aids in allowing for the transport of nitrogen. in order for this to happen, what other two molecules are needed to participate in exchanges within the matrix and cytosol in order to balance this transport system
glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate
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