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Life Span/ Human Development Chapter 5

Terms in this set (34)

Schemes
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Assimilation
Occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
Accommodation
Occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
Organization
The grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.
Equilibration
The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next.
The Sensorimotor Stage
Infant cognitive development lasting from birth to 2 years.
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
A-not-B Error
Error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) as they progress into sub stage 4.
Core Knowledge Approach
Infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems.
Conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning vs. information retention.
Attention
The focusing of mental resources on select information.
Habituation
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Dishabituation
Increased responsiveness after a change in stimulation.
Joint Attention
Individuals focus on the same object or event.
Memory
Retention of information over time.
Encoding
The process by which information gets into memory.
Implicit Memory
Memory without conscious recollection.
Explicit Memory
Conscious memory of facts and experiences.
Infantile or Childhood Amnesia
Inability to recall memories of events that occurred before 3 years of age.
Deferred Imitation
Imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days.
Categories
Groups of objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
Concepts
Ideas about what categories represent.
Perceptual Categorization
Based on similar perceptual features of objects.
Conceptual Categorization
By 7-9 months, infant can categorize objects even though they are perceptually similar.
Language
A form of communication - whether spoken, written, or signed - that is based on a system of symbols.
Infinite Generativity
The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using finite set of words and rules.
Overextension
Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning.
Underextension
Tendency to apply a word too narrowly.
Telegraphic Speech
Use of short and precise words without grammatical markers.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Theory that a biological endowment enables children to detect certain features and rules of language.
Child-Directed Speech
Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences (baby talk).
Recasting
Rephrasing something the child has said.
Expanding State
Repeating what the child has said but in correct structure
Labeling
Identifying the names of objects.
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